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Common soil history is more important than plant history for arbuscular mycorrhizal community assembly in an experimental grassland diversity gradient 在实验性草地多样性梯度中,共同的土壤历史比植物历史对节肢菌根群落的形成更为重要
IF 6.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-04-09 DOI: 10.1007/s00374-024-01821-0
Cynthia Albracht, Marcel Dominik Solbach, Justus Hennecke, Leonardo Bassi, Geert Roelof van der Ploeg, Nico Eisenhauer, Alexandra Weigelt, François Buscot, Anna Heintz-Buschart

The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning strengthens with ecosystem age. However, the interplay between the plant diversity - ecosystem functioning relationship and Glomeromycotinian arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community assembly has not yet been scrutinized in this context, despite AMF’s role in plant survival and niche exploration. We study the development of AMF communities by disentangling soil- and plant-driven effects from calendar year effects. Within a long-term grassland biodiversity experiment, the pre-existing plant communities of varying plant diversity were re-established as split plots with combinations of common plant and soil histories: split plots with neither common plant nor soil history, with only soil but no plant history, and with both common plant and soil history. We found that bulk soil AMF communities were primarily shaped by common soil history, and additional common plant history had little effect. Further, the steepness of AMF diversity and plant diversity relationship did not strengthen over time, but AMF community evenness increased with common history. Specialisation of AMF towards plant species was low throughout, giving no indication of AMF communities specialising or diversifying over time. The potential of bulk soil AMF as mediators of variation in plant and microbial biomass over time and hence as drivers of biodiversity and ecosystem relationships was low. Our results suggest that soil processes may be key for the build-up of plant community-specific mycorrhizal communities with likely feedback effects on ecosystem productivity, but the plant-available mycorrhizal pool in bulk soil itself does not explain the strengthening of biodiversity and ecosystem relationships over time.

生物多样性与生态系统功能之间的关系随着生态系统年龄的增长而加强。然而,尽管AMF在植物生存和生态位探索中发挥着重要作用,但植物多样性-生态系统功能关系与革囊真菌丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)群落组装之间的相互作用尚未在此背景下得到仔细研究。我们通过将土壤和植物驱动效应与历年效应区分开来,研究了AMF群落的发展。在一项长期的草地生物多样性实验中,我们将先前存在的不同植物多样性的植物群落重建为具有共同植物和土壤历史组合的分裂地块:既无共同植物也无土壤历史的分裂地块、仅有土壤而无植物历史的分裂地块以及具有共同植物和土壤历史的分裂地块。我们发现,大块土壤中的 AMF 群落主要受共同土壤历史的影响,额外的共同植物历史影响不大。此外,随着时间的推移,AMF 多样性与植物多样性关系的陡度并没有加强,但 AMF 群落的均匀度却随着共同的历史而增加。在整个过程中,AMF 对植物物种的专一性很低,没有迹象表明 AMF 群落会随着时间的推移而专一化或多样化。大量土壤 AMF 作为植物和微生物生物量随时间变化的媒介,进而作为生物多样性和生态系统关系的驱动力的潜力很低。我们的研究结果表明,土壤过程可能是植物群落特有菌根群落建立的关键,并可能对生态系统生产力产生反馈作用,但大块土壤中植物可利用的菌根库本身并不能解释生物多样性和生态系统关系随时间推移而加强的原因。
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引用次数: 0
Short-term effect of liquid organic fertilisation and application methods on N2, N2O and CO2 fluxes from a silt loam arable soil 液体有机肥和施肥方法对淤泥质壤土中 N2、N2O 和 CO2 通量的短期影响
IF 6.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1007/s00374-024-01814-z
Balázs Grosz, Stefan Burkart, Reinhard Well

The absence of N2 flux measurements in liquid manure-amended soils has resulted in a poor understanding of the effect of manure application on gaseous N losses. The aim of this study was to quantify N2, N2O, CO2, N2O reduction to N2, depth distribution of moisture, water-extractable organic C, NO3, NH4+, pH, and diffusivity in a laboratory incubation experiment with an arable silt-loam soil. To quantify N processes and gaseous fluxes, 15N tracing was applied. An artificial livestock slurry-mixture was added to the soil in various treatments (control, surface or injected application; slurry-application rate: 42.9 kg N ha− 1; soil water content of either 40% or 60% water-filled pore space (WFPS)). The soil was incubated for 10 days. The depth distribution of the control parameters was measured twice during the experiment on days 5 and 10. The average increase in N2 and N2O fluxes from denitrification was about 900% in slurry-amended soils. The highest N2 and N2O fluxes from denitrification were measured in the slurry injection, 60% WFPS treatment (7.83 ± 3.50 and 11.22 ± 7.60 mg N m− 2 d− 1, respectively). The hypothesis that injected slurry at a higher water content enhances denitrification was confirmed. This study provides important insights into the formation, spatial and temporal variation of the manure-soil hotspot and its impact on the denitrification process. The results will form part of a dataset to develop, improve and test manure application submodules of biogeochemical models and will help to understand in detail the effect of hotspots on N-cycling in manure-treated soils.

