S. Sankaralingam, B. Harinathan, S. Palpperumal, D. Kathiresan, S. Rajendran, T. Sivakumar, T. Shankar, G. Prabakaran, N. Sivakumar
{"title":"Screening, Growth Characterization and Alkaline Phosphatase Potential of Pseudomonas plecoglossicida from Mangrove Soil","authors":"S. Sankaralingam, B. Harinathan, S. Palpperumal, D. Kathiresan, S. Rajendran, T. Sivakumar, T. Shankar, G. Prabakaran, N. Sivakumar","doi":"10.9734/BMRJ/2016/28488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BMRJ/2016/28488","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9269,"journal":{"name":"British microbiology research journal","volume":"51 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85126634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aims: Xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) also known as endo-1,4-β-xylanohydrolase is a type of hydrolytic enzyme participated in the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses particularly in xylan to generate xylose and xylo-oligosaccharides. Due to its enormous potentials, xylanase is frequently used in biobleaching of kraft pulp, clarification of fruit juice, extraction of plant oils, processing of animal feeds, softening Original Research Article Ho and Chinonso; BMRJ, 14(1): 1-17, 2016; Article no.BMRJ.22959 2 of fruits, degradation of agricultural wastes and plant fibers and manufacturing of chemicals including biofuel, ethanol and xylitol. These applications of xylanase avoid the use of chemicals that are expensive, mutagenic and highly non-biodegradable. Interestingly, in recent years, the applications of xylanase in biobleaching and bioprocessing of paper pulp have gained numerous attentions and interests in the industry over the world. Therefore, couple of lignocellulolytic substrate as the alternative cheap carbon source and strain improvement for overproduction of microbial xylanase is implemented as a more potent approach in improving its yield and productivity in submerged fermentation. As a result, the main aim of the present study was primarily involved in the overproduction of xylanase by five mutant strains of Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii ATCC 6633 designated as the MXB 1, MXB 2, MXB 3, MXB 4 and MXB 5 in submerged fermentation using barley husk as the prime carbon source. Methodology: In order to attain the mutants, B. subtilis was subjected to random mutagenesis using ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) and acridine orange (AO) in the earlier study before screened for the overproduction of xylanase in the present investigation. Results: Based on the present investigation, mutant strains of B. subtilis ATCC 6633 were identified as the potent xylanase producers using cheap agro-industrial residue of barley husk as the sole carbon source under submerged fermentation. Furthermore, extracellular protein production and profile of medium pH during growth of wild type and mutants of B. subtilis under submerged fermentation were also elucidated. Based on the result findings, the time course of xylanase biosynthesis by the mutants of B. subtilis revealed that the enzyme production was initiated from the logarithmic to stationary growth phase whereby the maximum xylanase activity was achieved after 24 h of fermentation. In fact, all mutant strains of B. subtilis were successfully synthesized relatively higher production of xylanase than their parental wild type in submerged fermentation using barley husk as the prime carbon source. Notably, the maximum xylanase activity of 1.76±0.02 U/mL was attained by the mutant MXB 4 of B. subtilis which was approximately 29.4% increase in xylanase activity than the wild type with 1.36±0.003 U/mL. Furthermore, MXB 1, MXB 2, MXB 3 and MXB 5 also exhibited comparatively higher maximum xylanase activity of 1.64±0.009 U/mL, 1.73±0
{"title":"Overproduction of Xylanase from Mutants of Bacillus subtilis with Barley Husk as the Prime Carbon Source under Submerged Fermentation after Random Mutagenesis Using Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (EMS) and Acridine Orange (AO)","authors":"H. Ho, Ajounmah Maryann Chinonso","doi":"10.9734/BMRJ/2016/22959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BMRJ/2016/22959","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) also known as endo-1,4-β-xylanohydrolase is a type of hydrolytic enzyme participated in the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses particularly in xylan to generate xylose and xylo-oligosaccharides. Due to its enormous potentials, xylanase is frequently used in biobleaching of kraft pulp, clarification of fruit juice, extraction