M. Abdel-Azeem, Ahmed Attaya, M. El‐Barbary, S. Sultan
A total of 105 samples were collected from Siganus rivulatus, Mulloidichthys vanicolensis, and Lethrinus lentjan, freshly captured from the Red Sea along Hurghada City coastline zone, Egypt. Clinical and post mortem findings revealed the presence of characteristic clinical signs and lesions similar to those reported in vibriosis. Out of 43 putative Vibrio species isolates obtained by culturing; 30 isolates were presumptively discriminated into Vibrio cholera (n=11), Vibrio anguillarum (n=8), Vibrio fluvialis/ Vibrio furnissii (n=4), Vibrio harveyi (Vibrio carchariae) (n=4) and Vibrio alginolyticus (n=3), but it was not initially possible to approve or repudiate that the remaining 13 isolates were Vibrio species through phenotypic characterization. By using PCR, targeting Original Research Article Abdel-Azeem et al.; BMRJ, 12(6): 1-8, 2016; Article no.BMRJ.24016 2 Vibrio-specific 16S rRNA gene, the presumptive 30 Vibrio isolates and 9 out of the remaining 13 isolates were confirmed as Vibrio species. The prevalence of Vibrio species was 37.1% among the examined fish species; 47.1%, 34.3% and 30.6% in Mulloidichthys vanicolensis, Lethrinus lentjan and Siganus rivulatus, respectively. The occurrence of Vibrio species pathogenic for aquatic animals and humans was confirmed which possess public health concerns. Also, the utility of molecular technique to improve the identification of phenotypic Vibrio like species is recommended.
{"title":"Isolation and Molecular Detection of Pathogenic Vibrio Species among Economic Fish from Red Sea in Egypt","authors":"M. Abdel-Azeem, Ahmed Attaya, M. El‐Barbary, S. Sultan","doi":"10.9734/BMRJ/2016/24016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BMRJ/2016/24016","url":null,"abstract":"A total of 105 samples were collected from Siganus rivulatus, Mulloidichthys vanicolensis, and Lethrinus lentjan, freshly captured from the Red Sea along Hurghada City coastline zone, Egypt. Clinical and post mortem findings revealed the presence of characteristic clinical signs and lesions similar to those reported in vibriosis. Out of 43 putative Vibrio species isolates obtained by culturing; 30 isolates were presumptively discriminated into Vibrio cholera (n=11), Vibrio anguillarum (n=8), Vibrio fluvialis/ Vibrio furnissii (n=4), Vibrio harveyi (Vibrio carchariae) (n=4) and Vibrio alginolyticus (n=3), but it was not initially possible to approve or repudiate that the remaining 13 isolates were Vibrio species through phenotypic characterization. By using PCR, targeting Original Research Article Abdel-Azeem et al.; BMRJ, 12(6): 1-8, 2016; Article no.BMRJ.24016 2 Vibrio-specific 16S rRNA gene, the presumptive 30 Vibrio isolates and 9 out of the remaining 13 isolates were confirmed as Vibrio species. The prevalence of Vibrio species was 37.1% among the examined fish species; 47.1%, 34.3% and 30.6% in Mulloidichthys vanicolensis, Lethrinus lentjan and Siganus rivulatus, respectively. The occurrence of Vibrio species pathogenic for aquatic animals and humans was confirmed which possess public health concerns. Also, the utility of molecular technique to improve the identification of phenotypic Vibrio like species is recommended.","PeriodicalId":9269,"journal":{"name":"British microbiology research journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81058779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tolerance to Heavy Metals by Some Fungal Isolates from Petroleum Refinery Effluent in Kaduna, Nigeria","authors":"O. Bello, I. Abdullahi","doi":"10.9734/bmrj/2016/22728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bmrj/2016/22728","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9269,"journal":{"name":"British microbiology research journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73550599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Ahouandjnou, F. Baba-Moussa, V. Dougnon, J. Bonou, Z. Adéoti, F. Toukourou, L. Baba-Moussa
Hygiene and sanitation in laboratories are some important focus for the well-being of scientists and workers. Due to the lack of these notions, a new sanitation system named Polti Sani System has been tested to overcome the limitations of traditional methods. Original Research Article
{"title":"Microbiological Quality of Laboratories Works Stations: Impact of a System of Saturated Dry Spray Steam","authors":"H. Ahouandjnou, F. Baba-Moussa, V. Dougnon, J. Bonou, Z. Adéoti, F. Toukourou, L. Baba-Moussa","doi":"10.9734/BMRJ/2016/20228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BMRJ/2016/20228","url":null,"abstract":"Hygiene and sanitation in laboratories are some important focus for the well-being of scientists and workers. Due to the lack of these notions, a new sanitation system named Polti Sani System has been tested to overcome the limitations of traditional methods. Original Research Article","PeriodicalId":9269,"journal":{"name":"British microbiology research journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73654944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aims: The aim of our study was to identify the distribution of Candida species among clinical isolates and their sensitivity pattern for common antifungal drugs. Study Design: Prospective observational study.
