Pub Date : 2024-04-09DOI: 10.1007/s00374-024-01821-0
Cynthia Albracht, Marcel Dominik Solbach, Justus Hennecke, Leonardo Bassi, Geert Roelof van der Ploeg, Nico Eisenhauer, Alexandra Weigelt, François Buscot, Anna Heintz-Buschart
The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning strengthens with ecosystem age. However, the interplay between the plant diversity - ecosystem functioning relationship and Glomeromycotinian arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community assembly has not yet been scrutinized in this context, despite AMF’s role in plant survival and niche exploration. We study the development of AMF communities by disentangling soil- and plant-driven effects from calendar year effects. Within a long-term grassland biodiversity experiment, the pre-existing plant communities of varying plant diversity were re-established as split plots with combinations of common plant and soil histories: split plots with neither common plant nor soil history, with only soil but no plant history, and with both common plant and soil history. We found that bulk soil AMF communities were primarily shaped by common soil history, and additional common plant history had little effect. Further, the steepness of AMF diversity and plant diversity relationship did not strengthen over time, but AMF community evenness increased with common history. Specialisation of AMF towards plant species was low throughout, giving no indication of AMF communities specialising or diversifying over time. The potential of bulk soil AMF as mediators of variation in plant and microbial biomass over time and hence as drivers of biodiversity and ecosystem relationships was low. Our results suggest that soil processes may be key for the build-up of plant community-specific mycorrhizal communities with likely feedback effects on ecosystem productivity, but the plant-available mycorrhizal pool in bulk soil itself does not explain the strengthening of biodiversity and ecosystem relationships over time.
{"title":"Common soil history is more important than plant history for arbuscular mycorrhizal community assembly in an experimental grassland diversity gradient","authors":"Cynthia Albracht, Marcel Dominik Solbach, Justus Hennecke, Leonardo Bassi, Geert Roelof van der Ploeg, Nico Eisenhauer, Alexandra Weigelt, François Buscot, Anna Heintz-Buschart","doi":"10.1007/s00374-024-01821-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-024-01821-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning strengthens with ecosystem age. However, the interplay between the plant diversity - ecosystem functioning relationship and Glomeromycotinian arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community assembly has not yet been scrutinized in this context, despite AMF’s role in plant survival and niche exploration. We study the development of AMF communities by disentangling soil- and plant-driven effects from calendar year effects. Within a long-term grassland biodiversity experiment, the pre-existing plant communities of varying plant diversity were re-established as split plots with combinations of common plant and soil histories: split plots with neither common plant nor soil history, with only soil but no plant history, and with both common plant and soil history. We found that bulk soil AMF communities were primarily shaped by common soil history, and additional common plant history had little effect. Further, the steepness of AMF diversity and plant diversity relationship did not strengthen over time, but AMF community evenness increased with common history. Specialisation of AMF towards plant species was low throughout, giving no indication of AMF communities specialising or diversifying over time. The potential of bulk soil AMF as mediators of variation in plant and microbial biomass over time and hence as drivers of biodiversity and ecosystem relationships was low. Our results suggest that soil processes may be key for the build-up of plant community-specific mycorrhizal communities with likely feedback effects on ecosystem productivity, but the plant-available mycorrhizal pool in bulk soil itself does not explain the strengthening of biodiversity and ecosystem relationships over time.</p>","PeriodicalId":9210,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Fertility of Soils","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140538129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-05DOI: 10.1007/s00374-024-01814-z
Balázs Grosz, Stefan Burkart, Reinhard Well
The absence of N2 flux measurements in liquid manure-amended soils has resulted in a poor understanding of the effect of manure application on gaseous N losses. The aim of this study was to quantify N2, N2O, CO2, N2O reduction to N2, depth distribution of moisture, water-extractable organic C, NO3−, NH4+, pH, and diffusivity in a laboratory incubation experiment with an arable silt-loam soil. To quantify N processes and gaseous fluxes, 15N tracing was applied. An artificial livestock slurry-mixture was added to the soil in various treatments (control, surface or injected application; slurry-application rate: 42.9 kg N ha− 1; soil water content of either 40% or 60% water-filled pore space (WFPS)). The soil was incubated for 10 days. The depth distribution of the control parameters was measured twice during the experiment on days 5 and 10. The average increase in N2 and N2O fluxes from denitrification was about 900% in slurry-amended soils. The highest N2 and N2O fluxes from denitrification were measured in the slurry injection, 60% WFPS treatment (7.83 ± 3.50 and 11.22 ± 7.60 mg N m− 2 d− 1, respectively). The hypothesis that injected slurry at a higher water content enhances denitrification was confirmed. This study provides important insights into the formation, spatial and temporal variation of the manure-soil hotspot and its impact on the denitrification process. The results will form part of a dataset to develop, improve and test manure application submodules of biogeochemical models and will help to understand in detail the effect of hotspots on N-cycling in manure-treated soils.
