Background: Extended spectrum beta-lactamases are the main cause of resistance to beta lactam antibiotics in members of Enterobacteriaceae. ESBL associated infections are on a rise worldwide and have become a serious public health problem. We aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology of ESBL producing E. coli isolates recovered from various clinical specimens at a tertiary care hospital and to determine the antibiotic sensitivity profile of ESBL positive isolates. Methodology: A total of 300 isolates of E. coli were collected from various clinical specimens between the study period of 2011 to 2014. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done. ESBL detection was carried out by CLSI Phenotypic confirmatory method. Molecular typing of ESBLs was performed by uniplex PCR among 100 ESBL isolates. The bla CTX-M strains were genotyped by sequencing of PCR product. Nucleotide sequences were submitted to Gen Bank and accession numbers were obtained. Results: 61% isolates were found to be ESBL producers. ESBL and non-ESBL producers compared among in- and out-patients gave statistically significant result ( P value=0.002 ). All ESBL isolates (100%) were sensitive to imipenem. Overall 93.9% ESBL producers and 67.5% non-Original ESBLs were Multi Drug Resistant (Resistance to 3 or more class of antibiotics). The difference was statistically significant ( P value=0.001). Majority of the typeable isolates harboured two or more ESBL genes (52%). Sequencing was done for 10 randomly selected bla CTX-M PCR products and majority (90%) were identified as CTXM-15 belonging to CTX-M Cluster-1 while 1 0f 10 (10%) was identified as CTX-M- 27 belonging to CTX-M Cluster-9 on blast analysis. Deduced nucleotide sequences were submitted to Gen Bank. The accession numbers obtained from Gen Bank are KU946005-KU946009. Conclusion: Our study shows high ESBL occurrence among E.coli isolates and highlights the incidence CTX-M-27 for the first time from North India.
{"title":"Detection and Molecular Characterization of ESBLs in E. coli Isolates from a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India with Special Attention to CTX-M-27","authors":"N. Anand, A. Asthana, M. Madan","doi":"10.9734/bmrj/2016/27860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bmrj/2016/27860","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Extended spectrum beta-lactamases are the main cause of resistance to beta lactam antibiotics in members of Enterobacteriaceae. ESBL associated infections are on a rise worldwide and have become a serious public health problem. We aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology of ESBL producing E. coli isolates recovered from various clinical specimens at a tertiary care hospital and to determine the antibiotic sensitivity profile of ESBL positive isolates. Methodology: A total of 300 isolates of E. coli were collected from various clinical specimens between the study period of 2011 to 2014. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done. ESBL detection was carried out by CLSI Phenotypic confirmatory method. Molecular typing of ESBLs was performed by uniplex PCR among 100 ESBL isolates. The bla CTX-M strains were genotyped by sequencing of PCR product. Nucleotide sequences were submitted to Gen Bank and accession numbers were obtained. Results: 61% isolates were found to be ESBL producers. ESBL and non-ESBL producers compared among in- and out-patients gave statistically significant result ( P value=0.002 ). All ESBL isolates (100%) were sensitive to imipenem. Overall 93.9% ESBL producers and 67.5% non-Original ESBLs were Multi Drug Resistant (Resistance to 3 or more class of antibiotics). The difference was statistically significant ( P value=0.001). Majority of the typeable isolates harboured two or more ESBL genes (52%). Sequencing was done for 10 randomly selected bla CTX-M PCR products and majority (90%) were identified as CTXM-15 belonging to CTX-M Cluster-1 while 1 0f 10 (10%) was identified as CTX-M- 27 belonging to CTX-M Cluster-9 on blast analysis. Deduced nucleotide sequences were submitted to Gen Bank. The accession numbers obtained from Gen Bank are KU946005-KU946009. Conclusion: Our study shows high ESBL occurrence among E.coli isolates and highlights the incidence CTX-M-27 for the first time from North India.","PeriodicalId":9269,"journal":{"name":"British microbiology research journal","volume":"42 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77237428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aims: To determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of intestinal parasites among patients in Taiz city. Study Design: A cross-sectional descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out on patients visiting general and hospitals in Taiz, Yemen during April to September 2014. Methodology: A total of 330 stool samples were collected from patients and analyzed by direct wet mount and formal ether concentration techniques. Furthermore, sociodemographic data were collected by using a standardized questionnaire. Results: The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was 38.2%. The most predominant parasites found was Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (20.6%) followed by Giardia duodenalis (12.7%), respectively. Other parasites detected included Ascaris lumbricoides (3%), Hymenolepis nana (0.9%) and Schistosoma mansoni (0.9%). Multivariate analysis confirmed that drinking untreated water, not washing hands after defecation and contact with animals was a significant risk factor with parasitic infections. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated that intestinal parasitic infections are still a public Original Research Article AL-Harazi; BMRJ, 16(3): 1-7, 2016; Article no.BMRJ.28317 2 health problem in Yemen. Statistical analysis indicated that low personal hygiene, lack of access to potable water and contact with animals were important predictors for intestinal parasitic infections. Hence, improving the knowledge on local risk factors such as contact with domestic animal, health status and personal hygiene is warranted.
