Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100589
Likuan Zhu , Yinyu Liao , Zhiwen Zhou , Jianxun Lu , Tao Cheng , Yong Tang , Xiaoyu Wu , Bo Wu
The research on flexible heat pipes and vapor chambers has been received more and more attention recently. In this paper, a novel concept for fabricating the flexible vapor chamber (FVC) using the microcrystalline cellulose powder (MCP) and carbon-doped liquid crystal polymer (C-LCP) plate was proposed. The microgroove structure was prepared on the surface of C-LCP plate by the laser processing firstly. Then MCP was thermally imprinted into those micro-grooves as the wick structure of FVC. The influence of hot-pressing temperature, hot-pressing pressure and MCP mass on the capillary property of FVC. The result showed that the capillary property of FVC was optimal when the temperature was 150 °C, the pressure was 5 kN, and MCP mass was 1 g. The capillary rise height of FVC could reach approximately 96.86 mm with a K/Reff value of 0.145 μm.
{"title":"A novel concept for fabricating the flexible vapor chamber using the microcrystalline cellulose powder as the wick structure","authors":"Likuan Zhu , Yinyu Liao , Zhiwen Zhou , Jianxun Lu , Tao Cheng , Yong Tang , Xiaoyu Wu , Bo Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100589","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100589","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The research on flexible heat pipes and vapor chambers has been received more and more attention recently. In this paper, a novel concept for fabricating the flexible vapor chamber (FVC) using the microcrystalline cellulose powder (MCP) and carbon-doped liquid crystal polymer (C-LCP) plate was proposed. The microgroove structure was prepared on the surface of C-LCP plate by the laser processing firstly. Then MCP was thermally imprinted into those micro-grooves as the wick structure of FVC. The influence of hot-pressing temperature, hot-pressing pressure and MCP mass on the capillary property of FVC. The result showed that the capillary property of FVC was optimal when the temperature was 150 °C, the pressure was 5 kN, and MCP mass was 1 g. The capillary rise height of FVC could reach approximately 96.86 mm with a <em>K/R<sub>eff</sub></em> value of 0.145 μm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100589"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145617664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100576
Ibrahim Shomope , Amani Al-Othman , Muhammad Tawalbeh , Hussam Alshraideh , Abdulrahman Alraeesi
The growing demand for clean energy solutions and the rapid depletion of fossil fuel resources have made it essential to find carbon-free energy options. One promising approach is the production of hydrogen via methane pyrolysis. In this study, the CatBoost machine learning (ML) algorithm was employed to predict hydrogen (H2) yield and methane (CH4) conversion during the pyrolysis process. To further enhance predictive performance, the reptile search algorithm (RSA) was integrated to optimize the hyperparameters of the CatBoost model, resulting in a hybrid Cat-RSA model. Model evaluation revealed that the RSA optimization significantly improved the prediction accuracy of both H2 yield and CH4 conversion. The Cat-RSA model achieved impressive performance with coefficient of determination (R2) values of 0.9422 for H2 yield and 0.9721 for CH4 conversion. Furthermore, the model’s precision is underscored by low root mean squared error (RMSE) values of 5.464 for H2 and 3.864 for CH4, as well as mean absolute relative error (MARE) values of 0.2682 for H2 and 0.2137 for CH4. These results are comparable to those reported in previous studies, such as SVM-ABC (R2 = 0.9464) and BR-LMMLP (R2 = 0.9530) for H2 yield, and are slightly lower than XGBoost (R2 = 0.9996). Additionally, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis identified key features, including gas hourly space velocity (GHSV), time, copper wt.% in the catalyst, and temperature, as the significant contributors to the model’s predictions. Furthermore, the Cat-RSA model predicted a maximum hydrogen yield of 91.05 % under the following optimal input conditions: Temperature = 714.9 °C, GHSV = 7111.9 mL/h·g, CH4 concentration = 18.4 %, time = 14.1 min, and calcined temperature = 476.9 °C. The optimal catalyst composition featured high proportions of Ni (55.25 wt.%) and Co (30.00 wt.%). This predicted hydrogen yield is consistent with experimentally reported values in the range of approximately 77 % to 91.3 %, reinforcing the model’s predictive validity and practical relevance for methane pyrolysis systems. Overall, this work enhances our understanding of how hydrogen is produced from methane pyrolysis and demonstrates the potential of innovative optimization algorithms in improving ML applications within energy systems.