{"title":"Short-term effect of liquid organic fertilisation and application methods on N2, N2O and CO2 fluxes from a silt loam arable soil","authors":"Balázs Grosz, Stefan Burkart, Reinhard Well","doi":"10.1007/s00374-024-01814-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-024-01814-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The absence of N<sub>2</sub> flux measurements in liquid manure-amended soils has resulted in a poor understanding of the effect of manure application on gaseous N losses. The aim of this study was to quantify N<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O, CO<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O reduction to N<sub>2</sub>, depth distribution of moisture, water-extractable organic C, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, pH, and diffusivity in a laboratory incubation experiment with an arable silt-loam soil. To quantify N processes and gaseous fluxes, <sup>15</sup>N tracing was applied. An artificial livestock slurry-mixture was added to the soil in various treatments (control, surface or injected application; slurry-application rate: 42.9 kg N ha<sup>− 1</sup>; soil water content of either 40% or 60% water-filled pore space (WFPS)). The soil was incubated for 10 days. The depth distribution of the control parameters was measured twice during the experiment on days 5 and 10. The average increase in N<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes from denitrification was about 900% in slurry-amended soils. The highest N<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes from denitrification were measured in the slurry injection, 60% WFPS treatment (7.83 ± 3.50 and 11.22 ± 7.60 mg N m<sup>− 2</sup> d<sup>− 1</sup>, respectively). The hypothesis that injected slurry at a higher water content enhances denitrification was confirmed. This study provides important insights into the formation, spatial and temporal variation of the manure-soil hotspot and its impact on the denitrification process. The results will form part of a dataset to develop, improve and test manure application submodules of biogeochemical models and will help to understand in detail the effect of hotspots on N-cycling in manure-treated soils.</p>","PeriodicalId":9210,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Fertility of Soils","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140352278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-04DOI: 10.1007/s00374-024-01806-z
Jonas Eckei, Reinhard Well, Martin Maier, Amanda Matson, Klaus Dittert, Pauline Sophie Rummel
The objectives of this field trial were to collect reliable measurement data on N2 emissions and N2O/(N2O + N2) ratios in typical German crops in relation to crop development and to provide a dataset to test and improve biogeochemical models. N2O and N2 emissions in winter wheat (WW, Triticum aestivum L.) and sugar beet (SB, Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris) were measured using the improved 15N gas flux method with helium–oxygen flushing (80:20) to reduce the atmospheric N2 background to < 2%. To estimate total N2O and N2 production in soil, production-diffusion modelling was applied. Soil samples were taken in regular intervals and analyzed for mineral N (NO3− and NH4+) and water-extractable Corg content. In addition, we monitored soil moisture, crop development, plant N uptake, N transformation processes in soil, and N translocation to deeper soil layers. Our best estimates for cumulative N2O + N2 losses were 860.4 ± 220.9 mg N m−2 and 553.1 ± 96.3 mg N m−2 over the experimental period of 189 and 161 days with total N2O/(N2O + N2) ratios of 0.12 and 0.15 for WW and SB, respectively. Growing plants affected all controlling factors of denitrification, and dynamics clearly differed between crop species. Overall, N2O and N2 emissions were highest when plant N and water uptake were low, i.e., during early growth stages, ripening, and after harvest. We present the first dataset of a plot-scale field study employing the improved 15N gas flux method over a growing season showing that drivers for N2O and N2O + N2 fluxes differ between crop species and change throughout the growing season.