{"title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Intestinal Parasitic Infection among Patients in Taiz City, Yemen","authors":"T. al-harazi","doi":"10.9734/BMRJ/2016/28317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BMRJ/2016/28317","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: To determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of intestinal parasites among patients in Taiz city. Study Design: A cross-sectional descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out on patients visiting general and hospitals in Taiz, Yemen during April to September 2014. Methodology: A total of 330 stool samples were collected from patients and analyzed by direct wet mount and formal ether concentration techniques. Furthermore, sociodemographic data were collected by using a standardized questionnaire. Results: The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was 38.2%. The most predominant parasites found was Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (20.6%) followed by Giardia duodenalis (12.7%), respectively. Other parasites detected included Ascaris lumbricoides (3%), Hymenolepis nana (0.9%) and Schistosoma mansoni (0.9%). Multivariate analysis confirmed that drinking untreated water, not washing hands after defecation and contact with animals was a significant risk factor with parasitic infections. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated that intestinal parasitic infections are still a public Original Research Article AL-Harazi; BMRJ, 16(3): 1-7, 2016; Article no.BMRJ.28317 2 health problem in Yemen. Statistical analysis indicated that low personal hygiene, lack of access to potable water and contact with animals were important predictors for intestinal parasitic infections. Hence, improving the knowledge on local risk factors such as contact with domestic animal, health status and personal hygiene is warranted.","PeriodicalId":9269,"journal":{"name":"British microbiology research journal","volume":"9 4","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91471760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Asoso, Coolborn Akharaiyi, K. Oladunmoye, Bisola Makinwa
Aim: To evaluate the antimicrobial and phytochemical effects of acetone, ethanol, methanol and aqueous leaf extracts of Calotropis procera on human pathogens. Study Design: Five pathogenic and two fungi species were obtained from the Department of Biological Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti and were evaluated in in vitro antibacterial testing. Methodology: We studied the in vitro antimicrobial sensitivity of C. procera by well in agar diffusion method. Also studied was the extract durability to ascertain expiration after preparation and the phytochemical constituents of the extracts by chemical methods. Results: The results revealed that acetone extract exhibited the highest antimicrobial properties on the test organisms followed by methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts in that order. However, Morganella morgani was the most inhibited by the solvent extracts with zone of inhibition 45, 56, 59 and 43 mm by acetone, methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of acetone extract on bacteria species was between 25.0 and 100 mg/ml and between 25 and 50 mg/ml on the fungal species. Minimum bactericidal and fungicidal concentrations (MBC/MFC) of the extracts were valued at concentrations ranged from 50-100 mg/ml on the selected microorganisms. The durability study of the leaf extracts in consistent sensitivity pattern was potentially effective for 57-66 days. Phytochemical analysis of the leaf extract showed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, tarpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics and carotenoids. The results provide a partial support for the use of C. procera in traditional medicine.