由于缺乏对液态粪肥改良土壤中 N2 通量的测量,人们对施用粪肥对气态氮损失的影响知之甚少。本研究的目的是在可耕淤泥质土壤的实验室培养实验中量化 N2、N2O、CO2、N2O 还原成 N2、水分深度分布、水提取有机碳、NO3-、NH4+、pH 值和扩散性。为了量化氮过程和气体通量,采用了 15N 追踪技术。在不同的处理(对照组、地表施肥或注射施肥;施肥量:42.9 kg N ha- 1)中,向土壤中添加了人工牲畜粪便混合物:土壤水分含量为 40% 或 60% 的充满水的孔隙空间(WFPS))。土壤培养 10 天。实验期间,在第 5 天和第 10 天两次测量对照参数的深度分布。在经泥浆改良的土壤中,反硝化产生的 N2 和 N2O 通量平均增加了约 900%。在注入泥浆、60% WFPS 处理中测得的脱硝产生的 N2 和 N2O 通量最高(分别为 7.83 ± 3.50 和 11.22 ± 7.60 mg N m- 2 d- 1)。注入含水量较高的泥浆可提高反硝化作用的假设得到了证实。这项研究为了解粪肥-土壤热点的形成、时空变化及其对反硝化过程的影响提供了重要依据。研究结果将构成数据集的一部分,用于开发、改进和测试生物地球化学模型的粪肥施用子模块,并有助于详细了解热点对粪肥处理土壤中氮循环的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Determining N2O and N2 fluxes in relation to winter wheat and sugar beet growth and development using the improved 15N gas flux method on the field scale 利用改进的 15N 气体通量法在田间测定与冬小麦和甜菜生长发育有关的 N2O 和 N2 通量
IF 6.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-04-04 DOI: 10.1007/s00374-024-01806-z
Jonas Eckei, Reinhard Well, Martin Maier, Amanda Matson, Klaus Dittert, Pauline Sophie Rummel

The objectives of this field trial were to collect reliable measurement data on N2 emissions and N2O/(N2O + N2) ratios in typical German crops in relation to crop development and to provide a dataset to test and improve biogeochemical models. N2O and N2 emissions in winter wheat (WW, Triticum aestivum L.) and sugar beet (SB, Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris) were measured using the improved 15N gas flux method with helium–oxygen flushing (80:20) to reduce the atmospheric N2 background to < 2%. To estimate total N2O and N2 production in soil, production-diffusion modelling was applied. Soil samples were taken in regular intervals and analyzed for mineral N (NO3 and NH4+) and water-extractable Corg content. In addition, we monitored soil moisture, crop development, plant N uptake, N transformation processes in soil, and N translocation to deeper soil layers. Our best estimates for cumulative N2O + N2 losses were 860.4 ± 220.9 mg N m−2 and 553.1 ± 96.3 mg N m−2 over the experimental period of 189 and 161 days with total N2O/(N2O + N2) ratios of 0.12 and 0.15 for WW and SB, respectively. Growing plants affected all controlling factors of denitrification, and dynamics clearly differed between crop species. Overall, N2O and N2 emissions were highest when plant N and water uptake were low, i.e., during early growth stages, ripening, and after harvest. We present the first dataset of a plot-scale field study employing the improved 15N gas flux method over a growing season showing that drivers for N2O and N2O + N2 fluxes differ between crop species and change throughout the growing season.

