Kelps are resilient organisms, capable of thriving in high-energy wave environments. However, when hydrodynamic drag forces exerted by the wave environment exceed the kelps’ structural limits, individuals become dislodged. Floating kelps generally follow ocean currents, traveling long distances until air-filled structures fail or the epibiont load becomes too great, causing them to sink to the seafloor. The ability of kelp to disperse over vast offshore and nearshore systems makes them important for organic subsidy and as a dispersal vector for marine organisms. Previous research on dislodged macroalgae focused on context-specific rafts, limiting insights into the broader ecological role of floating kelp. This study employed a site-specific Lagrangian trajectory model to describe the spatial distribution of floating Ecklonia maxima along the South African coastline. The model incorporated buoyancy and sinking using site-specific morphological data. Findings revealed that the distribution of floating E. maxima is influenced by oceanographic conditions, and seasonal patterns were also evident. Mesoscale features played a vital role in kelp accumulation on the surface and seafloor and acted as barriers to dispersal. This study offers essential insights into kelp’s role as an organic subsidy and provides numerical evidence for kelp’s potential as a carbon sink, contributing to a better understanding of kelp ecosystems and their ecological functions.
海带是一种生命力顽强的生物，能够在高能量的波浪环境中茁壮成长。然而，当波浪环境施加的水动力阻力超过海带的结构极限时，海带个体就会脱落。漂浮的海带一般会跟随洋流漂流很远的距离，直到充满空气的结构失效或附生体负荷过大，导致它们沉入海底。海带能够散布在广阔的近海和近岸系统中，这使它们成为重要的有机补贴和海洋生物的散布载体。以往对脱落大型藻类的研究主要集中在特定环境的浮筏上，限制了对漂浮海带更广泛生态作用的了解。本研究采用了一个针对特定地点的拉格朗日轨迹模型来描述南非海岸线上漂浮的 Ecklonia maxima 的空间分布。该模型利用特定地点的形态数据将浮力和下沉结合在一起。研究结果表明，漂浮的 Ecklonia maxima 的分布受海洋条件的影响，季节性模式也很明显。中尺度特征对海带在海面和海底的聚集起着至关重要的作用，并成为海带扩散的障碍。这项研究为了解海带作为有机补贴的作用提供了重要见解，并为海带作为碳汇的潜力提供了数字证据，有助于更好地了解海带生态系统及其生态功能。
{"title":"Individual-based numerical experiment to describe the distribution of floating kelp within the Southern Benguela Upwelling System","authors":"Ross Coppin, Christo Rautenbach, Albertus J. Smit","doi":"10.1515/bot-2023-0061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2023-0061","url":null,"abstract":"Kelps are resilient organisms, capable of thriving in high-energy wave environments. However, when hydrodynamic drag forces exerted by the wave environment exceed the kelps’ structural limits, individuals become dislodged. Floating kelps generally follow ocean currents, traveling long distances until air-filled structures fail or the epibiont load becomes too great, causing them to sink to the seafloor. The ability of kelp to disperse over vast offshore and nearshore systems makes them important for organic subsidy and as a dispersal vector for marine organisms. Previous research on dislodged macroalgae focused on context-specific rafts, limiting insights into the broader ecological role of floating kelp. This study employed a site-specific Lagrangian trajectory model to describe the spatial distribution of floating <jats:italic>Ecklonia maxima</jats:italic> along the South African coastline. The model incorporated buoyancy and sinking using site-specific morphological data. Findings revealed that the distribution of floating <jats:italic>E. maxima</jats:italic> is influenced by oceanographic conditions, and seasonal patterns were also evident. Mesoscale features played a vital role in kelp accumulation on the surface and seafloor and acted as barriers to dispersal. This study offers essential insights into kelp’s role as an organic subsidy and provides numerical evidence for kelp’s potential as a carbon sink, contributing to a better understanding of kelp ecosystems and their ecological functions.","PeriodicalId":9191,"journal":{"name":"Botanica Marina","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ulva green tides have adversely affected coastal ecosystems. In June 2023 in Changhua County, Taiwan, an unprecedented floating tubular Ulva bloom spanning about 30 km of coastline caused about 30 % reduction in oyster yield as reported by local farmers. Understanding its taxonomic and ecological basis is crucial for preemptive and remedial measures. Based on molecular (rbcL and tufA) and morphological evidence, Ulvameridionalis was the cause of this green tide. Haplotype network analysis (based on ITS) suggests that this green tide originated from northern China via the China Coastal Current. Historical survey data indicate that U. meridionalis arrived in Taoyuan Algal Reef (about 150 km north of the bloom area) as far back as 2018. Our ecophysiological experiments revealed that U. meridionalis exhibited a rapid daily growth rate with biomass increment up to 13–21 % when subjected to local nutrient-rich waters under lower salinity and spring-like conditions. Although historical ecological and poultry/livestock data analyses showed no noticeable change in sea surface temperature and rainfall over the past decade, a gradual rise in agricultural nitrogen and phosphorus output was observed. This taxonomic and ecological background lays the groundwork for long-term ecological monitoring. Moreover, this study exemplifies the detrimental impact of an unforeseen Ulva bloom on oyster farming.