目的:研究念珠菌在临床分离株中的分布及其对常用抗真菌药物的敏感性。研究设计:前瞻性观察性研究。
{"title":"Species Distribution and Drug Susceptibility of Candida Isolates from Various Clinical Specimens at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Kashmir","authors":"A. Nazir, Farhath Kanth, Anjum Farhana","doi":"10.9734/BMRJ/2016/24548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BMRJ/2016/24548","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: The aim of our study was to identify the distribution of Candida species among clinical isolates and their sensitivity pattern for common antifungal drugs. Study Design: Prospective observational study.","PeriodicalId":9269,"journal":{"name":"British microbiology research journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74070713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aims: Influenza is a serious threat to human population worldwide therefore continuous surveillance is required to update influenza seasonal vaccines. A rapid, sensitive, specific and cost effective diagnostic method will be much helpful for patient management in the present scenario. Present study is conceptualized for detection of influenza viruses by molecular methods and compare with ‘gold standard’ virus isolation. Study Design: Standard strains of Influenza virus were used to standardize the molecular diagnostic assays and results were then compared with virus isolation. Place and Duration of Study: Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India, between December 2015 and April 2016. Methodology: Standard strains of Influenza A and B virus were used for influenza virus isolation using virus culturing in MDCK (Madin-Darby Canine Kidney) cell line by following standard tissue culture procedure. Isolated viruses were detected by Hemagglutination assay (HA) and typed by Hemagglutination inhibition assay (HI). Conventional one step RT-PCR, Taqman real time RT-PCR and RT-LAMP (Reverse transcription loop mediated isothermal amplification) were standardized on RNA extracted from standard strains. Sensitivity and specificity of these molecular methods were Original Research Article Sharma and Kaushik; BMRJ, 17(3): 1-10, 2016; Article no.BMRJ.28858 2 compared with each other as well as with virus culture (gold standard). Results: Both influenza A and B virus strains were cultured in MDCK cells and produced cytopathic effect during virus culture. Conventional RT-PCR and real time RT-PCR detected both type of Influenza viruses. RT-LAMP also successfully detected and typed influenza viruses. RTLAMP proved to be more rapid than other two molecular assays. Conclusion: Molecular diagnostic methods are useful in detection and typing of Influenza viruses and these methods provide results in short period of time when compared with traditional virus culture methods. RT-LAMP is rapid, sensitive, specific and cost effective method for influenza virus detection and subtyping.