此次田间试验的目的是收集与作物生长有关的德国典型作物的 N2 排放量和 N2O/(N2O + N2) 比率的可靠测量数据,并为测试和改进生物地球化学模型提供数据集。采用改进的 15N 气体通量法测量了冬小麦(WW,Triticum aestivum L.)和甜菜(SB,Beta vulgaris subsp.为估算土壤中的一氧化二氮和二氧化氮总产量,采用了产量扩散模型。我们定期采集土壤样本,分析其中的矿物氮(NO3- 和 NH4+)和水提取钙含量。此外,我们还监测了土壤湿度、作物生长、植物对氮的吸收、土壤中氮的转化过程以及氮向更深土层的转移。在 189 天和 161 天的实验期间,我们对累积 N2O + N2 损失的最佳估计分别为 860.4 ± 220.9 毫克 N m-2 和 553.1 ± 96.3 毫克 N m-2,WW 和 SB 的总 N2O/(N2O + N2) 比率分别为 0.12 和 0.15。生长中的植物影响着反硝化的所有控制因素,不同作物种类的反硝化动态明显不同。总体而言,当植物对氮和水的吸收量较低时,即生长初期、成熟期和收获后,N2O 和 N2 的排放量最高。我们首次展示了采用改进的 15N 气体通量法进行的生长季小区尺度田间研究数据集,该数据集显示,N2O 和 N2O + N2 通量的驱动因素因作物种类而异,并在整个生长季发生变化。
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引用次数: 0
Potato yield and quality are linked to cover crop and soil microbiome, respectively 马铃薯的产量和质量分别与覆盖作物和土壤微生物群有关
IF 6.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-04-04 DOI: 10.1007/s00374-024-01813-0
Michael Hemkemeyer, Sanja A. Schwalb, Clara Berendonk, Stefan Geisen, Stefanie Heinze, Rainer Georg Joergensen, Rong Li, Peter Lövenich, Wu Xiong, Florian Wichern

Crop-specific cultivation practices including crop rotation, cover cropping, and fertilisation are key measures for sustainable farming, for which soil microorganisms are important components. This study aims at identifying links between agronomic practices, potato yield and quality as well as soil microorganisms. We analysed the roles of cover crops and of the soil prokaryotic, fungal, and protistan communities in a long-term trial, differing in crop rotation, i.e. winter wheat or silage maize as pre-crop, presence and positioning of oil radish within the rotation, and fertilisation, i.e. mineral fertiliser, straw, manure, or slurry. Up to 16% higher yields were observed when oil radish grew directly before potatoes. Losses of potato quality due to infection with Rhizoctonia solani-induced diseases and common scab was 43–63% lower when wheat + oil radish was pre-crop under manure or straw + slurry fertilisation than for maize as pre-crop. This contrast was also reflected by 42% higher fungal abundance and differences in β-diversity of prokaryotes, fungi, and protists. Those amplicon sequence variants, which were found in the treatments with highest potato qualities and differed in their abundances from other treatments, belonged to Firmicutes (2.4% of the sequences) and Mortierellaceae (28%), which both comprise potential antagonists of phytopathogens. Among protists, Lobosa, especially Copromyxa, was 62% more abundant in the high potato quality plots compared to all others, suggesting that specific higher trophic organisms can improve crop performance. Our findings suggest that successful potato cultivation is related (1) to planting of oil radish before potatoes for increasing yield and (2) to fertilisation with manure or straw + slurry for enriching the microbiome with crop-beneficial taxa.