{"title":"Unforeseen green tide of floating tubular Ulva meridionalis, a lethal threat to oyster farming, along the west coast of Taiwan: tracking its origin and ecophysiological insights","authors":"Chun-Yu Su, Silvia Fontana, Shao-Lun Liu","doi":"10.1515/bot-2024-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2024-0006","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:italic>Ulva</jats:italic> green tides have adversely affected coastal ecosystems. In June 2023 in Changhua County, Taiwan, an unprecedented floating tubular <jats:italic>Ulva</jats:italic> bloom spanning about 30 km of coastline caused about 30 % reduction in oyster yield as reported by local farmers. Understanding its taxonomic and ecological basis is crucial for preemptive and remedial measures. Based on molecular (<jats:italic>rbc</jats:italic>L and <jats:italic>tuf</jats:italic>A) and morphological evidence, <jats:italic>U</jats:italic> <jats:italic>lva</jats:italic> <jats:italic>meridionalis</jats:italic> was the cause of this green tide. Haplotype network analysis (based on ITS) suggests that this green tide originated from northern China via the China Coastal Current. Historical survey data indicate that <jats:italic>U</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>meridionalis</jats:italic> arrived in Taoyuan Algal Reef (about 150 km north of the bloom area) as far back as 2018. Our ecophysiological experiments revealed that <jats:italic>U</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>meridionalis</jats:italic> exhibited a rapid daily growth rate with biomass increment up to 13–21 % when subjected to local nutrient-rich waters under lower salinity and spring-like conditions. Although historical ecological and poultry/livestock data analyses showed no noticeable change in sea surface temperature and rainfall over the past decade, a gradual rise in agricultural nitrogen and phosphorus output was observed. This taxonomic and ecological background lays the groundwork for long-term ecological monitoring. Moreover, this study exemplifies the detrimental impact of an unforeseen <jats:italic>Ulva</jats:italic> bloom on oyster farming.","PeriodicalId":9191,"journal":{"name":"Botanica Marina","volume":"261 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Benguela upwelling region on the west coast of South Africa/Namibia has the only major kelp forests on the African continent. South Africa has four species of laminarian kelps; Ecklonia maxima, Laminaria pallida dominate kelp forests in the west coast Benguela upwelling system, with Macrocystis pyrifera occurring rarely in this region and Ecklonia radiata largely confined to the more nutrient-poor south and east coasts. Growth studies on these species have been limited to laboratory experiments and very few initial, small-scale coastal studies. As in other Atlantic regions, there is growing interest in the potential for kelp aquaculture in Southern Africa, and recent pilot initiatives. A comprehensive summary of available literature on South African kelps, their biology and ecology, distribution and growth parameters, is presented, and the potential for kelp aquaculture discussed in relation to recent developments elsewhere on Atlantic and Eastern Pacific coastlines. Recommendations are made with respect to the choice of potential species and sites.