{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Molecular Methods for Detection of Influenza Viruses","authors":"Vikrant Sharma, S. Kaushik","doi":"10.9734/BMRJ/2016/28858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BMRJ/2016/28858","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Influenza is a serious threat to human population worldwide therefore continuous surveillance is required to update influenza seasonal vaccines. A rapid, sensitive, specific and cost effective diagnostic method will be much helpful for patient management in the present scenario. Present study is conceptualized for detection of influenza viruses by molecular methods and compare with ‘gold standard’ virus isolation. Study Design: Standard strains of Influenza virus were used to standardize the molecular diagnostic assays and results were then compared with virus isolation. Place and Duration of Study: Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India, between December 2015 and April 2016. Methodology: Standard strains of Influenza A and B virus were used for influenza virus isolation using virus culturing in MDCK (Madin-Darby Canine Kidney) cell line by following standard tissue culture procedure. Isolated viruses were detected by Hemagglutination assay (HA) and typed by Hemagglutination inhibition assay (HI). Conventional one step RT-PCR, Taqman real time RT-PCR and RT-LAMP (Reverse transcription loop mediated isothermal amplification) were standardized on RNA extracted from standard strains. Sensitivity and specificity of these molecular methods were Original Research Article Sharma and Kaushik; BMRJ, 17(3): 1-10, 2016; Article no.BMRJ.28858 2 compared with each other as well as with virus culture (gold standard). Results: Both influenza A and B virus strains were cultured in MDCK cells and produced cytopathic effect during virus culture. Conventional RT-PCR and real time RT-PCR detected both type of Influenza viruses. RT-LAMP also successfully detected and typed influenza viruses. RTLAMP proved to be more rapid than other two molecular assays. Conclusion: Molecular diagnostic methods are useful in detection and typing of Influenza viruses and these methods provide results in short period of time when compared with traditional virus culture methods. RT-LAMP is rapid, sensitive, specific and cost effective method for influenza virus detection and subtyping.","PeriodicalId":9269,"journal":{"name":"British microbiology research journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74488175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Estelle Longla, Emilia Lyonga-Mbamyah, C. Kalla, W. Baiye, A. Chafa, H. Gonsu
Many strains of Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) have been proven to be pathogenic and are sometimes responsible for deadly outbreaks. This bacterium has become more resistant to antibiotics to which it is often sensitive. The aim of this study was to study the evolution of E. coli resistance to antibiotics from 2009 to 2013 at the Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital. We included archived bench files containing information on patient’s demographic data and results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The data were analyzed using Microsoft office, Excel 2007 software and SPSS. A total of 350 strains of E. coli were collected from both hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients. The antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using 23 antibiotics from January 2009 to April 2013 at the Bacteriology Unit of the Yaounde University Teaching Hospital. We observed a decrease in the trend of the resistance to 8 of the antibiotics tested: Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, cefuroxime, cefoxitin, imipenem, ofloxacine, colistin, gentamicin and netilmicin. Meanwhile, we noticed an increase in the trend of resistance to 15 antibiotics: Amoxicillin, cephalothin, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefixime, cefepime, aztreonam, amikacin, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nitrofurantoin, chloramphenicol, fosfomycin). The trend observed were statistically significant, for the resistance rate to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (P value=0.002), also to resistance rates of amikacin and cefotaxime (P-values=0.008 and 0.014 respectively). This increase in resistance over the years to most of the commonly used antibiotics has caused E. coli to be classified among multidrug resistant bacteria. In order to avoid a therapeutic impasse, it is necessary to carry out sensitization against the abusive use of antibiotics; surveillance activities for multidrug resistant bacteria and nosocomial infections should be reinforced as E. coli is one of a most common nosocomial bacteria.