包括轮作、覆盖种植和施肥在内的特定作物栽培方法是可持续农业的关键措施,而土壤微生物是其中的重要组成部分。本研究旨在确定农艺措施、马铃薯产量和质量以及土壤微生物之间的联系。在一项长期试验中,我们分析了覆盖作物以及土壤原核生物、真菌和原生动物群落的作用,不同的作物轮作方式(即冬小麦或青贮玉米作为前茬作物)、轮作中油萝卜的存在和位置以及施肥方式(即矿物肥料、秸秆、粪肥或泥浆)各不相同。当油萝卜直接长在马铃薯之前时,产量可提高 16%。在施用粪肥或秸秆+泥浆的情况下,小麦+油萝卜作为前茬作物时,因根瘤菌诱发的病害和普通疮痂病感染造成的马铃薯质量损失比玉米作为前茬作物时低 43-63%。这种对比还体现在真菌丰度高出 42%,以及原核生物、真菌和原生生物的 β 多样性存在差异。在马铃薯品质最高的处理中发现的扩增子序列变体在丰度上与其他处理不同,它们属于真菌(占序列的 2.4%)和毛霉菌科(占 28%),两者都是植物病原体的潜在拮抗剂。在原生动物中,高马铃薯质量地块中的Lobosa(特别是Copromyxa)含量比其他地块高62%,这表明特定的高级营养生物可提高作物产量。我们的研究结果表明,马铃薯的成功种植与以下两个因素有关:(1)在马铃薯生长之前种植油萝卜,以提高产量;(2)施肥时使用粪肥或秸秆+泥浆,以丰富微生物组中对作物有益的类群。
{"title":"Potato yield and quality are linked to cover crop and soil microbiome, respectively","authors":"Michael Hemkemeyer, Sanja A. Schwalb, Clara Berendonk, Stefan Geisen, Stefanie Heinze, Rainer Georg Joergensen, Rong Li, Peter Lövenich, Wu Xiong, Florian Wichern","doi":"10.1007/s00374-024-01813-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-024-01813-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Crop-specific cultivation practices including crop rotation, cover cropping, and fertilisation are key measures for sustainable farming, for which soil microorganisms are important components. This study aims at identifying links between agronomic practices, potato yield and quality as well as soil microorganisms. We analysed the roles of cover crops and of the soil prokaryotic, fungal, and protistan communities in a long-term trial, differing in crop rotation, i.e. winter wheat or silage maize as pre-crop, presence and positioning of oil radish within the rotation, and fertilisation, i.e. mineral fertiliser, straw, manure, or slurry. Up to 16% higher yields were observed when oil radish grew directly before potatoes. Losses of potato quality due to infection with <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i>-induced diseases and common scab was 43–63% lower when wheat + oil radish was pre-crop under manure or straw + slurry fertilisation than for maize as pre-crop. This contrast was also reflected by 42% higher fungal abundance and differences in β-diversity of prokaryotes, fungi, and protists. Those amplicon sequence variants, which were found in the treatments with highest potato qualities and differed in their abundances from other treatments, belonged to Firmicutes (2.4% of the sequences) and Mortierellaceae (28%), which both comprise potential antagonists of phytopathogens. Among protists, Lobosa, especially <i>Copromyxa</i>, was 62% more abundant in the high potato quality plots compared to all others, suggesting that specific higher trophic organisms can improve crop performance. Our findings suggest that successful potato cultivation is related (1) to planting of oil radish before potatoes for increasing yield and (2) to fertilisation with manure or straw + slurry for enriching the microbiome with crop-beneficial taxa.</p>","PeriodicalId":9210,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Fertility of Soils","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140346057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Strategy of endophytic bacterial communities in alfalfa roots for enhancing plant resilience to saline–alkali stress and its application 苜蓿根部内生细菌群落增强植物抗盐碱胁迫能力的策略及其应用
IF 6.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-03-27 DOI: 10.1007/s00374-024-01816-x
Dihe Yang, Lu Tang, Jiaxin Chen, Yimeng Shi, Hao Zhou, Hong Gao, Jian Jin, Changhong Guo

Soil salinization is an abiotic stress factor that can harm plant growth. Root endophytic bacteria may be associated with the resilience of plants to saline–alkaline stress. This study investigated the diversity, composition, and function of endophytic bacterial communities in alfalfa roots under saline–alkali stress, and screened a key bacterial strain associated with saline–alkali resistance. 16 S rRNA amplicon sequencing showed that high levels of saline alkalinity significantly reduced the diversity of endophytic bacterial communities and the relative abundance of beneficial bacterial taxa, such as Rhizobiales and Pseudomonas. Long durations of saline–alkali significantly decreased the abundance of predicted functional genes related to nitrogen metabolism in the alfalfa root endophytic bacterial community. Additionally, we isolated a key strain Pseudomonas with saline-alkali tolerance which could colonise roots and considerably improve physiological characteristics and plant growth. We found that colonization with Pseudomonas can considerably enhance plant resistance to saline-alkali stress and that the composition and function of the endophytic bacterial communities in roots likely contribute to plant tolerance to saline-alkali stress.

土壤盐碱化是一种会损害植物生长的非生物胁迫因素。根部内生细菌可能与植物对盐碱胁迫的恢复能力有关。本研究调查了盐碱胁迫下紫花苜蓿根部内生细菌群落的多样性、组成和功能,并筛选出一种与抗盐碱能力相关的关键细菌菌株。16 S rRNA 扩增子测序表明,高盐碱度显著降低了内生细菌群落的多样性以及有益细菌类群(如根瘤菌和假单胞菌)的相对丰度。长时间的盐碱显著降低了苜蓿根部内生细菌群落中与氮代谢相关的预测功能基因的丰度。此外,我们还分离出了一株耐盐碱的关键假单胞菌,它能在根部定殖,大大改善生理特性和植物生长。我们发现,假单胞菌的定殖可大大增强植物对盐碱胁迫的抵抗力,根部内生细菌群落的组成和功能可能有助于植物对盐碱胁迫的耐受性。
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引用次数: 0
Pyrogenic organic matter decreases while fresh organic matter increases soil heterotrophic respiration through modifying microbial activity in a subtropical forest 在亚热带森林中,热源有机物通过改变微生物活动减少了土壤异养呼吸,而新鲜有机物则增加了土壤异养呼吸
IF 6.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-03-27 DOI: 10.1007/s00374-024-01815-y