{"title":"Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Evaluation of Calotropis procera (“SODOM APPLE”) against Human Pathogens","authors":"O. Asoso, Coolborn Akharaiyi, K. Oladunmoye, Bisola Makinwa","doi":"10.9734/bmrj/2016/16372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bmrj/2016/16372","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To evaluate the antimicrobial and phytochemical effects of acetone, ethanol, methanol and aqueous leaf extracts of Calotropis procera on human pathogens. Study Design: Five pathogenic and two fungi species were obtained from the Department of Biological Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti and were evaluated in in vitro antibacterial testing. Methodology: We studied the in vitro antimicrobial sensitivity of C. procera by well in agar diffusion method. Also studied was the extract durability to ascertain expiration after preparation and the phytochemical constituents of the extracts by chemical methods. Results: The results revealed that acetone extract exhibited the highest antimicrobial properties on the test organisms followed by methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts in that order. However, Morganella morgani was the most inhibited by the solvent extracts with zone of inhibition 45, 56, 59 and 43 mm by acetone, methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of acetone extract on bacteria species was between 25.0 and 100 mg/ml and between 25 and 50 mg/ml on the fungal species. Minimum bactericidal and fungicidal concentrations (MBC/MFC) of the extracts were valued at concentrations ranged from 50-100 mg/ml on the selected microorganisms. The durability study of the leaf extracts in consistent sensitivity pattern was potentially effective for 57-66 days. Phytochemical analysis of the leaf extract showed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, tarpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics and carotenoids. The results provide a partial support for the use of C. procera in traditional medicine.","PeriodicalId":9269,"journal":{"name":"British microbiology research journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88668923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Onilude, C. Adesina, A. Oluboyede, A. Olajide, O. Nwaechefu
Meat pie and Fish roll samples from five different local government areas (LGAs) microorganisms were identified as Rhodotorulla spp . and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Percentage occurrences of isolates from road side samples were higher than that of Eatery samples in all the LGAs, roadside Fish roll from Oluyole had highest percentage of Salmonea spp (42.2%), while that from Ibadan North-East had highest percentage of Proteus spp. (28.11%). Roadside Meat pies obtained from Lagelu showed highest percentage of Salmonella spp (34.3%) and those from Ibadan South-west showed highest percentage of Proteus spp (31%) . High occurrence of microorganisms in some of the convenience food samples requires urgent attention by health policy makers and all stakeholders.
{"title":"Isolation and Identification of Some Enterobacteria from Retailed Convenience Foods","authors":"A. Onilude, C. Adesina, A. Oluboyede, A. Olajide, O. Nwaechefu","doi":"10.9734/bmrj/2016/28795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bmrj/2016/28795","url":null,"abstract":"Meat pie and Fish roll samples from five different local government areas (LGAs) microorganisms were identified as Rhodotorulla spp . and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Percentage occurrences of isolates from road side samples were higher than that of Eatery samples in all the LGAs, roadside Fish roll from Oluyole had highest percentage of Salmonea spp (42.2%), while that from Ibadan North-East had highest percentage of Proteus spp. (28.11%). Roadside Meat pies obtained from Lagelu showed highest percentage of Salmonella spp (34.3%) and those from Ibadan South-west showed highest percentage of Proteus spp (31%) . High occurrence of microorganisms in some of the convenience food samples requires urgent attention by health policy makers and all stakeholders.","PeriodicalId":9269,"journal":{"name":"British microbiology research journal","volume":"37 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88817589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aims: Xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) also known as endo-1,4-β-xylanohydrolase is a type of hydrolytic enzyme participated in the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses particularly in xylan to generate xylose and xylo-oligosaccharides. Due to its enormous potentials, xylanase is frequently used in biobleaching of kraft pulp, clarification of fruit juice, extraction of plant oils, processing of animal feeds, softening Original Research Article Ho and Chinonso; BMRJ, 14(1): 1-17, 2016; Article no.BMRJ.22959 2 of fruits, degradation of agricultural wastes and plant fibers and manufacturing of chemicals including biofuel, ethanol and xylitol. These applications of xylanase avoid the use of chemicals that are expensive, mutagenic and highly non-biodegradable. Interestingly, in recent years, the applications of xylanase in biobleaching and bioprocessing of paper pulp have gained numerous attentions and interests in the industry over the world. Therefore, couple of lignocellulolytic substrate as the alternative cheap carbon source and strain improvement