{"title":"Evolution Profile of Escherichia coli Resistance from January 2009 – April 2013 to Antibiotics at the Yaounde University Teaching Hospital, Cameroon","authors":"Estelle Longla, Emilia Lyonga-Mbamyah, C. Kalla, W. Baiye, A. Chafa, H. Gonsu","doi":"10.9734/BMRJ/2016/29416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BMRJ/2016/29416","url":null,"abstract":"Many strains of Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) have been proven to be pathogenic and are sometimes responsible for deadly outbreaks. This bacterium has become more resistant to antibiotics to which it is often sensitive. The aim of this study was to study the evolution of E. coli resistance to antibiotics from 2009 to 2013 at the Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital. We included archived bench files containing information on patient’s demographic data and results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The data were analyzed using Microsoft office, Excel 2007 software and SPSS. A total of 350 strains of E. coli were collected from both hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients. The antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using 23 antibiotics from January 2009 to April 2013 at the Bacteriology Unit of the Yaounde University Teaching Hospital. We observed a decrease in the trend of the resistance to 8 of the antibiotics tested: Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, cefuroxime, cefoxitin, imipenem, ofloxacine, colistin, gentamicin and netilmicin. Meanwhile, we noticed an increase in the trend of resistance to 15 antibiotics: Amoxicillin, cephalothin, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefixime, cefepime, aztreonam, amikacin, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nitrofurantoin, chloramphenicol, fosfomycin). The trend observed were statistically significant, for the resistance rate to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (P value=0.002), also to resistance rates of amikacin and cefotaxime (P-values=0.008 and 0.014 respectively). This increase in resistance over the years to most of the commonly used antibiotics has caused E. coli to be classified among multidrug resistant bacteria. In order to avoid a therapeutic impasse, it is necessary to carry out sensitization against the abusive use of antibiotics; surveillance activities for multidrug resistant bacteria and nosocomial infections should be reinforced as E. coli is one of a most common nosocomial bacteria.","PeriodicalId":9269,"journal":{"name":"British microbiology research journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75570057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Hossein, N. Javad, Nouruzi Jamileh, Lotfi Marzieh, Hojatoallah Moradi, R. Golmohammadi
Aim: Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax in which the pxo gene and its associated plasmids, pXOP1and pXO2, encode toxin and capsule proteins, both of which are involved in the pathogenicity of anthrax. The possibility of transferring the pxo gene to other bacilli has recently been shown. The main aims of this study were to identify and compare the frequencies of the pxo gene in isolated bacilli members. The study examined possible pxo gene transfer from B. anthracis to other closely related members of the genus Bacillus. The findings presented here may be useful in the study of vaccination. Study Design: The study design was cross-sectional and descriptive. Sixty-five soil samples were collected from different geographical regions in Iran. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in many provinces in Iran over several months. Samples were analyzed at the Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Methodology: Organisms were isolated from the soil, and the isolation of pXO plasmid was performed. Presence of the pXO1 plasmid was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Isolated proteins from each bacillus were examined by SDS-PAGE. The limits of proteins encoded by the pxo gene were specifically located and data were statistically analyzed using excel. Results: Results showed that 13 samples out of 38 bacilli contained the plasmid of interest and protein bands related to proteins coded by the pxo gene. Conclusion: We have determined that the pXO1 plasmid has been transferred from B. anthracis to 13 other isolates of B. cereus group members in different regions in Iran. No transfer of the pXO2 plasmid was observed. This was apart from the identification of the pxo gene and its plasmids in different members of bacilli.