Abstract

As the carbon (C) credit market evolves, incorporating organic matter into soils has emerged as a key strategy in C farming. Soil heterotrophic respiration (RH) plays a pivotal role in maintaining the C balance in terrestrial ecosystems, yet the contrasting impacts of fresh and pyrogenic organic matter applications on soil RH, and associated underlying mechanisms, have not been fully investigated. Through a 2-year field experiment, we investigated how applying maize straw and its derived biochar affect the physical, chemical, and microbial properties of soil in a subtropical Moso bamboo forest. Results showed that straw application increased soil RH, while biochar application suppressed it. Soil RH was correlated positively with β-glucosidase and cellobiohydrolase activities but negatively with RubisCO enzyme activity. Increased soil RH under straw application was linked to the increased β-glucosidase/cellobiohydrolase activities driven by elevated water-soluble organic C and O-alkyl C levels as well as GH48 and cbhI gene abundances, and the decreased RubisCO enzyme activity caused by reduced cbbL gene abundance. Conversely, reduced soil RH under biochar application was linked to reductions in β-glucosidase and cellobiohydrolase activities induced by increased aromatic C and decreased GH48 and cbhI gene levels, and increases in RubisCO enzyme activity driven by higher cbbL gene abundance. More importantly, changes in soil RH were clearly linked to microbial dynamics. Specifically, increases in the relative abundances of Alphaproteobacteria and Sordariomycetes and decreases in AD3 and Tremellomycetes contributed to the enhanced soil RH under straw application. With biochar application, the reverse effect occurred, ultimately contributing to the reduced soil RH. Our study demonstrates that maize straw application increases while biochar application decreases soil RH in the subtropical forest. These findings reveal that biochar reduced soil RH through changing microbial activity in subtropical forests, providing insight into complex dynamics of soil C cycling in response to diverse interventions.

摘要 随着碳(C)信用市场的发展,在土壤中添加有机物已成为碳耕作的一项重要战略。土壤异养呼吸(RH)在维持陆地生态系统中的碳平衡方面发挥着关键作用,但新鲜有机质和热源有机质的施用对土壤 RH 的不同影响以及相关的内在机制尚未得到充分研究。通过为期两年的田间试验,我们研究了施用玉米秸秆及其衍生的生物炭如何影响亚热带毛竹林土壤的物理、化学和微生物特性。结果表明,施用玉米秸秆会增加土壤相对湿度,而施用生物炭则会抑制相对湿度。土壤相对湿度与β-葡萄糖苷酶和纤维生物水解酶活性呈正相关,但与RubisCO酶活性呈负相关。施用秸秆条件下土壤相对湿度的增加与水溶性有机 C 和 O- 烷基 C 含量以及 GH48 和 cbhI 基因丰度的增加导致的 β-葡萄糖苷酶/纤维生物水解酶活性的增加以及 cbbL 基因丰度的降低导致的 RubisCO 酶活性的降低有关。相反,施用生物炭后土壤相对湿度的降低与芳香族碳含量的增加、GH48 和 cbhI 基因水平的降低所引起的 β-葡萄糖苷酶和纤维生物水解酶活性的降低以及 cbbL 基因丰度的提高所引起的 RubisCO 酶活性的提高有关。更重要的是,土壤相对湿度的变化显然与微生物的动态变化有关。具体来说,在施用秸秆的情况下,Alphaproteobacteria 和 Sordariomycetes 的相对丰度增加,而 AD3 和 Tremellomycetes 的相对丰度降低,这都是土壤相对湿度增加的原因。施用生物炭后,则出现了相反的效果,最终导致土壤相对湿度降低。我们的研究表明,在亚热带森林中,施用玉米秸秆会增加土壤相对湿度,而施用生物炭则会降低土壤相对湿度。这些研究结果表明,生物炭通过改变亚热带森林中的微生物活动降低了土壤相对湿度,为了解土壤碳循环在不同干预措施下的复杂动态提供了启示。
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引用次数: 0
Nonlinear response of soil nitric oxide emissions to fertilizer nitrogen across croplands 不同农田土壤一氧化氮排放量对化肥氮的非线性响应
IF 6.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-03-23 DOI: 10.1007/s00374-024-01818-9