{"title":"Enhanced hydrogen production from methane pyrolysis using CatBoost with reptile search algorithm optimization","authors":"Ibrahim Shomope , Amani Al-Othman , Muhammad Tawalbeh , Hussam Alshraideh , Abdulrahman Alraeesi","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100576","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100576","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing demand for clean energy solutions and the rapid depletion of fossil fuel resources have made it essential to find carbon-free energy options. One promising approach is the production of hydrogen via methane pyrolysis. In this study, the CatBoost machine learning (ML) algorithm was employed to predict hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) yield and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) conversion during the pyrolysis process. To further enhance predictive performance, the reptile search algorithm (RSA) was integrated to optimize the hyperparameters of the CatBoost model, resulting in a hybrid Cat-RSA model. Model evaluation revealed that the RSA optimization significantly improved the prediction accuracy of both H<sub>2</sub> yield and CH<sub>4</sub> conversion. The Cat-RSA model achieved impressive performance with coefficient of determination (<em>R<sup>2</sup></em>) values of 0.9422 for H<sub>2</sub> yield and 0.9721 for CH<sub>4</sub> conversion. Furthermore, the model’s precision is underscored by low root mean squared error (RMSE) values of 5.464 for H<sub>2</sub> and 3.864 for CH<sub>4</sub>, as well as mean absolute relative error (MARE) values of 0.2682 for H<sub>2</sub> and 0.2137 for CH<sub>4</sub>. These results are comparable to those reported in previous studies, such as SVM-ABC (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9464) and BR-LMMLP (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9530) for H<sub>2</sub> yield, and are slightly lower than XGBoost (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9996). Additionally, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis identified key features, including gas hourly space velocity (GHSV), time, copper wt.% in the catalyst, and temperature, as the significant contributors to the model’s predictions. Furthermore, the Cat-RSA model predicted a maximum hydrogen yield of 91.05 % under the following optimal input conditions: Temperature = 714.9 °C, GHSV = 7111.9 mL/h·g, CH<sub>4</sub> concentration = 18.4 %, time = 14.1 min, and calcined temperature = 476.9 °C. The optimal catalyst composition featured high proportions of Ni (55.25 wt.%) and Co (30.00 wt.%). This predicted hydrogen yield is consistent with experimentally reported values in the range of approximately 77 % to 91.3 %, reinforcing the model’s predictive validity and practical relevance for methane pyrolysis systems. Overall, this work enhances our understanding of how hydrogen is produced from methane pyrolysis and demonstrates the potential of innovative optimization algorithms in improving ML applications within energy systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100576"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145617695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100578
Ali Ahmed Bahdad , Nooriati Taib , Aasem Alabdullatief , Ali Mohammed Ajlan , Nedhal Al-Tamimi
This paper aims to address the deficiency of facade daylighting design techniques that balanced daylight provision and multi-criteria daylighting requirements by incorporating the window and light-shelf as two independent variables applied to a case study under the tropic’s climate of Malaysia. The study suggests improvements in energy utilization and daylight provision by implementing various window and light-shelf arrangements. An assessment is conducted to determine the effectiveness of optimizing different light-shelf characteristics in conjunction with ideal window setups. Grasshopper and Rhinoceros are used to parametrically modelled the building and design variables of window and light-shelf. The selected design parameters are genetically optimized by the Octopus plugin using a multi-objective daylighting design that indicating if the zone satisfies the daylight need without uncomfortable glare and lower thermal energy performance. The method's originality and novelty lie in its revolutionary approach to optimisation through the integration of optimisation algorithms with statistically-based sensitivity analysis. The final selection of the optimal window value range with different light-shelf configurations in different window designs is based on the cases that meet multi-criteria daylighting requirements with high regression. Overall, the increase in performance by final optimal cases selected from multi-objective optimization compared to the base case achieved a slight decrease in thermal energy performance with an average between 1.67 % to 1.89 %, and enhanced daylight availability and visual comfort with an average between 2.56 % to 3.91 % and 100 % for glare.