{"title":"Identification, Comparison, and Transfer of the pxo Gene between Members of Bacilli Species","authors":"S. Hossein, N. Javad, Nouruzi Jamileh, Lotfi Marzieh, Hojatoallah Moradi, R. Golmohammadi","doi":"10.9734/bmrj/2016/19130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bmrj/2016/19130","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax in which the pxo gene and its associated plasmids, pXOP1and pXO2, encode toxin and capsule proteins, both of which are involved in the pathogenicity of anthrax. The possibility of transferring the pxo gene to other bacilli has recently been shown. The main aims of this study were to identify and compare the frequencies of the pxo gene in isolated bacilli members. The study examined possible pxo gene transfer from B. anthracis to other closely related members of the genus Bacillus. The findings presented here may be useful in the study of vaccination. Study Design: The study design was cross-sectional and descriptive. Sixty-five soil samples were collected from different geographical regions in Iran. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in many provinces in Iran over several months. Samples were analyzed at the Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Methodology: Organisms were isolated from the soil, and the isolation of pXO plasmid was performed. Presence of the pXO1 plasmid was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Isolated proteins from each bacillus were examined by SDS-PAGE. The limits of proteins encoded by the pxo gene were specifically located and data were statistically analyzed using excel. Results: Results showed that 13 samples out of 38 bacilli contained the plasmid of interest and protein bands related to proteins coded by the pxo gene. Conclusion: We have determined that the pXO1 plasmid has been transferred from B. anthracis to 13 other isolates of B. cereus group members in different regions in Iran. No transfer of the pXO2 plasmid was observed. This was apart from the identification of the pxo gene and its plasmids in different members of bacilli.","PeriodicalId":9269,"journal":{"name":"British microbiology research journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78717259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aims: Antibacterial activity of Carica papaya leaf and seed extracts, their synergism with antibiotic and non-antibiotic drugs and GC-MS analysis of extracts. Study Design: Antibacterial activity was evaluated by Disc and Well diffusion method. Synergism with antibiotic drug, Gentamicin, and non-antibiotic drug, Vitamin C, were done by disc diffusion method. GC-MS analysis carried out in GC-MS equipment (Thermo Scientific Co.). Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted in Department of Botany and Department of Chemistry, St. Thomas’ College, Thrissur between December 2015 to April 2016. Methodology: We include 3 gram negative (E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and a gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria in this study. Antibacterial activity of Carica papaya extracts (water, petroleum benzene, chloroform and ethanol extracts) against these bacteria’s were studied. Their synergisms with antibiotic as well as non antibiotic drugs were also evaluated. GC-MS analysis of all the extracts were also done. Results: In the antibacterial activity assessment, all the four extracts of tender leaves were effective Original Research Article Francis and Jose; BMRJ, 16(4): 1-11, 2016; Article no.BMRJ.28042 2 against E. coli than other plant materials. Seed extracts were more effective against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. In synergistic analysis, water and ethanol extracts of all the plant materials have an enhanced effect with gentamicin against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Yellow leaves extracts along with gentamicin exhibited an inhibition zone which is greater than that of gentamicin alone. Vitamin C gave enhanced activity against all the tested bacteria when combined with papaya extracts. GCMS analysis proved that more number of bioactive components were present in petroleum benzene extract of tender leaves than all other extracts. Conclusion: The results shows that Carica papaya extracts have antibacterial activity and when they were combined with antibiotic and non antibiotic drugs. In GC-MS analysis, tender leaves exhibited more bioactive components.