Abstract

Nitric oxide (NO), as a short-lived climate forcer, has direct and indirect detrimental impacts on environmental quality and human health. The amount of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application to agricultural soils is considered a robust predictor of total NO emissions, but the estimates of cropland NO emissions have large uncertainties due to the widely used constant emission factors (EF) as e.g., default values recommended by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodologies. By compiling 223 field experiments with at least three N-input levels across various croplands, we performed a meta-analysis to determine how soil NO emissions respond to N inputs. Our results showed for the first time that the mean change in EF per unit of additional N input (∆EF) across all available data was significantly higher as compared to zero, indicating that the NO response to N additions increased significantly faster than the assumed linear. On average, upland grain crops showed significantly higher ∆EF than that of horticultural crops or lowland rice. A higher ∆EF was also appeared in sites with mean annual precipitation < 600 mm, mean annual temperature ≥ 15 °C, soil organic carbon ≥ 14 g C kg− 1 or total N ≥ 1.4 g N kg− 1, and where synthetic N fertilizers were usually applied. By assuming various N application rates, the IPCC default (0.7% or 1.1%) EF model would have overestimated or underestimated NO emissions compared to our ∆EF model. Overall, our meta-analysis results exert high potential to improve estimates of cropland NO inventories, and help address disparities in global NO budgets and develop more targeted mitigation efforts.

摘要 一氧化氮(NO)作为一种短寿命气候致变剂,对环境质量和人类健康有着直接和间接的不利影响。农业土壤的氮肥施用量被认为是预测氮氧化物总排放量的可靠指标,但由于广泛采用政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)方法推荐的默认值等恒定排放因子(EF),对耕地氮氧化物排放量的估计具有很大的不确定性。我们汇编了 223 项田间试验,其中至少有三种氮输入水平,涉及不同的耕地,我们对这些试验进行了元分析,以确定土壤氮氧化物排放量是如何随氮输入而变化的。我们的研究结果首次表明,在所有可用数据中,每增加一单位氮的输入,EF 的平均变化(∆EF)明显高于零,这表明氮氧化物对氮输入的响应明显快于假定的线性响应。平均而言,高地粮食作物的 ∆EF 明显高于园艺作物或低地水稻。在年平均降水量 < 600 毫米、年平均气温≥ 15 °C、土壤有机碳≥ 14 克 C kg- 1 或总氮≥ 1.4 克 N kg- 1 以及通常施用合成氮肥的地区,ΔEF 也较高。通过假设不同的氮肥施用率,与我们的 ∆EF 模型相比,IPCC 默认的(0.7% 或 1.1%)EF 模型会高估或低估氮氧化物的排放量。总之,我们的荟萃分析结果极有可能改进耕地氮氧化物清单的估算,并有助于解决全球氮氧化物预算的差异,制定更有针对性的减排措施。
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引用次数: 0
Canonical ammonia oxidizers and comammox Clade A play active roles in nitrification in a black soil at different pH and ammonium concentrations 在不同 pH 值和氨浓度的黑土中,典型氨氧化剂和 comammox 支系 A 在硝化过程中发挥着积极作用
IF 6.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.1007/s00374-024-01812-1
Xin Bai, Xiaojing Hu, Junjie Liu, Zhenhua Yu, Jian Jin, Xiaobing Liu, Guanghua Wang

The discovery of complete ammonia oxidizers (comammox) challenged our cognition of the nitrification process. Ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA), ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and comammox can carry out soil autotrophic nitrification process together. However, the differentiation of the ecological niche of three types of ammonia oxidizers in different environments has not been fully discovered. In this study, a typical black soil collected from northeast China was adjusted to different pH (original and adjusted pH were 4.29 and 7, respectively) and NH4+-N concentrations (weekly adding and without adding 100 mg NH4+-N kg− 1 soil). The activities of AOA, AOB and comammox were examined using DNA stable isotope probing approach with 13CO2, the phylogenetic information of active ammonia oxidizers was detected by high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that niche differentiation of AOA, AOB and comammox in black soils differed with soil pH. AOA dominated the nitrification process in acidic soils, while AOA, AOB and comammox Clade A taken part in the nitrification process in neutral soils. Among them, AOB showed strong activity in the soils with the high N treatment. The active AOA mainly belonged to Nitrososphaera in acidic and neutral soils. The active AOB and comammox Clade A mainly belonged to Nitrosospira and Clade A.2 in neutral soils, respectively. Taken together, the results highlighted the significance of canonical ammonia oxidizers in nitrification process of black soils, and comammox Clade A played an active role in neutral condition.