南非/纳米比亚西海岸的本格拉上升流地区拥有非洲大陆上唯一的主要海藻林。南非有四种层状海带；Ecklonia maxima 和 Laminaria pallida 在西海岸本格拉上升流系统的海带林中占主导地位，Macrocystis pyrifera 在该地区很少出现，Ecklonia radiata 主要局限于营养较贫乏的南部和东部海岸。对这些物种生长情况的研究仅限于实验室实验和极少数小规模的沿海初步研究。与大西洋其他地区一样，人们对南部非洲海带水产养殖的潜力越来越感兴趣，最近还开展了一些试点活动。本文全面概述了有关南非海带、其生物学和生态学、分布和生长参数的现有文献，并结合大西洋和东太平洋沿岸其他地区最近的发展情况，讨论了海带水产养殖的潜力。就潜在物种和地点的选择提出了建议。
{"title":"The potential for kelp (order Laminariales) aquaculture in South Africa: a biological review","authors":"John J. Bolton, Mark D. Rothman","doi":"10.1515/bot-2023-0055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2023-0055","url":null,"abstract":"The Benguela upwelling region on the west coast of South Africa/Namibia has the only major kelp forests on the African continent. South Africa has four species of laminarian kelps; <jats:italic>Ecklonia maxima</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Laminaria pallida</jats:italic> dominate kelp forests in the west coast Benguela upwelling system, with <jats:italic>Macrocystis pyrifera</jats:italic> occurring rarely in this region and <jats:italic>Ecklonia radiata</jats:italic> largely confined to the more nutrient-poor south and east coasts. Growth studies on these species have been limited to laboratory experiments and very few initial, small-scale coastal studies. As in other Atlantic regions, there is growing interest in the potential for kelp aquaculture in Southern Africa, and recent pilot initiatives. A comprehensive summary of available literature on South African kelps, their biology and ecology, distribution and growth parameters, is presented, and the potential for kelp aquaculture discussed in relation to recent developments elsewhere on Atlantic and Eastern Pacific coastlines. Recommendations are made with respect to the choice of potential species and sites.","PeriodicalId":9191,"journal":{"name":"Botanica Marina","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Melanie Lück-Vogel, John J. Bolton, Mark D. Rothman, Andrea Bernatzeder, Brett M. Macey, Mark D. Cyrus, Dale C. Z. Arendse, Parsuramen J. Pillay, Bernadette Brown-Webb
The commercial use of kelp continues to gain interest worldwide. While in some East Asian countries kelp farming has a long history, the kelp industry in South Africa is based on harvesting of kelp from natural kelp forests or by beach-cast collection. This study examined the potential for kelp aquaculture on South Africa’s west coast, focusing on the three indigenous species of kelp, Ecklonia maxima, Laminaria pallida and Macrocystis pyrifera. Geospatial analysis was used to identify and assess nine potentially suitable areas for kelp farming, based on natural habitat conditions, and examination of potential conflicts with other users and enabling land-use factors. An assessment of the market, technical and financial aspects of a kelp farming opportunity indicated that a 4 ha kelp farm, with longlines producing 750 to 1,000 t of fresh kelp per annum, could be viable as an integrated aquaculture activity adjacent to an existing mussel or oyster farm. We recommend a detailed feasibility study for kelp aquaculture in South Africa, with market and technical research, and financial modelling. Current seaweed industry legislation is mostly concerned with the wild resource, and there is a need for specific policies relating to seaweed aquaculture to facilitate growth of the industry.
{"title":"Considerations for kelp aquaculture on South Africa’s west coast: geospatial analysis and research implications","authors":"Melanie Lück-Vogel, John J. Bolton, Mark D. Rothman, Andrea Bernatzeder, Brett M. Macey, Mark D. Cyrus, Dale C. Z. Arendse, Parsuramen J. Pillay, Bernadette Brown-Webb","doi":"10.1515/bot-2023-0057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2023-0057","url":null,"abstract":"The commercial use of kelp continues to gain interest worldwide. While in some East Asian countries kelp farming has a long history, the kelp industry in South Africa is based on harvesting of kelp from natural kelp forests or by beach-cast collection. This study examined the potential for kelp aquaculture on South Africa’s west coast, focusing on the three indigenous species of kelp, <jats:italic>Ecklonia maxima</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Laminaria pallida</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Macrocystis pyrifera</jats:italic>. Geospatial analysis was used to identify and assess nine potentially suitable areas for kelp farming, based on natural habitat conditions, and examination of potential conflicts with other users and enabling land-use factors. An assessment of the market, technical and financial aspects of a kelp farming opportunity indicated that a 4 ha kelp farm, with longlines producing 750 to 1,000 t of fresh kelp per annum, could be viable as an integrated aquaculture activity adjacent to an existing mussel or oyster farm. We recommend a detailed feasibility study for kelp aquaculture in South Africa, with market and technical research, and financial modelling. Current seaweed industry legislation is mostly concerned with the wild resource, and there is a need for specific policies relating to seaweed aquaculture to facilitate growth of the industry.","PeriodicalId":9191,"journal":{"name":"Botanica Marina","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ocean currents are a crucial means of dispersing natural and human-made materials on the ocean surface. Macroalgae are among the most conspicuous natural dispersers, often called the ‘tumbleweeds of the ocean.’ Despite numerous studies on the subject, the relative influence of wind and surface currents on the trajectory of macroalgal dispersal remains uncertain. Previous studies have focused on kelp rafts of varying sizes, making it challenging to determine the impact of wind versus currents. These studies have also disregarded the macroalgae’s drag characteristics and surface area, which have been shown to impact the trajectory and accumulation of floating flotsam. This numerical study aims to shed light on the relative influence of wind and currents and the role of drag in determining the course and accumulation of macroalgae. By comparing simulations of virtual kelp ‘particles’ that incorporate drag and those without, this study focused on solitary kelp plants and considered the impact of morphological characteristics, flow-field combinations, and the presence of Stokes drift. Our results show that virtual kelp particles generally followed ocean currents, but the inclusion of drag caused deviations from purely Lagrangian particles’ trajectories and sheds light on the complex interplay of factors affecting macroalgal dispersal in the ocean.
{"title":"Numerical experiments investigating the influence of drag on trajectory patterns of floating macroalgae","authors":"Ross Coppin, Christo Rautenbach, Albertus J. Smit","doi":"10.1515/bot-2023-0059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2023-0059","url":null,"abstract":"Ocean currents are a crucial means of dispersing natural and human-made materials on the ocean surface. Macroalgae are among the most conspicuous natural dispersers, often called the ‘tumbleweeds of the ocean.’ Despite numerous studies on the subject, the relative influence of wind and surface currents on the trajectory of macroalgal dispersal remains uncertain. Previous studies have focused on kelp rafts of varying sizes, making it challenging to determine the impact of wind versus currents. These studies have also disregarded the macroalgae’s drag characteristics and surface area, which have been shown to impact the trajectory and accumulation of floating flotsam. This numerical study aims to shed light on the relative influence of wind and currents and the role of drag in determining the course and accumulation of macroalgae. By comparing simulations of virtual kelp ‘particles’ that incorporate drag and those without, this study focused on solitary kelp plants and considered the impact of morphological characteristics, flow-field combinations, and the presence of Stokes drift. Our results show that virtual kelp particles generally followed ocean currents, but the inclusion of drag caused deviations from purely Lagrangian particles’ trajectories and sheds light on the complex interplay of factors affecting macroalgal dispersal in the ocean.","PeriodicalId":9191,"journal":{"name":"Botanica Marina","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuchan Park, Samkelo Malgas, Rui W.M. Krause, Brett I. Pletschke
Ecklonia maxima is an endemic South African seaweed with numerous commercially valuable compounds, including sodium alginate. This polysaccharide contains 1,4-linked β-d-mannuronic (M) and α-l-guluronic acid (G) residues, and has enormous health and food applications and benefits for biomedicine. In this study, acid extraction of sodium alginate from Ecklonia maxima was performed, and its chemical and physical properties were compared with commercial sodium alginate. A yield of 58.7 % (w/w of dry alga) sodium alginate was recovered from the seaweed. As expected, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analyses of sodium alginate revealed the presence of M and G residues in the polysaccharide. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed an M/G ratio of 1.86 from the extracted sodium alginate. The viscosity average molecular weight of sodium alginate was 429 kDa using the Mark–Houwink–Sakurada equation. Three-dimensional conformational analysis by Congo red and CD spectroscopy suggested that sodium alginate exhibits a triple-helix conformation in solution. Furthermore, X-ray powder diffraction analysis confirmed that the alginate has an amorphous structure. Sodium alginate extracted from E. maxima found on the coasts of Southern Africa exhibits a high mannuronic content and high viscosity, potentially beneficial for drug delivery and biomedical applications.