{"title":"Determining N2O and N2 fluxes in relation to winter wheat and sugar beet growth and development using the improved 15N gas flux method on the field scale","authors":"Jonas Eckei, Reinhard Well, Martin Maier, Amanda Matson, Klaus Dittert, Pauline Sophie Rummel","doi":"10.1007/s00374-024-01806-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-024-01806-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The objectives of this field trial were to collect reliable measurement data on N<sub>2</sub> emissions and N<sub>2</sub>O/(N<sub>2</sub>O + N<sub>2</sub>) ratios in typical German crops in relation to crop development and to provide a dataset to test and improve biogeochemical models. N<sub>2</sub>O and N<sub>2</sub> emissions in winter wheat (WW, <i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) and sugar beet (SB, <i>Beta vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>vulgaris</i>) were measured using the improved <sup>15</sup>N gas flux method with helium–oxygen flushing (80:20) to reduce the atmospheric N<sub>2</sub> background to < 2%. To estimate total N<sub>2</sub>O and N<sub>2</sub> production in soil, production-diffusion modelling was applied. Soil samples were taken in regular intervals and analyzed for mineral N (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>) and water-extractable Corg content. In addition, we monitored soil moisture, crop development, plant N uptake, N transformation processes in soil, and N translocation to deeper soil layers. Our best estimates for cumulative N<sub>2</sub>O + N<sub>2</sub> losses were 860.4 ± 220.9 mg N m<sup>−2</sup> and 553.1 ± 96.3 mg N m<sup>−2</sup> over the experimental period of 189 and 161 days with total N<sub>2</sub>O/(N<sub>2</sub>O + N<sub>2</sub>) ratios of 0.12 and 0.15 for WW and SB, respectively. Growing plants affected all controlling factors of denitrification, and dynamics clearly differed between crop species. Overall, N<sub>2</sub>O and N<sub>2</sub> emissions were highest when plant N and water uptake were low, i.e., during early growth stages, ripening, and after harvest. We present the first dataset of a plot-scale field study employing the improved <sup>15</sup>N gas flux method over a growing season showing that drivers for N<sub>2</sub>O and N<sub>2</sub>O + N<sub>2</sub> fluxes differ between crop species and change throughout the growing season.</p>","PeriodicalId":9210,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Fertility of Soils","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140346099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-04DOI: 10.1007/s00374-024-01813-0
Michael Hemkemeyer, Sanja A. Schwalb, Clara Berendonk, Stefan Geisen, Stefanie Heinze, Rainer Georg Joergensen, Rong Li, Peter Lövenich, Wu Xiong, Florian Wichern
Crop-specific cultivation practices including crop rotation, cover cropping, and fertilisation are key measures for sustainable farming, for which soil microorganisms are important components. This study aims at identifying links between agronomic practices, potato yield and quality as well as soil microorganisms. We analysed the roles of cover crops and of the soil prokaryotic, fungal, and protistan communities in a long-term trial, differing in crop rotation, i.e. winter wheat or silage maize as pre-crop, presence and positioning of oil radish within the rotation, and fertilisation, i.e. mineral fertiliser, straw, manure, or slurry. Up to 16% higher yields were observed when oil radish grew directly before potatoes. Losses of potato quality due to infection with Rhizoctonia solani-induced diseases and common scab was 43–63% lower when wheat + oil radish was pre-crop under manure or straw + slurry fertilisation than for maize as pre-crop. This contrast was also reflected by 42% higher fungal abundance and differences in β-diversity of prokaryotes, fungi, and protists. Those amplicon sequence variants, which were found in the treatments with highest potato qualities and differed in their abundances from other treatments, belonged to Firmicutes (2.4% of the sequences) and Mortierellaceae (28%), which both comprise potential antagonists of phytopathogens. Among protists, Lobosa, especially Copromyxa, was 62% more abundant in the high potato quality plots compared to all others, suggesting that specific higher trophic organisms can improve crop performance. Our findings suggest that successful potato cultivation is related (1) to planting of oil radish before potatoes for increasing yield and (2) to fertilisation with manure or straw + slurry for enriching the microbiome with crop-beneficial taxa.