完全氨氧化剂(comammox)的发现挑战了我们对硝化过程的认知。氨氧化古细菌(AOA)、氨氧化细菌(AOB)和comammox可以共同完成土壤自养硝化过程。然而,三种氨氧化菌在不同环境中的生态位差异尚未被完全发现。本研究将从中国东北采集的典型黑土调整为不同的 pH 值(原始 pH 值和调整后 pH 值分别为 4.29 和 7)和 NH4+-N 浓度(每周添加和不添加 100 mg NH4+-N kg- 1 土壤)。利用 13CO2 的 DNA 稳定同位素探针法检测了 AOA、AOB 和 comammox 的活性,并通过高通量测序检测了活性氨氧化剂的系统发育信息。结果表明,黑土中 AOA、AOB 和 comammox 的生态位分化随土壤 pH 值的变化而不同。在酸性土壤中,AOA 主导硝化过程,而在中性土壤中,AOA、AOB 和 comammox 支系 A 参与硝化过程。其中,AOB 在高氮处理的土壤中表现出很强的活性。在酸性和中性土壤中,活性 AOA 主要属于 Nitrososphaera。在中性土壤中,活性 AOB 和 comammox 支系 A 分别主要属于 Nitrosospira 和支系 A.2。综上所述,研究结果突出了典型氨氧化剂在黑土硝化过程中的重要作用,而复合微生物支系 A 在中性土壤中发挥了积极作用。
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引用次数: 0
A hitchhiker’s guide: estimates of microbial biomass and microbial gene abundance in soil 搭便车指南:土壤中微生物生物量和微生物基因丰度的估计值
IF 6.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-03-19 DOI: 10.1007/s00374-024-01810-3
Rainer Georg Joergensen, Michael Hemkemeyer, Lukas Beule, Janyl Iskakova, Zhyldyz Oskonbaeva, Pauline Sophie Rummel, Sanja Annabell Schwalb, Florian Wichern

Information on microbial biomass carbon (MBC) is crucial to assess their stocks and role for plant nutrient release in soil. Next to fumigation-extraction, molecular methods are routinely used to estimate the contribution of fungi, bacteria, and archaea to the soil microbial community. However, more information on the links between these different indices would deepen the understanding of microbial processes. The current study is based on 11 datasets, which contain MBC and MBN data obtained by fumigation-extraction and information on bacterial, archaeal, and fungal gene abundance, totalling 765 data points from agricultural, forest, and rangeland soils. Some of these datasets additionally provide information on double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) and fungal ergosterol. MBC varied around the median of 206 µg g−1 soil. MBN followed with a median MB-C/N ratio of 4.1. Median microbial gene abundance declined from bacteria (96 × 108) to archaea (4.4 × 108) to fungi (1.8 × 108). The median ratio of MBC/dsDNA was 15.8 and that of bacteria/dsDNA was 5.8 × 108 µg−1. The relationships between MBC and dsDNA as well as between bacterial gene abundance and dsDNA were both negatively affected by soil pH and positively by clay content. The median ergosterol/MBC and fungi/ergosterol ratios were 0.20% and 4.7 (n × 108 µg−1), respectively. The relationship between fungal gene abundance and ergosterol was negatively affected by soil pH and clay content. Our study suggests that combining fumigation-extraction with molecular tools allows more precise insights on the physiological interactions of soil microorganisms with their surrounding environment.

有关微生物生物量碳(MBC)的信息对于评估其在土壤中的存量及其对植物养分释放的作用至关重要。除了熏蒸萃取法,分子方法也被常规用于估算真菌、细菌和古细菌对土壤微生物群落的贡献。然而,有关这些不同指数之间联系的更多信息将加深对微生物过程的了解。目前的研究基于 11 个数据集,其中包括通过熏蒸提取获得的 MBC 和 MBN 数据,以及细菌、古菌和真菌基因丰度信息,共计 765 个数据点,这些数据来自农业、森林和牧场土壤。其中一些数据集还提供了双链脱氧核糖核酸(dsDNA)和真菌麦角固醇的信息。多溴联苯(MBC)在 206 微克/克-1 土壤的中位数附近变化。其次是 MBN,中位数 MB-C/N 比率为 4.1。微生物基因丰度中位数从细菌(96 × 108)下降到古细菌(4.4 × 108)再到真菌(1.8 × 108)。MBC/dsDNA 的中位比率为 15.8,细菌/dsDNA 的中位比率为 5.8 × 108 µg-1。MBC 与 dsDNA 之间以及细菌基因丰度与 dsDNA 之间的关系均受土壤 pH 值的负面影响和粘土含量的正面影响。麦角甾醇/MBC 和真菌/麦角甾醇比率的中位数分别为 0.20% 和 4.7(n × 108 µg-1)。真菌基因丰度与麦角固醇之间的关系受土壤 pH 值和粘土含量的负面影响。我们的研究表明,将熏蒸萃取与分子工具相结合,可以更精确地了解土壤微生物与其周围环境的生理相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
Soil carbon storage and accessibility drive microbial carbon use efficiency by regulating microbial diversity and key taxa in intercropping ecosystems 通过调节间作生态系统中的微生物多样性和关键类群,土壤碳储量和可获取性推动微生物碳利用效率的提高
IF 6.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.1007/s00374-024-01804-1
Ziyu Yang, Qirui Zhu, Yuping Zhang, Pan Jiang, Yizhe Wang, Jiangchi Fei, Xiangmin Rong, Jianwei Peng, Xiaomeng Wei, Gongwen Luo