of plant oils, processing of animal feeds, softening Original Research Article Ho and Chinonso; BMRJ, 14(1): 1-17, 2016; Article no.BMRJ.22959 2 of fruits, degradation of agricultural wastes and plant fibers and manufacturing of chemicals including biofuel, ethanol and xylitol. These applications of xylanase avoid the use of chemicals that are expensive, mutagenic and highly non-biodegradable. Interestingly, in recent years, the applications of xylanase in biobleaching and bioprocessing of paper pulp have gained numerous attentions and interests in the industry over the world. Therefore, couple of lignocellulolytic substrate as the alternative cheap carbon source and strain improvement for overproduction of microbial xylanase is implemented as a more potent approach in improving its yield and productivity in submerged fermentation. As a result, the main aim of the present study was primarily involved in the overproduction of xylanase by five mutant strains of Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii ATCC 6633 designated as the MXB 1, MXB 2, MXB 3, MXB 4 and MXB 5 in submerged fermentation using barley husk as the prime carbon source. Methodology: In order to attain the mutants, B. subtilis was subjected to random mutagenesis using ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) and acridine orange (AO) in the earlier study before screened for the overproduction of xylanase in the present investigation. Results: Based on the present investigation, mutant strains of B. subtilis ATCC 6633 were identified as the potent xylanase producers using cheap agro-industrial residue of barley husk as the sole carbon source under submerged fermentation. Furthermore, extracellular protein production and profile of medium pH during growth of wild type and mutants of B. subtilis under submerged fermentation were also elucidated. Based on the result findings, the time course of xylanase biosynthesis by the mutants of B. subtilis revealed that the enzyme production was initiated from the logarithmic to stationary growth phase whereby the maximum xylanase activity was achieved after 24 h of fermentation. In fact, all mutant strains of B. subtilis were successfully synthesized relatively higher production of xylanase than their parental wild type in submerged fermentation using barley husk as the prime carbon source. Notably, the maximum xylanase activity of 1.76±0.02 U/mL was attained by the mutant MXB 4 of B. subtilis which was approximately 29.4% increase in xylanase activity than the wild type with 1.36±0.003 U/mL. Furthermore, MXB 1, MXB 2, MXB 3 and MXB 5 also exhibited comparatively higher maximum xylanase activity of 1.64±0.009 U/mL, 1.73±0","PeriodicalId":9269,"journal":{"name":"British microbiology research journal","volume":"15 1","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84881578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Asoso, Coolborn Akharaiyi, K. Oladunmoye, Bisola Makinwa
Aim: To evaluate the antimicrobial and phytochemical effects of acetone, ethanol, methanol and aqueous leaf extracts of Calotropis procera on human pathogens. Study Design: Five pathogenic and two fungi species were obtained from the Department of Biological Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti and were evaluated in in vitro antibacterial testing. Methodology: We studied the in vitro antimicrobial sensitivity of C. procera by well in agar diffusion method. Also studied was the extract durability to ascertain expiration after preparation and the phytochemical constituents of the extracts by chemical methods. Results: The results revealed that acetone extract exhibited the highest antimicrobial properties on the test organisms followed by methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts in that order. However, Morganella morgani was the most inhibited by the solvent extracts with zone of inhibition 45, 56, 59 and 43 mm by acetone, methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of acetone extract on bacteria species was between 25.0 and 100 mg/ml and between 25 and 50 mg/ml on the fungal species. Minimum bactericidal and fungicidal concentrations (MBC/MFC) of the extracts were valued at concentrations ranged from 50-100 mg/ml on the selected microorganisms. The durability study of the leaf extracts in consistent sensitivity pattern was potentially effective for 57-66 days. Phytochemical analysis of the leaf extract showed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, tarpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics and carotenoids. The results provide a partial support for the use of C. procera in traditional medicine.