{"title":"The Antibacterial Effect of Carica papaya L. Extracts and Their Synergistic Effect with Antibiotic and Non-antibiotic Drugs","authors":"E. Francis, V. Jose","doi":"10.9734/BMRJ/2016/28042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BMRJ/2016/28042","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Antibacterial activity of Carica papaya leaf and seed extracts, their synergism with antibiotic and non-antibiotic drugs and GC-MS analysis of extracts. Study Design: Antibacterial activity was evaluated by Disc and Well diffusion method. Synergism with antibiotic drug, Gentamicin, and non-antibiotic drug, Vitamin C, were done by disc diffusion method. GC-MS analysis carried out in GC-MS equipment (Thermo Scientific Co.). Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted in Department of Botany and Department of Chemistry, St. Thomas’ College, Thrissur between December 2015 to April 2016. Methodology: We include 3 gram negative (E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and a gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria in this study. Antibacterial activity of Carica papaya extracts (water, petroleum benzene, chloroform and ethanol extracts) against these bacteria’s were studied. Their synergisms with antibiotic as well as non antibiotic drugs were also evaluated. GC-MS analysis of all the extracts were also done. Results: In the antibacterial activity assessment, all the four extracts of tender leaves were effective Original Research Article Francis and Jose; BMRJ, 16(4): 1-11, 2016; Article no.BMRJ.28042 2 against E. coli than other plant materials. Seed extracts were more effective against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. In synergistic analysis, water and ethanol extracts of all the plant materials have an enhanced effect with gentamicin against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Yellow leaves extracts along with gentamicin exhibited an inhibition zone which is greater than that of gentamicin alone. Vitamin C gave enhanced activity against all the tested bacteria when combined with papaya extracts. GCMS analysis proved that more number of bioactive components were present in petroleum benzene extract of tender leaves than all other extracts. Conclusion: The results shows that Carica papaya extracts have antibacterial activity and when they were combined with antibiotic and non antibiotic drugs. In GC-MS analysis, tender leaves exhibited more bioactive components.","PeriodicalId":9269,"journal":{"name":"British microbiology research journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76127834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Takudzwa Matuvhunye, Racheal Dube-Mandishora, N. Chin’ombe, G. Chakafana, J. Mbanga, E. Zumbika, B. Stray-Pedersen
Aim: To determine the prevalence of human papillomavirus genotypes in women attending a cervical cancer screening VIAC (visual inspection with acetic acid) clinic. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: VIAC clinic at Parirenyatwa Referral Hospital in Harare in Zimbabwe between February and April 2015. Methodology: Sexually active women were recruited and they provided their socio-demographic data and self-collected vaginal swabs. HIV status of the participants was determined. DNA was Original Research Article Matuvhunye et al.; BMRJ, 16(6): 1-9, 2016; Article no.BMRJ.28481 2 extracted from the swabs using the standard phenol-chloroform method. HPV DNA was detected using the standard consensus MY09/11-GP5+/GP6+ nested polymerase chain reaction. Amplicons were sequenced and sequences analyzed using bioinformatics tools to identify the HPV genotypes. Results: Sixty women were recruited. Their age ranged from 21-83 years, with a mean of 40.1 years. Most of the women were married and resided in the urban areas. Of the 60 participants, 50% (30/60) were HIV-positive. The prevalence of HPV genotypes in the study subjects was 56.7% (34/60). HPVs were most prevalent in women aged 30 years and below, and became less prevalent as the age increased. The predominant genotypes detected were HPV-16, -58, -52, -45, 18, -33, -51, -6, -81, -11, -70, -62, -32 and -40. Conclusion: A number of HPV genotypes were detected in half of women tested. There was no significance association between risk-factors (parity, level of education, residence, history of STI, contraceptive use and sexual debut) and HPV infection. The findings of this study showed that consensus nested PCR and DNA sequencing could be used to detect HPV genotypes in women in cervical cancer screening programs. Although this method is sensitive, it is inefficient at detecting multiple HPV infections.