Ecklonia maxima 是南非特有的一种海藻，含有多种具有商业价值的化合物，其中包括海藻酸钠。这种多糖含有 1,4 联结的 β-d-mannuronic (M) 和 α-l-guluronic acid (G) 残基，在保健和食品方面具有巨大的应用价值和生物医学效益。本研究从 Ecklonia maxima 中进行了海藻酸钠的酸提取，并将其化学和物理特性与商用海藻酸钠进行了比较。从海藻中提取的海藻酸钠的产量为 58.7%（按海藻干重计）。不出所料，海藻酸钠的傅立叶变换红外光谱和核磁共振光谱分析显示，多糖中存在 M 和 G 残基。圆二色性（CD）光谱显示提取的海藻酸钠的 M/G 比率为 1.86。根据 Mark-Houwink-Sakurada 方程，海藻酸钠的粘度平均分子量为 429 kDa。通过刚果红光谱和 CD 光谱进行的三维构象分析表明，海藻酸钠在溶液中呈现三螺旋构象。此外，X 射线粉末衍射分析证实海藻酸钠具有无定形结构。从南部非洲海岸发现的 E. maxima 中提取的海藻酸钠具有高甘露糖含量和高粘度，可能有利于药物输送和生物医学应用。
{"title":"Extraction and characterisation of sodium alginate from the Southern African seaweed Ecklonia maxima","authors":"Yuchan Park, Samkelo Malgas, Rui W.M. Krause, Brett I. Pletschke","doi":"10.1515/bot-2024-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2024-0011","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:italic>Ecklonia maxima</jats:italic> is an endemic South African seaweed with numerous commercially valuable compounds, including sodium alginate. This polysaccharide contains 1,4-linked β-<jats:sc>d</jats:sc>-mannuronic (M) and α-<jats:sc>l</jats:sc>-guluronic acid (G) residues, and has enormous health and food applications and benefits for biomedicine. In this study, acid extraction of sodium alginate from <jats:italic>Ecklonia maxima</jats:italic> was performed, and its chemical and physical properties were compared with commercial sodium alginate. A yield of 58.7 % (w/w of dry alga) sodium alginate was recovered from the seaweed. As expected, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analyses of sodium alginate revealed the presence of M and G residues in the polysaccharide. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed an M/G ratio of 1.86 from the extracted sodium alginate. The viscosity average molecular weight of sodium alginate was 429 kDa using the Mark–Houwink–Sakurada equation. Three-dimensional conformational analysis by Congo red and CD spectroscopy suggested that sodium alginate exhibits a triple-helix conformation in solution. Furthermore, X-ray powder diffraction analysis confirmed that the alginate has an amorphous structure. Sodium alginate extracted from <jats:italic>E. maxima</jats:italic> found on the coasts of Southern Africa exhibits a high mannuronic content and high viscosity, potentially beneficial for drug delivery and biomedical applications.","PeriodicalId":9191,"journal":{"name":"Botanica Marina","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthew N. Noach, Richard L. Mampana, Eugene Van Rensburg, Neill J. Goosen, Robert W. M. Pott
Alginate is a brown seaweed-based linear polysaccharide of D – mannuronic acid and L – guluronic acid residues. Hydrolysis products of the polysaccharide, specifically oligosaccharides, have been receiving increasing interest, due to their significant bioactivity and potential utilisation routes. The bioactivity of alginate oligosaccharides is closely linked to structural characteristics, namely: molecular weight, degree of polymerisation, and ratio of the monomers (the M/G ratio). Hence, potential applications (such as utilisation as a biostimulant fertilizer) depend on these parameters. This review focuses on recent advances in producing alginate oligosaccharides using chemical or enzymatic methods. The literature survey includes utilisation of these methods at both laboratory and industrial scale. For the chemical methods, we assessed the standard laboratory scale procedures of alginate oligosaccharide production, the potential of scaling up to an industrial level, and the subsequent challenges. For the enzymatic route, we provide an overview of alginate lyases and the application perspectives of enzymatic hydrolysis of alginate.