for overproduction of microbial xylanase is implemented as a more potent approach in improving its yield and productivity in submerged fermentation. As a result, the main aim of the present study was primarily involved in the overproduction of xylanase by five mutant strains of Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii ATCC 6633 designated as the MXB 1, MXB 2, MXB 3, MXB 4 and MXB 5 in submerged fermentation using barley husk as the prime carbon source. Methodology: In order to attain the mutants, B. subtilis was subjected to random mutagenesis using ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) and acridine orange (AO) in the earlier study before screened for the overproduction of xylanase in the present investigation. Results: Based on the present investigation, mutant strains of B. subtilis ATCC 6633 were identified as the potent xylanase producers using cheap agro-industrial residue of barley husk as the sole carbon source under submerged fermentation. Furthermore, extracellular protein production and profile of medium pH during growth of wild type and mutants of B. subtilis under submerged fermentation were also elucidated. Based on the result findings, the time course of xylanase biosynthesis by the mutants of B. subtilis revealed that the enzyme production was initiated from the logarithmic to stationary growth phase whereby the maximum xylanase activity was achieved after 24 h of fermentation. In fact, all mutant strains of B. subtilis were successfully synthesized relatively higher production of xylanase than their parental wild type in submerged fermentation using barley husk as the prime carbon source. Notably, the maximum xylanase activity of 1.76±0.02 U/mL was attained by the mutant MXB 4 of B. subtilis which was approximately 29.4% increase in xylanase activity than the wild type with 1.36±0.003 U/mL. Furthermore, MXB 1, MXB 2, MXB 3 and MXB 5 also exhibited comparatively higher maximum xylanase activity of 1.64±0.009 U/mL, 1.73±0
{"title":"Overproduction of Xylanase from Mutants of Bacillus subtilis with Barley Husk as the Prime Carbon Source under Submerged Fermentation after Random Mutagenesis Using Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (EMS) and Acridine Orange (AO)","authors":"H. Ho, Ajounmah Maryann Chinonso","doi":"10.9734/BMRJ/2016/22959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BMRJ/2016/22959","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) also known as endo-1,4-β-xylanohydrolase is a type of hydrolytic enzyme participated in the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses particularly in xylan to generate xylose and xylo-oligosaccharides. Due to its enormous potentials, xylanase is frequently used in biobleaching of kraft pulp, clarification of fruit juice, extraction of plant oils, processing of animal feeds, softening Original Research Article Ho and Chinonso; BMRJ, 14(1): 1-17, 2016; Article no.BMRJ.22959 2 of fruits, degradation of agricultural wastes and plant fibers and manufacturing of chemicals including biofuel, ethanol and xylitol. These applications of xylanase avoid the use of chemicals that are expensive, mutagenic and highly non-biodegradable. Interestingly, in recent years, the applications of xylanase in biobleaching and bioprocessing of paper pulp have gained numerous attentions and interests in the industry over the world. Therefore, couple of lignocellulolytic substrate as the alternative cheap carbon source and strain improvement for overproduction of microbial xylanase is implemented as a more potent approach in improving its yield and productivity in submerged fermentation. As a result, the main aim of the present study was primarily involved in the overproduction of xylanase by five mutant strains of Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii ATCC 6633 designated as the MXB 1, MXB 2, MXB 3, MXB 4 and MXB 5 in submerged fermentation using barley husk as the prime carbon source. Methodology: In order to attain the mutants, B. subtilis was subjected to random mutagenesis using ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) and acridine orange (AO) in the earlier study before screened for the overproduction of xylanase in the present investigation. Results: Based on the present investigation, mutant strains of B. subtilis ATCC 6633 were identified as the potent xylanase producers using cheap agro-industrial residue of barley husk as the sole carbon source under submerged fermentation. Furthermore, extracellular protein production and profile of medium pH during growth of wild type and mutants of B. subtilis under submerged fermentation were also elucidated. Based on the result findings, the time course of xylanase biosynthesis by the mutants of B. subtilis revealed that the enzyme production was initiated from the logarithmic to stationary growth phase whereby the maximum xylanase activity was achieved after 24 h of fermentation. In fact, all mutant strains of B. subtilis were successfully synthesized relatively higher production of xylanase than their parental wild type in submerged fermentation using barley husk as the prime carbon source. Notably, the maximum xylanase activity of 1.76±0.02 U/mL was attained by the mutant MXB 4 of B. subtilis which was approximately 29.4% increase in xylanase activity than the wild type with 1.36±0.003 U/mL. Furthermore, MXB 1, MXB 2, MXB 3 and MXB 5 also exhibited comparatively higher maximum xylanase activity of 1.64±0.009 U/mL, 1.73±0","PeriodicalId":9269,"journal":{"name":"British microbiology research journal","volume":"15 1","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84881578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Sankaralingam, B. Harinathan, S. Palpperumal, D. Kathiresan, S. Rajendran, T. Sivakumar, T. Shankar, G. Prabakaran, N. Sivakumar