{"title":"Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Evaluation of Calotropis procera (“SODOM APPLE”) against Human Pathogens","authors":"O. Asoso, Coolborn Akharaiyi, K. Oladunmoye, Bisola Makinwa","doi":"10.9734/bmrj/2016/16372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bmrj/2016/16372","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To evaluate the antimicrobial and phytochemical effects of acetone, ethanol, methanol and aqueous leaf extracts of Calotropis procera on human pathogens. Study Design: Five pathogenic and two fungi species were obtained from the Department of Biological Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti and were evaluated in in vitro antibacterial testing. Methodology: We studied the in vitro antimicrobial sensitivity of C. procera by well in agar diffusion method. Also studied was the extract durability to ascertain expiration after preparation and the phytochemical constituents of the extracts by chemical methods. Results: The results revealed that acetone extract exhibited the highest antimicrobial properties on the test organisms followed by methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts in that order. However, Morganella morgani was the most inhibited by the solvent extracts with zone of inhibition 45, 56, 59 and 43 mm by acetone, methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of acetone extract on bacteria species was between 25.0 and 100 mg/ml and between 25 and 50 mg/ml on the fungal species. Minimum bactericidal and fungicidal concentrations (MBC/MFC) of the extracts were valued at concentrations ranged from 50-100 mg/ml on the selected microorganisms. The durability study of the leaf extracts in consistent sensitivity pattern was potentially effective for 57-66 days. Phytochemical analysis of the leaf extract showed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, tarpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics and carotenoids. The results provide a partial support for the use of C. procera in traditional medicine.","PeriodicalId":9269,"journal":{"name":"British microbiology research journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88668923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Mejuto, J. Palacios, B. Alonso, S. Martínez, M. Castillo
Mycobacterium abscessus complex is a rapidly growing group of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Rarely, this organism causes breast infections. The majority of published studies reported an association between onset of infection and breast implants or post-traumatic injuries. We report a spontaneous case of breast abscess caused by M. abscessus that it was initially presumed as bacterial abscess. NTM should be considered in diagnosis of mastitis when standard bacterial culture results are negative or when it recurs despite standard antibiotic therapy. We believe this is the first report of spontaneous community acquired mastitis due to M. abscessus, in Spain.
{"title":"Spontaneous Unilateral Breast Abscess Caused by Mycobacterium abscesuss: A Case Report","authors":"P. Mejuto, J. Palacios, B. Alonso, S. Martínez, M. Castillo","doi":"10.9734/bmrj/2016/29624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bmrj/2016/29624","url":null,"abstract":"Mycobacterium abscessus complex is a rapidly growing group of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Rarely, this organism causes breast infections. The majority of published studies reported an association between onset of infection and breast implants or post-traumatic injuries. We report a spontaneous case of breast abscess caused by M. abscessus that it was initially presumed as bacterial abscess. NTM should be considered in diagnosis of mastitis when standard bacterial culture results are negative or when it recurs despite standard antibiotic therapy. We believe this is the first report of spontaneous community acquired mastitis due to M. abscessus, in Spain.","PeriodicalId":9269,"journal":{"name":"British microbiology research journal","volume":"14 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87885875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. S. Egbule, Ayobola Daniel Ehwarieme, U. Owhe-Ureghe
Aims: Management of infections in new-born remain a major problem globally due to their delicate nature. Bacteremia in new born has resulted in high mortality. Determining the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylocccus aureus which dominates in sepsis is important. Study Design: During a 4 month period in 2015, 98 blood samples were collected from new-born admitted to a university hospital in Delta State, Nigeria. Methodology: Isolation of organisms were based on growth patterns, morphological appearance and biochemical analysis. Antimicrobial susceptibility were determined following Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion methods, using 11 different antibiotics which include Gentamicin (10 μg), Ofloxacin, (5 μg) Ciprofloxacin, (5 μg) Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (30 μg), Ceftazidime (30 μg), Cefuroxime, (30 μg) Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (25 μg), Nitrofurantoin (300 μg), Cefixime (5 μg), Cloxacillin (10 μg) and Erythromycin (10 μg). Results: A total of 30 (30.61%) Escherichia coli, 20 (20.41%) Klebsiella pneumoniaè and 18 (18.37%) Staphylococcus aureus were isolated. Susceptibility results indicate that all isolates were Original Research Article Egbule et al.; BMRJ, 15(1): 1-6, 2016; Article no.BMRJ.25324 2 highly resistant to Gentamicin and to the two lower generation cephalosporins tested; Ceftazidime and Cefuroxime. In addition, all isolates were multidrug resistant. Conclusion: Our data has revealed that a serious problem of antimicrobial resistance exist among bloodstream isolates of new-born in our hospital.