海藻酸是一种以褐色海藻为基础的线性多糖，含有 D -甘露糖酸和 L -古鲁糖酸残基。这种多糖的水解产物，特别是低聚糖，因其显著的生物活性和潜在的利用途径而受到越来越多的关注。海藻酸寡糖的生物活性与结构特征密切相关，即分子量、聚合度和单体比例（M/G 比）。因此，潜在的应用（如用作生物刺激肥料）取决于这些参数。本综述重点介绍利用化学或酶法生产海藻酸寡糖的最新进展。文献调查包括这些方法在实验室和工业规模上的应用。对于化学方法，我们评估了海藻酸寡糖生产的标准实验室规模程序、扩大到工业规模的潜力以及随后的挑战。在酶法途径方面，我们概述了海藻酸酶和酶水解海藻酸的应用前景。
{"title":"Chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis of alginate: a review","authors":"Matthew N. Noach, Richard L. Mampana, Eugene Van Rensburg, Neill J. Goosen, Robert W. M. Pott","doi":"10.1515/bot-2023-0056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2023-0056","url":null,"abstract":"Alginate is a brown seaweed-based linear polysaccharide of D – mannuronic acid and L – guluronic acid residues. Hydrolysis products of the polysaccharide, specifically oligosaccharides, have been receiving increasing interest, due to their significant bioactivity and potential utilisation routes. The bioactivity of alginate oligosaccharides is closely linked to structural characteristics, namely: molecular weight, degree of polymerisation, and ratio of the monomers (the M/G ratio). Hence, potential applications (such as utilisation as a biostimulant fertilizer) depend on these parameters. This review focuses on recent advances in producing alginate oligosaccharides using chemical or enzymatic methods. The literature survey includes utilisation of these methods at both laboratory and industrial scale. For the chemical methods, we assessed the standard laboratory scale procedures of alginate oligosaccharide production, the potential of scaling up to an industrial level, and the subsequent challenges. For the enzymatic route, we provide an overview of alginate lyases and the application perspectives of enzymatic hydrolysis of alginate.","PeriodicalId":9191,"journal":{"name":"Botanica Marina","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luanda Pereira Soares, Silvia M.P.B. Guimarães, Thomas Sauvage, Larissa A.H. dos Santos, Helena R. Fragoso, Mutue T. Fujii
The taxonomic position of Halymenia floridana is a long-standing issue that needed to be assessed using DNA sequences of material from the type locality (Florida, USA). Here, we examined the vegetative and reproductive morpho-anatomy, and rbcL sequence data of topotypes and additional specimens from Brazil. Our results resolved the topotypes of ‘H. floridana’ within the genus Cryptonemia, in a clade harboring two closely related sister species, C. bermudensis and C. lacunicola. The rbcL haplotype of ‘H. floridana’ from Florida was also identical to previously and newly sequenced specimens from Brazil. Therefore, the new combination Cryptonemia floridana comb. nov. is herein established. Cryptonemia floridana exhibits entire to lobed foliose blades up to 12 cm high, a short basal midrib, medulla with conspicuous stellate ganglia and mostly periclinal filaments. The auxiliary cell is the first or the second cell of a third-order ampullar filament, and secondary connecting filaments are rare and cut off from the fusion cell. Our study is the first to provide the pre- and postfertilization stages in a Cryptonemia species, with generic status confirmed by DNA sequences. Numerous tropical Cryptonemia species await molecular confirmation and assessment of reproductive structures towards a better circumscription of the genus and its species diversity.