{"title":"Screening, Growth Characterization and Alkaline Phosphatase Potential of Pseudomonas plecoglossicida from Mangrove Soil","authors":"S. Sankaralingam, B. Harinathan, S. Palpperumal, D. Kathiresan, S. Rajendran, T. Sivakumar, T. Shankar, G. Prabakaran, N. Sivakumar","doi":"10.9734/BMRJ/2016/28488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BMRJ/2016/28488","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9269,"journal":{"name":"British microbiology research journal","volume":"51 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85126634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aims: Toothbrush has been universally accepted as the most effective tool for removing harmful plaque and bacteria from mouth. On average, colonization of bacteria is reduced by 88.8% as a result of brushing. Toothbrush if not properly taken care of before, during and after use may serve as a vector for the re-introduction of potential pathogens into the oral cavity. This study therefore aimed at investigating the microbial quality of used toothbrushes among selected students of a Tertiary Institution in Ile-Ife, Nigeria as well as the antibiotic susceptibility profiles and adherence property of the associated bacteria. Methodology: Fifty used toothbrushes were collected from students in sterile nylon and transported to Laboratory for processing within an hour of collection. The bacteria were isolated and characterized by conventional biochemical techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out using the disk diffusion test according to the Clinical and Standard Laboratory Institute guidelines. Phenotypic adherence property of the isolates was investigated using the Congo Red Agar (CRA) method. Original Research Article Osungunna and Oyajoju; BMRJ, 15(2): 1-9, 2016; Article no.BMRJ.26824 2 Results: These revealed the presence of six genera of bacteria namely: Bacillus spp, Staphylococcal spp, Klebsiella spp, Enterobacter spp, Citrobacter spp and Serratia spp. Bacillus flexus was the predominant Gram-positive species accounting for 30.9% while Klebsiella oxytoca accounts for 26.5% as the predominant Gram-negative species. All the isolates were multidrug resistant. However, 22% of the isolates were adherent as they produced black crystalline colonies in Congo Red agar. Conclusion: The study concluded that toothbrush should be adequately taken care of to prevent it from serving as vector for infection and re-infection of mouth.
{"title":"Used Toothbrushes: Microbial Evaluation and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiles of Associated Bacteria","authors":"O. Oluwole, Oyajoju Olumuyiwa","doi":"10.9734/BMRJ/2016/26824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BMRJ/2016/26824","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Toothbrush has been universally accepted as the most effective tool for removing harmful plaque and bacteria from mouth. On average, colonization of bacteria is reduced by 88.8% as a result of brushing. Toothbrush if not properly taken care of before, during and after use may serve as a vector for the re-introduction of potential pathogens into the oral cavity. This study therefore aimed at investigating the microbial quality of used toothbrushes among selected students of a Tertiary Institution in Ile-Ife, Nigeria as well as the antibiotic susceptibility profiles and adherence property of the associated bacteria. Methodology: Fifty used toothbrushes were collected from students in sterile nylon and transported to Laboratory for processing within an hour of collection. The bacteria were isolated and characterized by conventional biochemical techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out using the disk diffusion test according to the Clinical and Standard Laboratory Institute guidelines. Phenotypic adherence property of the isolates was investigated using the Congo Red Agar (CRA) method. Original Research Article Osungunna and Oyajoju; BMRJ, 15(2): 1-9, 2016; Article no.BMRJ.26824 2 Results: These revealed the presence of six genera of bacteria namely: Bacillus spp, Staphylococcal spp, Klebsiella spp, Enterobacter spp, Citrobacter spp and Serratia spp. Bacillus flexus was the predominant Gram-positive species accounting for 30.9% while Klebsiella oxytoca accounts for 26.5% as the predominant Gram-negative species. All the isolates were multidrug resistant. However, 22% of the isolates were adherent as they produced black crystalline colonies in Congo Red agar. Conclusion: The study concluded that toothbrush should be adequately taken care of to prevent it from serving as vector for infection and re-infection of mouth.","PeriodicalId":9269,"journal":{"name":"British microbiology research journal","volume":"17 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83968750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: The traditional medicinal plant Bergenia ciliata was used to evaluate its antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro and preventive and curative activity against Plasmodium berghei in vivo. The safety of the ethanolic leaf