{"title":"High Rate of Antibiotic Resistance in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a University Hospital","authors":"O. S. Egbule, Ayobola Daniel Ehwarieme, U. Owhe-Ureghe","doi":"10.9734/BMRJ/2016/25324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BMRJ/2016/25324","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Management of infections in new-born remain a major problem globally due to their delicate nature. Bacteremia in new born has resulted in high mortality. Determining the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylocccus aureus which dominates in sepsis is important. Study Design: During a 4 month period in 2015, 98 blood samples were collected from new-born admitted to a university hospital in Delta State, Nigeria. Methodology: Isolation of organisms were based on growth patterns, morphological appearance and biochemical analysis. Antimicrobial susceptibility were determined following Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion methods, using 11 different antibiotics which include Gentamicin (10 μg), Ofloxacin, (5 μg) Ciprofloxacin, (5 μg) Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (30 μg), Ceftazidime (30 μg), Cefuroxime, (30 μg) Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (25 μg), Nitrofurantoin (300 μg), Cefixime (5 μg), Cloxacillin (10 μg) and Erythromycin (10 μg). Results: A total of 30 (30.61%) Escherichia coli, 20 (20.41%) Klebsiella pneumoniaè and 18 (18.37%) Staphylococcus aureus were isolated. Susceptibility results indicate that all isolates were Original Research Article Egbule et al.; BMRJ, 15(1): 1-6, 2016; Article no.BMRJ.25324 2 highly resistant to Gentamicin and to the two lower generation cephalosporins tested; Ceftazidime and Cefuroxime. In addition, all isolates were multidrug resistant. Conclusion: Our data has revealed that a serious problem of antimicrobial resistance exist among bloodstream isolates of new-born in our hospital.","PeriodicalId":9269,"journal":{"name":"British microbiology research journal","volume":"15 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75623678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Production, Purification and Characterisation of a Purified Low Molecular Weight and Thermo-alkaline Tolerance Xylanase by Aspergillus brasiliensis In Submerged Fermentation","authors":"H. Ho, Lindsay Soh, Soo-Wee Ong","doi":"10.9734/bmrj/2016/20766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bmrj/2016/20766","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9269,"journal":{"name":"British microbiology research journal","volume":"335 3","pages":"1-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91470880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The xenobiotic compound 2,4-Dinitrotoluene (DNT) is used in the production of explosives (2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene,TNT), polyurethane/dyes, and in smokeless gunpowder. The cleanup of these compounds has gained much attention in the last decades due to hazardous nature of these compounds. Numerous bacterial strains capable of growing on DNT as the sole source of carbon, nitrogen and energy have been isolated by various scientists. Attempts to degrade DNT at high concentrations have never been found successful. The present study was conducted in Amity Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Amity University between June 2010 and July 2011. About 18 bacterial cultures were isolated from the contaminated sites in the presence of 0.001% (w/v) 2,4-DNT.Isolated strains were further screened on the basis of their tolerance towards 2,4-DNT by growing them in the presence of 0.001% to 0.03% (w/v) 2,4-DNT. Out of 18 strains, eight tolerated varying concentration of 2,4-DNT and were mixed in different permutation & combination for preparation of microbial consortia. The best consortium (No.4 with strains RSE165, RSA32, RSB80 and RSD127) was selected and subjected to molecular characterization. Bacterial strains used in this study were identified as Bacillus subtilis RSE165 (NCBI accession no. JQ887982), Bacillus megaterium RSA32 (KR051485), Bacillus cereus RSB80 (JQ040533) and Bacillus flexus RSD127 (KR051486).The analysis of the 2,4-DNT degradation capabilities of the best four individual strains and their consortium by GC analysis shows that the spectral peak of 2,4-DNT is completely replaced by three small peaks which indicate its utilization and degradation by the bacterial strains as well as by their consortium.