{"title":"Potato yield and quality are linked to cover crop and soil microbiome, respectively","authors":"Michael Hemkemeyer, Sanja A. Schwalb, Clara Berendonk, Stefan Geisen, Stefanie Heinze, Rainer Georg Joergensen, Rong Li, Peter Lövenich, Wu Xiong, Florian Wichern","doi":"10.1007/s00374-024-01813-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-024-01813-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Crop-specific cultivation practices including crop rotation, cover cropping, and fertilisation are key measures for sustainable farming, for which soil microorganisms are important components. This study aims at identifying links between agronomic practices, potato yield and quality as well as soil microorganisms. We analysed the roles of cover crops and of the soil prokaryotic, fungal, and protistan communities in a long-term trial, differing in crop rotation, i.e. winter wheat or silage maize as pre-crop, presence and positioning of oil radish within the rotation, and fertilisation, i.e. mineral fertiliser, straw, manure, or slurry. Up to 16% higher yields were observed when oil radish grew directly before potatoes. Losses of potato quality due to infection with <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i>-induced diseases and common scab was 43–63% lower when wheat + oil radish was pre-crop under manure or straw + slurry fertilisation than for maize as pre-crop. This contrast was also reflected by 42% higher fungal abundance and differences in β-diversity of prokaryotes, fungi, and protists. Those amplicon sequence variants, which were found in the treatments with highest potato qualities and differed in their abundances from other treatments, belonged to Firmicutes (2.4% of the sequences) and Mortierellaceae (28%), which both comprise potential antagonists of phytopathogens. Among protists, Lobosa, especially <i>Copromyxa</i>, was 62% more abundant in the high potato quality plots compared to all others, suggesting that specific higher trophic organisms can improve crop performance. Our findings suggest that successful potato cultivation is related (1) to planting of oil radish before potatoes for increasing yield and (2) to fertilisation with manure or straw + slurry for enriching the microbiome with crop-beneficial taxa.</p>","PeriodicalId":9210,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Fertility of Soils","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140346057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-27DOI: 10.1007/s00374-024-01816-x
Dihe Yang, Lu Tang, Jiaxin Chen, Yimeng Shi, Hao Zhou, Hong Gao, Jian Jin, Changhong Guo
Soil salinization is an abiotic stress factor that can harm plant growth. Root endophytic bacteria may be associated with the resilience of plants to saline–alkaline stress. This study investigated the diversity, composition, and function of endophytic bacterial communities in alfalfa roots under saline–alkali stress, and screened a key bacterial strain associated with saline–alkali resistance. 16 S rRNA amplicon sequencing showed that high levels of saline alkalinity significantly reduced the diversity of endophytic bacterial communities and the relative abundance of beneficial bacterial taxa, such as Rhizobiales and Pseudomonas. Long durations of saline–alkali significantly decreased the abundance of predicted functional genes related to nitrogen metabolism in the alfalfa root endophytic bacterial community. Additionally, we isolated a key strain Pseudomonas with saline-alkali tolerance which could colonise roots and considerably improve physiological characteristics and plant growth. We found that colonization with Pseudomonas can considerably enhance plant resistance to saline-alkali stress and that the composition and function of the endophytic bacterial communities in roots likely contribute to plant tolerance to saline-alkali stress.
土壤盐碱化是一种会损害植物生长的非生物胁迫因素。根部内生细菌可能与植物对盐碱胁迫的恢复能力有关。本研究调查了盐碱胁迫下紫花苜蓿根部内生细菌群落的多样性、组成和功能,并筛选出一种与抗盐碱能力相关的关键细菌菌株。16 S rRNA 扩增子测序表明,高盐碱度显著降低了内生细菌群落的多样性以及有益细菌类群(如根瘤菌和假单胞菌)的相对丰度。长时间的盐碱显著降低了苜蓿根部内生细菌群落中与氮代谢相关的预测功能基因的丰度。此外,我们还分离出了一株耐盐碱的关键假单胞菌,它能在根部定殖,大大改善生理特性和植物生长。我们发现,假单胞菌的定殖可大大增强植物对盐碱胁迫的抵抗力,根部内生细菌群落的组成和功能可能有助于植物对盐碱胁迫的耐受性。
{"title":"Strategy of endophytic bacterial communities in alfalfa roots for enhancing plant resilience to saline–alkali stress and its application","authors":"Dihe Yang, Lu Tang, Jiaxin Chen, Yimeng Shi, Hao Zhou, Hong Gao, Jian Jin, Changhong Guo","doi":"10.1007/s00374-024-01816-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-024-01816-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Soil salinization is an abiotic stress factor that can harm plant growth. Root endophytic bacteria may be associated with the resilience of plants to saline–alkaline stress. This study investigated the diversity, composition, and function of endophytic bacterial communities in alfalfa roots under saline–alkali stress, and screened a key bacterial strain associated with saline–alkali resistance. 16 S rRNA amplicon sequencing showed that high levels of saline alkalinity significantly reduced the diversity of endophytic bacterial communities and the relative abundance of beneficial bacterial taxa, such as Rhizobiales and <i>Pseudomonas</i>. Long durations of saline–alkali significantly decreased the abundance of predicted functional genes related to nitrogen metabolism in the alfalfa root endophytic bacterial community. Additionally, we isolated a key strain <i>Pseudomonas</i> with saline-alkali tolerance which could colonise roots and considerably improve physiological characteristics and plant growth. We found that colonization with <i>Pseudomonas</i> can considerably enhance plant resistance to saline-alkali stress and that the composition and function of the endophytic bacterial communities in roots likely contribute to plant tolerance to saline-alkali stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":9210,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Fertility of Soils","volume":"122 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140303660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-27DOI: 10.1007/s00374-024-01815-y
Abstract