{"title":"Proposal of Cryptonemia floridana comb. nov. (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta) based on rbcL gene analysis of collections from type locality and female reproductive morphology","authors":"Luanda Pereira Soares, Silvia M.P.B. Guimarães, Thomas Sauvage, Larissa A.H. dos Santos, Helena R. Fragoso, Mutue T. Fujii","doi":"10.1515/bot-2024-0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2024-0025","url":null,"abstract":"The taxonomic position of <jats:italic>Halymenia floridana</jats:italic> is a long-standing issue that needed to be assessed using DNA sequences of material from the type locality (Florida, USA). Here, we examined the vegetative and reproductive morpho-anatomy, and <jats:italic>rbc</jats:italic>L sequence data of topotypes and additional specimens from Brazil. Our results resolved the topotypes of <jats:italic>‘H. floridana’</jats:italic> within the genus <jats:italic>Cryptonemia</jats:italic>, in a clade harboring two closely related sister species, <jats:italic>C. bermudensis</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. lacunicola</jats:italic>. The <jats:italic>rbc</jats:italic>L haplotype of <jats:italic>‘H. floridana’</jats:italic> from Florida was also identical to previously and newly sequenced specimens from Brazil. Therefore, the new combination <jats:italic>Cryptonemia floridana</jats:italic> comb. nov. is herein established. <jats:italic>Cryptonemia floridana</jats:italic> exhibits entire to lobed foliose blades up to 12 cm high, a short basal midrib, medulla with conspicuous stellate ganglia and mostly periclinal filaments. The auxiliary cell is the first or the second cell of a third-order ampullar filament, and secondary connecting filaments are rare and cut off from the fusion cell. Our study is the first to provide the pre- and postfertilization stages in a <jats:italic>Cryptonemia</jats:italic> species, with generic status confirmed by DNA sequences. Numerous tropical <jats:italic>Cryptonemia</jats:italic> species await molecular confirmation and assessment of reproductive structures towards a better circumscription of the genus and its species diversity.","PeriodicalId":9191,"journal":{"name":"Botanica Marina","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141575850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samhita Mukhopadhyay, Chitrabhanu S. Bhunjun, Chayanard Phukhamsakda, Carlo Chris S. Apurillo, Fatimah Al-Otibi, Kevin D. Hyde, E.B. Gareth Jones
Vaginatispora acrostichi sp. nov. was isolated from submerged stems of Acrostichum aureum (Pteridaceae) collected from the mangrove habitats of Pranburi District, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Thailand. Phylogenetic analyses based on the combined dataset of LSU, SSU, ITS, tef1-α, rpb2, and β-tub sequences placed the novel species within Vaginatispora. Vaginatispora acrostichi formed a well-supported sister clade with V. lignicola but differs from it morphologically and phylogenetically. Vaginatispora acrostichi is distinguishable from V. lignicola by ascospore size, septation and colour. The ascospores of V. acrostichi turn light brown at maturity and have a single septum with a minute constriction, while those of V. lignicola appear yellowish at maturity and have 1–3 septa with pronounced constriction. Vaginatispora acrostichi is introduced in this paper as a novel species with a comprehensive description and illustration.
{"title":"Introducing a new species, Vaginatispora acrostichi (Lophiostomataceae), based on morphology and multigene phylogeny","authors":"Samhita Mukhopadhyay, Chitrabhanu S. Bhunjun, Chayanard Phukhamsakda, Carlo Chris S. Apurillo, Fatimah Al-Otibi, Kevin D. Hyde, E.B. Gareth Jones","doi":"10.1515/bot-2024-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2024-0008","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:italic>Vaginatispora acrostichi</jats:italic> sp. nov. was isolated from submerged stems of <jats:italic>Acrostichum aureum</jats:italic> (Pteridaceae) collected from the mangrove habitats of Pranburi District, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Thailand. Phylogenetic analyses based on the combined dataset of LSU, SSU, ITS, <jats:italic>tef1-α</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>rpb2</jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>β-tub</jats:italic> sequences placed the novel species within <jats:italic>Vaginatispora</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>Vaginatispora acrostichi</jats:italic> formed a well-supported sister clade with <jats:italic>V. lignicola</jats:italic> but differs from it morphologically and phylogenetically. <jats:italic>Vaginatispora acrostichi</jats:italic> is distinguishable from <jats:italic>V. lignicola</jats:italic> by ascospore size, septation and colour. The ascospores of <jats:italic>V. acrostichi</jats:italic> turn light brown at maturity and have a single septum with a minute constriction, while those of <jats:italic>V. lignicola</jats:italic> appear yellowish at maturity and have 1–3 septa with pronounced constriction. <jats:italic>Vaginatispora acrostichi</jats:italic> is introduced in this paper as a novel species with a comprehensive description and illustration.","PeriodicalId":9191,"journal":{"name":"Botanica Marina","volume":"125 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141578147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ana E. Ramos-Santiago, Christine J. Band-Schmidt, Ignacio Leyva-Valencia, Leyberth J. Fernández-Herrera, Erick J. Núñez-Vázquez, Yuri B. Okolodkov
Gambierdiscus is a marine benthic dinoflagellate genus that currently contains 19 species; some of them are toxigenic, producing ciguatoxins, maitotoxins, and other toxic compounds. The objective of this study was to document the morphological and molecular identification (ITS, 5.8S and 28S of the rDNA) of two strains of Gambierdiscus from La Gaviota Island, Gulf of California, Mexico, and a toxicity test. The shape of the 2′ plate varied between hatchet-shaped and rectangular, that complicated the differentiation between G. carpenteri and G. toxicus. Molecular markers of the three rDNA regions allowed confirmation of the taxonomic identity of G. carpenteri, separating this species from other congeners with high phylogenetic affinity, such as G. excentricus, G. toxicus and G. caribaeus. Studies of the morphological taxonomy of G. carpenteri are scarce; therefore, due to the similarity between species, the combination of morphological and molecular tools is recommended for the identification of species, such as G. carpenteri, G. excentricus, G. toxicus and G. caribaeus. The mouse bioassay showed that the examined isolate was toxic, and it is a potential etiology of ciguatera fish poisoning cases in the region. This study provides the first reliable report and ribosomal sequences of G. carpenteri for the Gulf of California, as well as data on mouse bioassay toxicity.