{"title":"Novel Bacillus Consortium for Degradation of 2,4- Dinitrotoluene: A Xenobiotic Compound","authors":"M. Smitha, Rajni Singh","doi":"10.9734/BMRJ/2016/25837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BMRJ/2016/25837","url":null,"abstract":"The xenobiotic compound 2,4-Dinitrotoluene (DNT) is used in the production of explosives (2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene,TNT), polyurethane/dyes, and in smokeless gunpowder. The cleanup of these compounds has gained much attention in the last decades due to hazardous nature of these compounds. Numerous bacterial strains capable of growing on DNT as the sole source of carbon, nitrogen and energy have been isolated by various scientists. Attempts to degrade DNT at high concentrations have never been found successful. The present study was conducted in Amity Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Amity University between June 2010 and July 2011. About 18 bacterial cultures were isolated from the contaminated sites in the presence of 0.001% (w/v) 2,4-DNT.Isolated strains were further screened on the basis of their tolerance towards 2,4-DNT by growing them in the presence of 0.001% to 0.03% (w/v) 2,4-DNT. Out of 18 strains, eight tolerated varying concentration of 2,4-DNT and were mixed in different permutation & combination for preparation of microbial consortia. The best consortium (No.4 with strains RSE165, RSA32, RSB80 and RSD127) was selected and subjected to molecular characterization. Bacterial strains used in this study were identified as Bacillus subtilis RSE165 (NCBI accession no. JQ887982), Bacillus megaterium RSA32 (KR051485), Bacillus cereus RSB80 (JQ040533) and Bacillus flexus RSD127 (KR051486).The analysis of the 2,4-DNT degradation capabilities of the best four individual strains and their consortium by GC analysis shows that the spectral peak of 2,4-DNT is completely replaced by three small peaks which indicate its utilization and degradation by the bacterial strains as well as by their consortium.","PeriodicalId":9269,"journal":{"name":"British microbiology research journal","volume":"19 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82194318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. El-Masry, Nahla A. Melake, A. Salama, Amal F. Makled
Background: Clarithromycin is the most commonly recommended antibiotic in Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori ) eradication regimens, but the prevalence of clarithromycin-resistant H . pylori is increasing. Clarithromycin-resistance is associated with mutations in the 23S rRNA gene. The study aimed to examine gene mutations (A2142G and A2143G) of H. pylori 23S rRNA responsible for resistance to clarithromycin. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out by collecting 53 H. pylori isolates. Isolation, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility to clarithromycin were done by standardized methods. Resistant strains were analysed for mutations in the 23S rRNA gene by polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing. Results: H. pylori isolates were recovered from 91.4% of studied patients. About 64% were clarithromycin-resistant strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of all clarithromycin-resistant isolates ranged from 1.5 to 8 µ g/ml. Primary clarithromycin-resistant isolates only showed a single type of point mutation (A2143G). In contrast, secondary isolates had dual diversity of 23S rRNA gene mutation types (A2142G and A2143G). Conclusion: Secondary clarithromycin-resistant isolates show a greater variety of 23S rRNA gene mutation types than primary isolates.
{"title":"Detection of A2142G and A2143G Substitutions among Clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori Strains Isolated from Egyptian Patients","authors":"E. El-Masry, Nahla A. Melake, A. Salama, Amal F. Makled","doi":"10.9734/bmrj/2016/26157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bmrj/2016/26157","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Clarithromycin is the most commonly recommended antibiotic in Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori ) eradication regimens, but the prevalence of clarithromycin-resistant H . pylori is increasing. Clarithromycin-resistance is associated with mutations in the 23S rRNA gene. The study aimed to examine gene mutations (A2142G and A2143G) of H. pylori 23S rRNA responsible for resistance to clarithromycin. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out by collecting 53 H. pylori isolates. Isolation, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility to clarithromycin were done by standardized methods. Resistant strains were analysed for mutations in the 23S rRNA gene by polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing. Results: H. pylori isolates were recovered from 91.4% of studied patients. About 64% were clarithromycin-resistant strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of all clarithromycin-resistant isolates ranged from 1.5 to 8 µ g/ml. Primary clarithromycin-resistant isolates only showed a single type of point mutation (A2143G). In contrast, secondary isolates had dual diversity of 23S rRNA gene mutation types (A2142G and A2143G). Conclusion: Secondary clarithromycin-resistant isolates show a greater variety of 23S rRNA gene mutation types than primary isolates.","PeriodicalId":9269,"journal":{"name":"British microbiology research journal","volume":"17 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78387515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Antimicrobial Resistance of Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Mastitis Cows in Khartoum State, Sudan","authors":"W. Yasin, Y. Sabiel, A. El-Gaddal, M. Mansour","doi":"10.9734/bmrj/2016/28838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bmrj/2016/28838","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9269,"journal":{"name":"British microbiology research journal","volume":"101 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77338304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Hariharan, A. Rovira, Vanessa Matthew-Belmar, T. Vogler, G. Stratton, Ravindra Sharma
Aim: The present study was conducted to evaluate the occurrence of bacterial respiratory pathogens, particularly members of the family Pasteurellaceae in healthy domestic goats in Grenada, and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of the predominant species. Original Research Article Hariharan et al.; BMRJ, 11(1): 1-8, 2016; Article no.BMRJ.21925 2 Study Design: Nasal and pharyngeal swabs from 161 adult goats from the six parishes of Grenada were collected during a ten month period from May 2012 to March 2013 and examined for potential bacterial respiratory pathogens. Methodology: Bacteria resembling Pasteurellaceae, and Corynebacterium spp. were presumptively identified by phenotypic characteristics. For definitive identification to species level, DNA from the isolates were subjected to 16s ribosomal RNA sequencing. The closest matches to sequences in GenBank, and their percentage identity were the criteria used to determine the bacterial species. The major members of Pasteurellaceae were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility to 11 antibiotics using the disk diffusion method. Results: Of a total of 98 Gram-negative isolates, 41% were Mannheimia haemolytica, followed by Bibersteinia trehalosi (37%), Mannheimia glucosida (9%), and the remainder comprising of 11 different species, including five species of Moraxella. Of the three Gram-positive isolates, two were Rhodococcus equi, and one was Trueperella pyogenes. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests on a total of 73 isolates of M. haemolytica and B. trehalosi showed that 18% isolates were resistant to tulathromycin, a recently introduced drug for use in goats. Moreover, 77% of isolates were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, another drug with application in goats. Tulathromycin resistance was accompanied by resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in 12 of the 13 isolates. Resistance to these two drugs is not in accordance with published data, and need detailed further investigation. Resistance to ceftiofur, a drug used for pneumonic pasteurellosis was minimal (one isolate only), and none of the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid or enrofloxacin. Conclusion: In conclusion, our study, first of its kind in the Caribbean, showed that M. haemolytica and B. trehalosi, two major respiratory pathogens of ruminants colonize nasal cavity and pharynx of healthy goats in Grenada. Both organisms showed uncommon high resistance to tulathromycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, the reasons for which are not understood, and need further investigation.
目的:对格林纳达健康山羊呼吸道病原菌，特别是巴氏杆菌科病原菌的发生情况进行调查，并确定优势种的抗菌药物敏感性。Hariharan et al.;中国生物医学工程学报，2016,31 (1):1-8;文章no.BMRJ。21925 2研究设计:在2012年5月至2013年3月的10个月期间，收集格林纳达6个教区的161只成年山羊的鼻咽拭子，检查潜在的细菌性呼吸道病原体。方法:类似巴氏杆菌和棒状杆菌的细菌通过表型特征推定鉴定。为了确定物种水平，分离物的DNA进行了16s核糖体RNA测序。与GenBank中序列最接近的匹配及其百分比识别是用于确定细菌种类的标准。采用纸片扩散法检测巴氏杆菌主要成员对11种抗生素的药敏。结果98株革兰氏阴性分离株中，溶血性曼海姆氏菌占41%，其次为海藻酸柏氏菌(37%)、葡萄糖化曼海姆氏菌(9%)，其余11种，其中莫拉菌5种。3株革兰氏阳性分离株中，2株为马红球菌，1株为化脓性真芽孢杆菌。对73株溶血分枝杆菌和海藻分枝杆菌的药敏试验显示，18%的分离株对最近引进用于山羊的图拉霉素具有耐药性。此外，77%的分离株对另一种用于山羊的药物甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲恶唑耐药。13株分离菌中有12株对图拉霉素耐药，同时对甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲恶唑耐药。对这两种药物的耐药性与已公布的数据不符，需要进一步详细调查。对头孢替弗(一种用于治疗肺炎巴氏菌病的药物)的耐药性最小(只有一株)，并且没有一株对阿莫西林-克拉维酸或恩诺沙星耐药。结论:本研究在加勒比海地区首次发现，格林纳达健康山羊的鼻腔和咽部存在溶血分枝杆菌和海藻分枝杆菌这两种主要的反刍动物呼吸道病原体。这两种微生物都对土拉霉素和甲氧苄啶磺胺甲恶唑表现出罕见的高耐药性，其原因尚不清楚，需要进一步调查。
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