As the carbon (C) credit market evolves, incorporating organic matter into soils has emerged as a key strategy in C farming. Soil heterotrophic respiration (RH) plays a pivotal role in maintaining the C balance in terrestrial ecosystems, yet the contrasting impacts of fresh and pyrogenic organic matter applications on soil RH, and associated underlying mechanisms, have not been fully investigated. Through a 2-year field experiment, we investigated how applying maize straw and its derived biochar affect the physical, chemical, and microbial properties of soil in a subtropical Moso bamboo forest. Results showed that straw application increased soil RH, while biochar application suppressed it. Soil RH was correlated positively with β-glucosidase and cellobiohydrolase activities but negatively with RubisCO enzyme activity. Increased soil RH under straw application was linked to the increased β-glucosidase/cellobiohydrolase activities driven by elevated water-soluble organic C and O-alkyl C levels as well as GH48 and cbhI gene abundances, and the decreased RubisCO enzyme activity caused by reduced cbbL gene abundance. Conversely, reduced soil RH under biochar application was linked to reductions in β-glucosidase and cellobiohydrolase activities induced by increased aromatic C and decreased GH48 and cbhI gene levels, and increases in RubisCO enzyme activity driven by higher cbbL gene abundance. More importantly, changes in soil RH were clearly linked to microbial dynamics. Specifically, increases in the relative abundances of Alphaproteobacteria and Sordariomycetes and decreases in AD3 and Tremellomycetes contributed to the enhanced soil RH under straw application. With biochar application, the reverse effect occurred, ultimately contributing to the reduced soil RH. Our study demonstrates that maize straw application increases while biochar application decreases soil RH in the subtropical forest. These findings reveal that biochar reduced soil RH through changing microbial activity in subtropical forests, providing insight into complex dynamics of soil C cycling in response to diverse interventions.
{"title":"Pyrogenic organic matter decreases while fresh organic matter increases soil heterotrophic respiration through modifying microbial activity in a subtropical forest","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s00374-024-01815-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-024-01815-y","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>As the carbon (C) credit market evolves, incorporating organic matter into soils has emerged as a key strategy in C farming. Soil heterotrophic respiration (R<sub>H</sub>) plays a pivotal role in maintaining the C balance in terrestrial ecosystems, yet the contrasting impacts of fresh and pyrogenic organic matter applications on soil R<sub>H</sub>, and associated underlying mechanisms, have not been fully investigated. Through a 2-year field experiment, we investigated how applying maize straw and its derived biochar affect the physical, chemical, and microbial properties of soil in a subtropical Moso bamboo forest. Results showed that straw application increased soil R<sub>H</sub>, while biochar application suppressed it. Soil R<sub>H</sub> was correlated positively with β-glucosidase and cellobiohydrolase activities but negatively with RubisCO enzyme activity. Increased soil R<sub>H</sub> under straw application was linked to the increased β-glucosidase/cellobiohydrolase activities driven by elevated water-soluble organic C and O-alkyl C levels as well as <em>GH48</em> and <em>cbh</em>I gene abundances, and the decreased RubisCO enzyme activity caused by reduced <em>cbbL</em> gene abundance. Conversely, reduced soil R<sub>H</sub> under biochar application was linked to reductions in β-glucosidase and cellobiohydrolase activities induced by increased aromatic C and decreased <em>GH48</em> and <em>cbh</em>I gene levels, and increases in RubisCO enzyme activity driven by higher <em>cbbL</em> gene abundance. More importantly, changes in soil R<sub>H</sub> were clearly linked to microbial dynamics. Specifically, increases in the relative abundances of Alphaproteobacteria and Sordariomycetes and decreases in AD3 and Tremellomycetes contributed to the enhanced soil R<sub>H</sub> under straw application. With biochar application, the reverse effect occurred, ultimately contributing to the reduced soil R<sub>H</sub>. Our study demonstrates that maize straw application increases while biochar application decreases soil R<sub>H</sub> in the subtropical forest. These findings reveal that biochar reduced soil R<sub>H</sub> through changing microbial activity in subtropical forests, providing insight into complex dynamics of soil C cycling in response to diverse interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":9210,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Fertility of Soils","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140303825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-23DOI: 10.1007/s00374-024-01818-9
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), as a short-lived climate forcer, has direct and indirect detrimental impacts on environmental quality and human health. The amount of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application to agricultural soils is considered a robust predictor of total NO emissions, but the estimates of cropland NO emissions have large uncertainties due to the widely used constant emission factors (EF) as e.g., default values recommended by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodologies. By compiling 223 field experiments with at least three N-input levels across various croplands, we performed a meta-analysis to determine how soil NO emissions respond to N inputs. Our results showed for the first time that the mean change in EF per unit of additional N input (∆EF) across all available data was significantly higher as compared to zero, indicating that the NO response to N additions increased significantly faster than the assumed linear. On average, upland grain crops showed significantly higher ∆EF than that of horticultural crops or lowland rice. A higher ∆EF was also appeared in sites with mean annual precipitation < 600 mm, mean annual temperature ≥ 15 °C, soil organic carbon ≥ 14 g C kg− 1 or total N ≥ 1.4 g N kg− 1, and where synthetic N fertilizers were usually applied. By assuming various N application rates, the IPCC default (0.7% or 1.1%) EF model would have overestimated or underestimated NO emissions compared to our ∆EF model. Overall, our meta-analysis results exert high potential to improve estimates of cropland NO inventories, and help address disparities in global NO budgets and develop more targeted mitigation efforts.