目的:了解人乳头瘤病毒基因型在参加宫颈癌筛查VIAC(醋酸目视检查)门诊妇女中的流行情况。研究设计:横断面研究。研究地点和时间:2015年2月至4月，在津巴布韦哈拉雷Parirenyatwa转诊医院VIAC诊所。方法:招募性活跃的妇女，并提供她们的社会人口统计数据和自行收集的阴道拭子。确定参与者的艾滋病毒状况。DNA为原创研究文章Matuvhunye et al;中国生物医学工程学报，16(6):1-9,2016;文章no.BMRJ。28481 2用标准酚-氯仿法从拭子中提取。采用标准共识MY09/11-GP5+/GP6+巢式聚合酶链反应检测HPV DNA。扩增子测序和序列分析使用生物信息学工具，以确定HPV基因型。结果:招募了60名女性。年龄21 ~ 83岁，平均40.1岁。大多数妇女已婚，居住在城市地区。在60名参与者中，50%(30/60)是hiv阳性。研究对象中HPV基因型患病率为56.7%(34/60)。hpv在30岁及以下的女性中最流行，随着年龄的增长而变得不那么流行。检测到的主要基因型为HPV-16、-58、-52、-45、18、-33、-51、-6、-81、-11、-70、-62、-32和-40。结论:半数女性检测到多种HPV基因型。危险因素(胎次、教育水平、居住地、性传播感染史、使用避孕药具和初次性行为)与HPV感染之间无显著相关性。本研究结果表明，巢式PCR和DNA测序可用于检测宫颈癌筛查项目中妇女的HPV基因型。虽然这种方法是敏感的，但它在检测多种HPV感染方面效率低下。
{"title":"Genotyping Human Papillomavirus in Women Attending Cervical Cancer Screening Clinic in Harare, Zimbabwe","authors":"Takudzwa Matuvhunye, Racheal Dube-Mandishora, N. Chin’ombe, G. Chakafana, J. Mbanga, E. Zumbika, B. Stray-Pedersen","doi":"10.9734/BMRJ/2016/28481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BMRJ/2016/28481","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To determine the prevalence of human papillomavirus genotypes in women attending a cervical cancer screening VIAC (visual inspection with acetic acid) clinic. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: VIAC clinic at Parirenyatwa Referral Hospital in Harare in Zimbabwe between February and April 2015. Methodology: Sexually active women were recruited and they provided their socio-demographic data and self-collected vaginal swabs. HIV status of the participants was determined. DNA was Original Research Article Matuvhunye et al.; BMRJ, 16(6): 1-9, 2016; Article no.BMRJ.28481 2 extracted from the swabs using the standard phenol-chloroform method. HPV DNA was detected using the standard consensus MY09/11-GP5+/GP6+ nested polymerase chain reaction. Amplicons were sequenced and sequences analyzed using bioinformatics tools to identify the HPV genotypes. Results: Sixty women were recruited. Their age ranged from 21-83 years, with a mean of 40.1 years. Most of the women were married and resided in the urban areas. Of the 60 participants, 50% (30/60) were HIV-positive. The prevalence of HPV genotypes in the study subjects was 56.7% (34/60). HPVs were most prevalent in women aged 30 years and below, and became less prevalent as the age increased. The predominant genotypes detected were HPV-16, -58, -52, -45, 18, -33, -51, -6, -81, -11, -70, -62, -32 and -40. Conclusion: A number of HPV genotypes were detected in half of women tested. There was no significance association between risk-factors (parity, level of education, residence, history of STI, contraceptive use and sexual debut) and HPV infection. The findings of this study showed that consensus nested PCR and DNA sequencing could be used to detect HPV genotypes in women in cervical cancer screening programs. Although this method is sensitive, it is inefficient at detecting multiple HPV infections.","PeriodicalId":9269,"journal":{"name":"British microbiology research journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77474790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives: This study aims at studying the effect of adult obesity on immunologic profile and IFN- γ was not significant decreased in obese group, while concentrations of C3 & C4 were a highly significant increased (p ˂ 0.001) in obese group, phagocytic index was a highly significant decreased in obese subjects (p ˂ 0.001). Regarding the susceptibility to microbial infections the concentrations of ASO & anti-measles virus IgG in obese group were a highly significant more than controls. Conclusions: This result may provide clear evidence that obese subjects are more susceptible to microbial infections than normal subjects.
{"title":"Studying the Immune Profile and Susceptibility to Microbial Infections in Obese Adults","authors":"Mohammad A. K. Al-Saadi, H. Farhood, F. Al-Zayadi","doi":"10.9734/bmrj/2016/23752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bmrj/2016/23752","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: This study aims at studying the effect of adult obesity on immunologic profile and IFN- γ was not significant decreased in obese group, while concentrations of C3 & C4 were a highly significant increased (p ˂ 0.001) in obese group, phagocytic index was a highly significant decreased in obese subjects (p ˂ 0.001). Regarding the susceptibility to microbial infections the concentrations of ASO & anti-measles virus IgG in obese group were a highly significant more than controls. Conclusions: This result may provide clear evidence that obese subjects are more susceptible to microbial infections than normal subjects.","PeriodicalId":9269,"journal":{"name":"British microbiology research journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80143722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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