{"title":"Statistical-based sensitivity analysis and multi-objective optimizations as a design approach to window-integrated light-shelves based on daylight performance","authors":"Ali Ahmed Bahdad , Nooriati Taib , Aasem Alabdullatief , Ali Mohammed Ajlan , Nedhal Al-Tamimi","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100578","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100578","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper aims to address the deficiency of facade daylighting design techniques that balanced daylight provision and multi-criteria daylighting requirements by incorporating the window and light-shelf as two independent variables applied to a case study under the tropic’s climate of Malaysia. The study suggests improvements in energy utilization and daylight provision by implementing various window and light-shelf arrangements. An assessment is conducted to determine the effectiveness of optimizing different light-shelf characteristics in conjunction with ideal window setups. Grasshopper and Rhinoceros are used to parametrically modelled the building and design variables of window and light-shelf. The selected design parameters are genetically optimized by the Octopus plugin using a multi-objective daylighting design that indicating if the zone satisfies the daylight need without uncomfortable glare and lower thermal energy performance. The method's originality and novelty lie in its revolutionary approach to optimisation through the integration of optimisation algorithms with statistically-based sensitivity analysis. The final selection of the optimal window value range with different light-shelf configurations in different window designs is based on the cases that meet multi-criteria daylighting requirements with high regression. Overall, the increase in performance by final optimal cases selected from multi-objective optimization compared to the base case achieved a slight decrease in thermal energy performance with an average between 1.67 % to 1.89 %, and enhanced daylight availability and visual comfort with an average between 2.56 % to 3.91 % and 100 % for glare.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100578"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145617662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100575
Adam Abdeljalil, Saffaj Nabil, Mamouni Rachid
Sludge is a substantial consequence of the reuse and recycling of wastewater using innovative technology, and while it must be disposed of, using sludge as a resource in the building sector is one of the most economically viable solutions. Given the enormous amount of this sort of trash produced by industrial sites throughout the world and the tendency toward fewer leftovers, several research have examined ways to valorize this product to reduce environmental degradation and ensure a sustainable approach to the environment.
The goal of this study is to maximize the usefulness of the wastewater treatment sludges used in the production of ceramic items by optimizing the values of the key process parameters using practical experience.
In this work, we used a real-world case study for a Moroccan industrial site that disposes of a lot of sludge to examine the chemical makeup and evolution of sludge over the course of a year.
The purpose of this study is to analyze the industrial sludge from the evaporation basins of the solar power plant, with a focus on recycling for the manufacture of red ceramic bricks.
Mixtures were created to assess the viability of turning these sludges into ceramics. by blending the muck with the indigenous potters' preferred sea clay. S1 (100 % sludge), S2 (100 % clay), S3 (50 % sludge and 50 % clay), S4 (25 % clay and 75 % sludge), and S5 (25 % sludge and 75 % clay) were the five mixes that were tested.
To determine the granulometric, mineralogical, and chemical composition of mixtures, analysis has been done. According to the findings, the mixture S3 (which contains 50 % mud and 50 % clay) with a mechanical resistance of 27 MPa. has the best plasticity for making ceramics.