{"title":"Nonlinear response of soil nitric oxide emissions to fertilizer nitrogen across croplands","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s00374-024-01818-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-024-01818-9","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Nitric oxide (NO), as a short-lived climate forcer, has direct and indirect detrimental impacts on environmental quality and human health. The amount of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application to agricultural soils is considered a robust predictor of total NO emissions, but the estimates of cropland NO emissions have large uncertainties due to the widely used constant emission factors (EF) as e.g., default values recommended by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodologies. By compiling 223 field experiments with at least three N-input levels across various croplands, we performed a meta-analysis to determine how soil NO emissions respond to N inputs. Our results showed for the first time that the mean change in EF per unit of additional N input (∆EF) across all available data was significantly higher as compared to zero, indicating that the NO response to N additions increased significantly faster than the assumed linear. On average, upland grain crops showed significantly higher ∆EF than that of horticultural crops or lowland rice. A higher ∆EF was also appeared in sites with mean annual precipitation < 600 mm, mean annual temperature ≥ 15 °C, soil organic carbon ≥ 14 g C kg<sup>− 1</sup> or total <em>N</em> ≥ 1.4 g N kg<sup>− 1</sup>, and where synthetic N fertilizers were usually applied. By assuming various N application rates, the IPCC default (0.7% or 1.1%) EF model would have overestimated or underestimated NO emissions compared to our ∆EF model. Overall, our meta-analysis results exert high potential to improve estimates of cropland NO inventories, and help address disparities in global NO budgets and develop more targeted mitigation efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":9210,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Fertility of Soils","volume":"131 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140196091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The discovery of complete ammonia oxidizers (comammox) challenged our cognition of the nitrification process. Ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA), ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and comammox can carry out soil autotrophic nitrification process together. However, the differentiation of the ecological niche of three types of ammonia oxidizers in different environments has not been fully discovered. In this study, a typical black soil collected from northeast China was adjusted to different pH (original and adjusted pH were 4.29 and 7, respectively) and NH4+-N concentrations (weekly adding and without adding 100 mg NH4+-N kg− 1 soil). The activities of AOA, AOB and comammox were examined using DNA stable isotope probing approach with 13CO2, the phylogenetic information of active ammonia oxidizers was detected by high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that niche differentiation of AOA, AOB and comammox in black soils differed with soil pH. AOA dominated the nitrification process in acidic soils, while AOA, AOB and comammox Clade A taken part in the nitrification process in neutral soils. Among them, AOB showed strong activity in the soils with the high N treatment. The active AOA mainly belonged to Nitrososphaera in acidic and neutral soils. The active AOB and comammox Clade A mainly belonged to Nitrosospira and Clade A.2 in neutral soils, respectively. Taken together, the results highlighted the significance of canonical ammonia oxidizers in nitrification process of black soils, and comammox Clade A played an active role in neutral condition.