extract of Bergenia ciliata (ELEBC) to the liver and kidney functions of the rodent host was also tested. Place and Duration of the Study: Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, between October 2014 to November 2015. Methodology: The in vitro antiplasmodial activity of the ELEBC against both chloroquine-resistant (RKL-9) and sensitive (MRC-2) strains of P. falciparum was assessed by using the WHO method. The cytotoxicity of the extract against human cancer and normal cell lines was tested by MTT Original Research Article Walter and Bagai; BMRJ, 17(6): 1-10, 2016; Article no.BMRJ.29262 2 assay. The in vivo repository and curative efficacy of the extract against P. berghei were tested using the Peter’s method and modified method of Ryley and Peters respectively. The biochemical assays were performed as per standard methods. Results: ELEBC exhibited considerable inhibitory activity against both RKL-9 and MRC-2 strains of P. falciparum with IC50 of 6.4 μg/ml and <5 μg/ml respectively. The extract exhibited no toxicity against both cancer and normal cell lines with CC50 >1000 μg/ml and selectivity index (SI) >10. Maximum chemosuppression of 74.45% and 91.96% was observed on day 7 at a concentration of 1000 mg/kg (repository activity) and 250 mg/kg (curative activity), respectively. 83.33% survival of mice was observed in G6 (750 mg/kg) while in all other ELEBC treated groups 50% survival was recorded on day 28 of study in the curative test. Hepatic function (SGOT, SGPT, ALP and bilirubin) and renal function biomarkers (creatinine and urea) in serum were observed to be significantly (P< 0.0005) lower as compared to the infected control (G2). Conclusions: ELEBC possesses considerable antimalarial activity against both sensitive and resistant strains of P. falciparum. It also exhibits significant efficacy as a preventive and curative remedy against the disease without any side effects on hepatic and renal functions of the rodent host.
{"title":"Antimalarial Efficacy of Bergenia ciliata (Saxifragaceae) Leaf Extract In vitro against Plasmodium falciparum and In vivo against Plasmodium berghei","authors":"N. Walter, U. Bagai","doi":"10.9734/BMRJ/2016/29262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BMRJ/2016/29262","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The traditional medicinal plant Bergenia ciliata was used to evaluate its antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro and preventive and curative activity against Plasmodium berghei in vivo. The safety of the ethanolic leaf extract of Bergenia ciliata (ELEBC) to the liver and kidney functions of the rodent host was also tested. Place and Duration of the Study: Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, between October 2014 to November 2015. Methodology: The in vitro antiplasmodial activity of the ELEBC against both chloroquine-resistant (RKL-9) and sensitive (MRC-2) strains of P. falciparum was assessed by using the WHO method. The cytotoxicity of the extract against human cancer and normal cell lines was tested by MTT Original Research Article Walter and Bagai; BMRJ, 17(6): 1-10, 2016; Article no.BMRJ.29262 2 assay. The in vivo repository and curative efficacy of the extract against P. berghei were tested using the Peter’s method and modified method of Ryley and Peters respectively. The biochemical assays were performed as per standard methods. Results: ELEBC exhibited considerable inhibitory activity against both RKL-9 and MRC-2 strains of P. falciparum with IC50 of 6.4 μg/ml and <5 μg/ml respectively. The extract exhibited no toxicity against both cancer and normal cell lines with CC50 >1000 μg/ml and selectivity index (SI) >10. Maximum chemosuppression of 74.45% and 91.96% was observed on day 7 at a concentration of 1000 mg/kg (repository activity) and 250 mg/kg (curative activity), respectively. 83.33% survival of mice was observed in G6 (750 mg/kg) while in all other ELEBC treated groups 50% survival was recorded on day 28 of study in the curative test. Hepatic function (SGOT, SGPT, ALP and bilirubin) and renal function biomarkers (creatinine and urea) in serum were observed to be significantly (P< 0.0005) lower as compared to the infected control (G2). Conclusions: ELEBC possesses considerable antimalarial activity against both sensitive and resistant strains of P. falciparum. It also exhibits significant efficacy as a preventive and curative remedy against the disease without any side effects on hepatic and renal functions of the rodent host.","PeriodicalId":9269,"journal":{"name":"British microbiology research journal","volume":"42 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84240584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Mejuto, J. Palacios, B. Alonso, S. Martínez, M. Castillo
Mycobacterium abscessus complex is a rapidly growing group of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Rarely, this organism causes breast infections. The majority of published studies reported an association between onset of infection and breast implants or post-traumatic injuries. We report a spontaneous case of breast abscess caused by M. abscessus that it was initially presumed as bacterial abscess. NTM should be considered in diagnosis of mastitis when standard bacterial culture results are negative or when it recurs despite standard antibiotic therapy. We believe this is the first report of spontaneous community acquired mastitis due to M. abscessus, in Spain.