Intercropping is a powerful practice to alter the allocation of photosynthetic carbon (C) to belowground ecosystems via promotion of diversified plant communities. The feedback of soil C stability to intercropping is controlled by microbial C use efficiency (CUE). Despite its significance, there is currently insufficient evidence to decipher how soil microbial CUE reacts to intercropping. By combining a 10-year-long intercropping experiment with a substrate-independent 18O-H2O labelling approach and high-throughput sequencing, we elucidated the performance of intercropping on soil C pool and microbial metabolic traits as well as their relationships with soil microbial communities. Compared with monoculture, maize intercropping with peanut and soybean significantly increased soil C storage, soil mineral-associated organic C (MAOC), soil dissolved organic (DOC), and soil microbial biomass (MBC) contents at maize four growth stages. Soil microbial CUE increased significantly, especially at maize flowering and mature stages, as a consequence of enhanced microbial growth and biomass turnover rate after maize intercropping with peanut and soybean. Soil C storage and accessibility indicators (e.g., MAOC, DOC, and MBC contents) could significantly predict the changes of soil microbial diversity and core taxa. Meanwhile, the beta-diversity (community composition) of soil bacteria, fungi, saprotroph and protists, as well as rare fungal taxa were positively correlated with soil microbial CUE, and these indicators showed a high prediction of the microbial CUE. Soil C storage and accessibility indicators directly and indirectly influenced soil microbial CUE by regulating microbial diversity and key taxa. Soil microbial diversity and core taxa directly and indirectly influenced microbial CUE by mediating microbial respiration, growth, biomass, and enzyme activity, which mediated by soil C storage and accessibility. These findings provide an evidence for the associations between microbial diversity, CUE, and soil C stability, highlighting the importance of intercropping-driven soil microbiome to enhance soil microbial CUE.

间作是通过促进多样化植物群落来改变光合碳(C)向地下生态系统分配的一种有效方法。土壤碳稳定性对间作的反馈受微生物碳利用效率(CUE)的控制。尽管其意义重大,但目前还没有足够的证据来解释土壤微生物 CUE 如何对间作产生反应。通过将长达 10 年的间作实验与基质无关的 18O-H2O 标记方法和高通量测序相结合,我们阐明了间作对土壤碳库和微生物代谢特征的影响,以及它们与土壤微生物群落的关系。与单作相比,玉米与花生和大豆间作显著增加了玉米四个生长阶段的土壤碳储量、土壤矿质相关有机碳(MAOC)、土壤溶解有机物(DOC)和土壤微生物生物量(MBC)含量。由于玉米与花生和大豆间作后微生物生长和生物量周转率提高,土壤微生物 CUE 显著增加,尤其是在玉米开花期和成熟期。土壤碳储量和可利用性指标(如 MAOC、DOC 和 MBC 含量)可显著预测土壤微生物多样性和核心类群的变化。同时,土壤细菌、真菌、噬菌体和原生动物的β-多样性(群落组成)以及稀有真菌类群与土壤微生物CUE呈正相关,这些指标对微生物CUE有较高的预测作用。土壤碳储量和可利用性指标通过调控微生物多样性和关键类群直接或间接影响土壤微生物CUE。土壤微生物多样性和核心类群通过调节微生物的呼吸、生长、生物量和酶活性直接和间接影响微生物的CUE,而微生物的呼吸、生长、生物量和酶活性又受土壤碳储量和可及性的影响。这些发现为微生物多样性、CUE 和土壤碳稳定性之间的联系提供了证据,突出了间作驱动的土壤微生物组对提高土壤微生物 CUE 的重要性。
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Biology and Fertility of Soils
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