{"title":"Canonical ammonia oxidizers and comammox Clade A play active roles in nitrification in a black soil at different pH and ammonium concentrations","authors":"Xin Bai, Xiaojing Hu, Junjie Liu, Zhenhua Yu, Jian Jin, Xiaobing Liu, Guanghua Wang","doi":"10.1007/s00374-024-01812-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-024-01812-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The discovery of complete ammonia oxidizers (comammox) challenged our cognition of the nitrification process. Ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA), ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and comammox can carry out soil autotrophic nitrification process together. However, the differentiation of the ecological niche of three types of ammonia oxidizers in different environments has not been fully discovered. In this study, a typical black soil collected from northeast China was adjusted to different pH (original and adjusted pH were 4.29 and 7, respectively) and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N concentrations (weekly adding and without adding 100 mg NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N kg<sup>− 1</sup> soil). The activities of AOA, AOB and comammox were examined using DNA stable isotope probing approach with <sup>13</sup>CO<sub>2</sub>, the phylogenetic information of active ammonia oxidizers was detected by high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that niche differentiation of AOA, AOB and comammox in black soils differed with soil pH. AOA dominated the nitrification process in acidic soils, while AOA, AOB and comammox Clade A taken part in the nitrification process in neutral soils. Among them, AOB showed strong activity in the soils with the high N treatment. The active AOA mainly belonged to <i>Nitrososphaera</i> in acidic and neutral soils. The active AOB and comammox Clade A mainly belonged to <i>Nitrosospira</i> and Clade A.2 in neutral soils, respectively. Taken together, the results highlighted the significance of canonical ammonia oxidizers in nitrification process of black soils, and comammox Clade A played an active role in neutral condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":9210,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Fertility of Soils","volume":"2015 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140188756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-19DOI: 10.1007/s00374-024-01810-3
Rainer Georg Joergensen, Michael Hemkemeyer, Lukas Beule, Janyl Iskakova, Zhyldyz Oskonbaeva, Pauline Sophie Rummel, Sanja Annabell Schwalb, Florian Wichern
Information on microbial biomass carbon (MBC) is crucial to assess their stocks and role for plant nutrient release in soil. Next to fumigation-extraction, molecular methods are routinely used to estimate the contribution of fungi, bacteria, and archaea to the soil microbial community. However, more information on the links between these different indices would deepen the understanding of microbial processes. The current study is based on 11 datasets, which contain MBC and MBN data obtained by fumigation-extraction and information on bacterial, archaeal, and fungal gene abundance, totalling 765 data points from agricultural, forest, and rangeland soils. Some of these datasets additionally provide information on double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) and fungal ergosterol. MBC varied around the median of 206 µg g−1 soil. MBN followed with a median MB-C/N ratio of 4.1. Median microbial gene abundance declined from bacteria (96 × 108) to archaea (4.4 × 108) to fungi (1.8 × 108). The median ratio of MBC/dsDNA was 15.8 and that of bacteria/dsDNA was 5.8 × 108 µg−1. The relationships between MBC and dsDNA as well as between bacterial gene abundance and dsDNA were both negatively affected by soil pH and positively by clay content. The median ergosterol/MBC and fungi/ergosterol ratios were 0.20% and 4.7 (n × 108 µg−1), respectively. The relationship between fungal gene abundance and ergosterol was negatively affected by soil pH and clay content. Our study suggests that combining fumigation-extraction with molecular tools allows more precise insights on the physiological interactions of soil microorganisms with their surrounding environment.
{"title":"A hitchhiker’s guide: estimates of microbial biomass and microbial gene abundance in soil","authors":"Rainer Georg Joergensen, Michael Hemkemeyer, Lukas Beule, Janyl Iskakova, Zhyldyz Oskonbaeva, Pauline Sophie Rummel, Sanja Annabell Schwalb, Florian Wichern","doi":"10.1007/s00374-024-01810-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-024-01810-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Information on microbial biomass carbon (MBC) is crucial to assess their stocks and role for plant nutrient release in soil. Next to fumigation-extraction, molecular methods are routinely used to estimate the contribution of fungi, bacteria, and archaea to the soil microbial community. However, more information on the links between these different indices would deepen the understanding of microbial processes. The current study is based on 11 datasets, which contain MBC and MBN data obtained by fumigation-extraction and information on bacterial, archaeal, and fungal gene abundance, totalling 765 data points from agricultural, forest, and rangeland soils. Some of these datasets additionally provide information on double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) and fungal ergosterol. MBC varied around the median of 206 µg g<sup>−1</sup> soil. MBN followed with a median MB-C/N ratio of 4.1. Median microbial gene abundance declined from bacteria (96 × 10<sup>8</sup>) to archaea (4.4 × 10<sup>8</sup>) to fungi (1.8 × 10<sup>8</sup>). The median ratio of MBC/dsDNA was 15.8 and that of bacteria/dsDNA was 5.8 × 10<sup>8</sup> µg<sup>−1</sup>. The relationships between MBC and dsDNA as well as between bacterial gene abundance and dsDNA were both negatively affected by soil pH and positively by clay content. The median ergosterol/MBC and fungi/ergosterol ratios were 0.20% and 4.7 (n × 10<sup>8</sup> µg<sup>−1</sup>), respectively. The relationship between fungal gene abundance and ergosterol was negatively affected by soil pH and clay content. Our study suggests that combining fumigation-extraction with molecular tools allows more precise insights on the physiological interactions of soil microorganisms with their surrounding environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":9210,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Fertility of Soils","volume":"105 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140161960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-15DOI: 10.1007/s00374-024-01804-1