Gambierdiscus 是一种海洋底栖甲藻，目前有 19 个种类；其中一些具有毒性，可产生雪卡毒素、麦芽毒素和其他有毒化合物。本研究的目的是对墨西哥加利福尼亚湾拉加维奥塔岛的两株 Gambierdiscus 进行形态学和分子鉴定（ITS、5.8S 和 28S rDNA），并进行毒性试验。2′ 平板的形状有斧头形和长方形之分，这使 G. carpenteri 和 G. toxicus 的区分变得复杂。三个 rDNA 区域的分子标记证实了 G. carpenteri 的分类学特征，将该物种与其他具有较高系统发育亲缘关系的同属物种（如 G. excentricus、G. toxicus 和 G. caribaeus）区分开来。对 G. carpenteri 的形态分类研究很少；因此，由于物种之间的相似性，建议结合形态学和分子工具来鉴定物种，如 G. carpenteri、G. excentricus、G. toxicus 和 G. caribaeus。小鼠生物测定表明，所研究的分离物具有毒性，是该地区雪卡毒鱼类中毒病例的潜在病原体。这项研究首次可靠地报告了加利福尼亚湾鲤鱼的核糖体序列，并提供了小鼠生物测定毒性的数据。
{"title":"Gambierdiscus carpenteri (Dinophyceae) from Bahía de La Paz, Gulf of California: morphology, genetic affinities, and mouse toxicity","authors":"Ana E. Ramos-Santiago, Christine J. Band-Schmidt, Ignacio Leyva-Valencia, Leyberth J. Fernández-Herrera, Erick J. Núñez-Vázquez, Yuri B. Okolodkov","doi":"10.1515/bot-2024-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2024-0017","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:italic>Gambierdiscus</jats:italic> is a marine benthic dinoflagellate genus that currently contains 19 species; some of them are toxigenic, producing ciguatoxins, maitotoxins, and other toxic compounds. The objective of this study was to document the morphological and molecular identification (ITS, 5.8S and 28S of the rDNA) of two strains of <jats:italic>Gambierdiscus</jats:italic> from La Gaviota Island, Gulf of California, Mexico, and a toxicity test. The shape of the 2′ plate varied between hatchet-shaped and rectangular, that complicated the differentiation between <jats:italic>G</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>carpenteri</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>G</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>toxicus</jats:italic>. Molecular markers of the three rDNA regions allowed confirmation of the taxonomic identity of <jats:italic>G</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>carpenteri</jats:italic>, separating this species from other congeners with high phylogenetic affinity, such as <jats:italic>G</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>excentricus</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>G</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>toxicus</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>G</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>caribaeus</jats:italic>. Studies of the morphological taxonomy of <jats:italic>G. carpenteri</jats:italic> are scarce; therefore, due to the similarity between species, the combination of morphological and molecular tools is recommended for the identification of species, such as <jats:italic>G</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>carpenteri</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>G</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>excentricus</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>G</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>toxicus</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>G</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>caribaeus</jats:italic>. The mouse bioassay showed that the examined isolate was toxic, and it is a potential etiology of ciguatera fish poisoning cases in the region. This study provides the first reliable report and ribosomal sequences of <jats:italic>G</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>carpenteri</jats:italic> for the Gulf of California, as well as data on mouse bioassay toxicity.","PeriodicalId":9191,"journal":{"name":"Botanica Marina","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141575851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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