{"title":"Spontaneous Unilateral Breast Abscess Caused by Mycobacterium abscesuss: A Case Report","authors":"P. Mejuto, J. Palacios, B. Alonso, S. Martínez, M. Castillo","doi":"10.9734/bmrj/2016/29624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bmrj/2016/29624","url":null,"abstract":"Mycobacterium abscessus complex is a rapidly growing group of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Rarely, this organism causes breast infections. The majority of published studies reported an association between onset of infection and breast implants or post-traumatic injuries. We report a spontaneous case of breast abscess caused by M. abscessus that it was initially presumed as bacterial abscess. NTM should be considered in diagnosis of mastitis when standard bacterial culture results are negative or when it recurs despite standard antibiotic therapy. We believe this is the first report of spontaneous community acquired mastitis due to M. abscessus, in Spain.","PeriodicalId":9269,"journal":{"name":"British microbiology research journal","volume":"14 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87885875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
study ABSTRACT The study was aimed at investigating the heavy metal tolerance profile among bacteria from auto-mechanic workshop and pristine soil samples. Auto-mechanic workshop and pristine soil environments were randomly sampled within Calabar Metropolis. The research was undertaken within a period of six months. Standard microbiological methods were used to isolate, characterize and identify bacteria isolates from the collected soil samples, while heavy metal tolerance test of the bacteria isolates was carried out using agar dilution method. Bacterial isolates from auto-mechanic workshop soil samples showed a marginally higher percentage tolerability to Pb, Ni, Cr, Cd, Co and V than their pristine soil counterparts. Serratia spp (AMM 2 , AMME 2 ), Klebsiella sp (AMM 3 ), Corynebacterium (AME 1 ), Yesinia sp (AME 3 ), Pseudomonas sp (AMT) and Bacillus sp (AME 4 ) tolerated high heavy metal concentration (300 µg/ml) of chromium, copper and lead either actively (bioaccumulation) or passively (adsorption) as compared to other bacteria isolates from both auto-mechanic workshop and pristine soil samples. Thus, these bacteria isolates could have applicability in bioremediation of heavy metal polluted environments and in the production of biosensors which can be utilized for both background and anthropogenic environmental heavy metal pollution.
{"title":"Heavy Metal Tolerance Profile among Bacteria from Auto-mechanic Workshop and Pristine Soil","authors":"D. Tiku, B. Asikong, U. Ubi","doi":"10.9734/bmrj/2016/23597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bmrj/2016/23597","url":null,"abstract":"study ABSTRACT The study was aimed at investigating the heavy metal tolerance profile among bacteria from auto-mechanic workshop and pristine soil samples. Auto-mechanic workshop and pristine soil environments were randomly sampled within Calabar Metropolis. The research was undertaken within a period of six months. Standard microbiological methods were used to isolate, characterize and identify bacteria isolates from the collected soil samples, while heavy metal tolerance test of the bacteria isolates was carried out using agar dilution method. Bacterial isolates from auto-mechanic workshop soil samples showed a marginally higher percentage tolerability to Pb, Ni, Cr, Cd, Co and V than their pristine soil counterparts. Serratia spp (AMM 2 , AMME 2 ), Klebsiella sp (AMM 3 ), Corynebacterium (AME 1 ), Yesinia sp (AME 3 ), Pseudomonas sp (AMT) and Bacillus sp (AME 4 ) tolerated high heavy metal concentration (300 µg/ml) of chromium, copper and lead either actively (bioaccumulation) or passively (adsorption) as compared to other bacteria isolates from both auto-mechanic workshop and pristine soil samples. Thus, these bacteria isolates could have applicability in bioremediation of heavy metal polluted environments and in the production of biosensors which can be utilized for both background and anthropogenic environmental heavy metal pollution.","PeriodicalId":9269,"journal":{"name":"British microbiology research journal","volume":"134 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86732372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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