Ziyu Yang, Qirui Zhu, Yuping Zhang, Pan Jiang, Yizhe Wang, Jiangchi Fei, Xiangmin Rong, Jianwei Peng, Xiaomeng Wei, Gongwen Luo
Intercropping is a powerful practice to alter the allocation of photosynthetic carbon (C) to belowground ecosystems via promotion of diversified plant communities. The feedback of soil C stability to intercropping is controlled by microbial C use efficiency (CUE). Despite its significance, there is currently insufficient evidence to decipher how soil microbial CUE reacts to intercropping. By combining a 10-year-long intercropping experiment with a substrate-independent 18O-H2O labelling approach and high-throughput sequencing, we elucidated the performance of intercropping on soil C pool and microbial metabolic traits as well as their relationships with soil microbial communities. Compared with monoculture, maize intercropping with peanut and soybean significantly increased soil C storage, soil mineral-associated organic C (MAOC), soil dissolved organic (DOC), and soil microbial biomass (MBC) contents at maize four growth stages. Soil microbial CUE increased significantly, especially at maize flowering and mature stages, as a consequence of enhanced microbial growth and biomass turnover rate after maize intercropping with peanut and soybean. Soil C storage and accessibility indicators (e.g., MAOC, DOC, and MBC contents) could significantly predict the changes of soil microbial diversity and core taxa. Meanwhile, the beta-diversity (community composition) of soil bacteria, fungi, saprotroph and protists, as well as rare fungal taxa were positively correlated with soil microbial CUE, and these indicators showed a high prediction of the microbial CUE. Soil C storage and accessibility indicators directly and indirectly influenced soil microbial CUE by regulating microbial diversity and key taxa. Soil microbial diversity and core taxa directly and indirectly influenced microbial CUE by mediating microbial respiration, growth, biomass, and enzyme activity, which mediated by soil C storage and accessibility. These findings provide an evidence for the associations between microbial diversity, CUE, and soil C stability, highlighting the importance of intercropping-driven soil microbiome to enhance soil microbial CUE.
{"title":"Soil carbon storage and accessibility drive microbial carbon use efficiency by regulating microbial diversity and key taxa in intercropping ecosystems","authors":"Ziyu Yang, Qirui Zhu, Yuping Zhang, Pan Jiang, Yizhe Wang, Jiangchi Fei, Xiangmin Rong, Jianwei Peng, Xiaomeng Wei, Gongwen Luo","doi":"10.1007/s00374-024-01804-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-024-01804-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Intercropping is a powerful practice to alter the allocation of photosynthetic carbon (C) to belowground ecosystems via promotion of diversified plant communities. The feedback of soil C stability to intercropping is controlled by microbial C use efficiency (CUE). Despite its significance, there is currently insufficient evidence to decipher how soil microbial CUE reacts to intercropping. By combining a 10-year-long intercropping experiment with a substrate-independent <sup>18</sup>O-H<sub>2</sub>O labelling approach and high-throughput sequencing, we elucidated the performance of intercropping on soil C pool and microbial metabolic traits as well as their relationships with soil microbial communities. Compared with monoculture, maize intercropping with peanut and soybean significantly increased soil C storage, soil mineral-associated organic C (MAOC), soil dissolved organic (DOC), and soil microbial biomass (MBC) contents at maize four growth stages. Soil microbial CUE increased significantly, especially at maize flowering and mature stages, as a consequence of enhanced microbial growth and biomass turnover rate after maize intercropping with peanut and soybean. Soil C storage and accessibility indicators (e.g., MAOC, DOC, and MBC contents) could significantly predict the changes of soil microbial diversity and core taxa. Meanwhile, the beta-diversity (community composition) of soil bacteria, fungi, saprotroph and protists, as well as rare fungal taxa were positively correlated with soil microbial CUE, and these indicators showed a high prediction of the microbial CUE. Soil C storage and accessibility indicators directly and indirectly influenced soil microbial CUE by regulating microbial diversity and key taxa. Soil microbial diversity and core taxa directly and indirectly influenced microbial CUE by mediating microbial respiration, growth, biomass, and enzyme activity, which mediated by soil C storage and accessibility. These findings provide an evidence for the associations between microbial diversity, CUE, and soil C stability, highlighting the importance of intercropping-driven soil microbiome to enhance soil microbial CUE.</p>","PeriodicalId":9210,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Fertility of Soils","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140139415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}