{"title":"The design and assessment of environmentally friendly ceramic manufacturing processes employing sludge from processed industrial wastewater","authors":"Adam Abdeljalil, Saffaj Nabil, Mamouni Rachid","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100575","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100575","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sludge is a substantial consequence of the reuse and recycling of wastewater using innovative technology, and while it must be disposed of, using sludge as a resource in the building sector is one of the most economically viable solutions. Given the enormous amount of this sort of trash produced by industrial sites throughout the world and the tendency toward fewer leftovers, several research have examined ways to valorize this product to reduce environmental degradation and ensure a sustainable approach to the environment.</div><div>The goal of this study is to maximize the usefulness of the wastewater treatment sludges used in the production of ceramic items by optimizing the values of the key process parameters using practical experience.</div><div>In this work, we used a real-world case study for a Moroccan industrial site that disposes of a lot of sludge to examine the chemical makeup and evolution of sludge over the course of a year.</div><div>The purpose of this study is to analyze the industrial sludge from the evaporation basins of the solar power plant, with a focus on recycling for the manufacture of red ceramic bricks.</div><div>Mixtures were created to assess the viability of turning these sludges into ceramics. by blending the muck with the indigenous potters' preferred sea clay. S1 (100 % sludge), S2 (100 % clay), S3 (50 % sludge and 50 % clay), S4 (25 % clay and 75 % sludge), and S5 (25 % sludge and 75 % clay) were the five mixes that were tested.</div><div>To determine the granulometric, mineralogical, and chemical composition of mixtures, analysis has been done. According to the findings, the mixture S3 (which contains 50 % mud and 50 % clay) with a mechanical resistance of 27 MPa. has the best plasticity for making ceramics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100575"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145617665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100543
Hysen Bytyqi , Gamze Nur Mujdeci , Ecrin Ekici , Abdullah Bilal Ozturk , Evrim Celik Madenli , Gopalakrishnan Kumar
Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) constitutes approximately 90 % of the biomass of all plants on earth and is a highly promising green feedstock with the potential to be mass-produced industrially in the form of green bio-chemicals. Due to mounting climate change challenges and the depletion of fossil fuels, LCB has become a key priority in innovation hotspots aiming to lead the world toward a bio-based economy. Three predominant fractions of LCB—lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose—pose vast opportunities but also corresponding challenging tasks in utilization. The progress in pretreatment technology, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation has been such that the efficiency of conversion of LCB into biofuels, bioplastics, and value-added bio-chemicals such as ethanol, butanol, and organic acids is very high. High enzyme costs, lignin recalcitrance, and the production of inhibitory by-products are, however, problems that cannot be escaped. To this end, this review presents recent progress, current challenges, and prospects for future opportunities in the bio-chemical conversion of LCB with an emphasis on how it can contribute to achieving the world’s sustainability targets. This review also provides an overview of advances in technology, including the development of microbial strains using CRISPR/Cas9 and consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) for process integration. Future directions, such as lignin valorization to more valuable chemicals and the incorporation of artificial intelligence for optimization, are highlighted. Policy measures, such as the EU Renewable Energy Directive and carbon-pricing legislation that enable LCB applications, are reviewed. Notwithstanding advances on the spectacular front, economic and technical issues, i.e., product recovery and pretreatment, are hindering uptake to the commercial level. Despite the remarkable advances on the front, economic and technical issues, i.e., product recovery and pretreatment, are hindering commercial adaptation. With international backing and policy support, LCB bio-chemicals have the potential to propel an industrial revolution, reduce carbon emissions, and lead the global bio-economy. Overall, this review provides a synthesizing critique of the novel data, points out critical gaps, and offers pragmatic recommendations for industrialization and future research areas.
{"title":"Review of lignocellulosic bio-chemical production: Current challenges, advances, and future perspectives","authors":"Hysen Bytyqi , Gamze Nur Mujdeci , Ecrin Ekici , Abdullah Bilal Ozturk , Evrim Celik Madenli , Gopalakrishnan Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100543","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100543","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) constitutes approximately 90 % of the biomass of all plants on earth and is a highly promising green feedstock with the potential to be mass-produced industrially in the form of green bio-chemicals. Due to mounting climate change challenges and the depletion of fossil fuels, LCB has become a key priority in innovation hotspots aiming to lead the world toward a bio-based economy. Three predominant fractions of LCB—lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose—pose vast opportunities but also corresponding challenging tasks in utilization. The progress in pretreatment technology, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation has been such that the efficiency of conversion of LCB into biofuels, bioplastics, and value-added bio-chemicals such as ethanol, butanol, and organic acids is very high. High enzyme costs, lignin recalcitrance, and the production of inhibitory by-products are, however, problems that cannot be escaped. To this end, this review presents recent progress, current challenges, and prospects for future opportunities in the bio-chemical conversion of LCB with an emphasis on how it can contribute to achieving the world’s sustainability targets. This review also provides an overview of advances in technology, including the development of microbial strains using CRISPR/Cas9 and consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) for process integration. Future directions, such as lignin valorization to more valuable chemicals and the incorporation of artificial intelligence for optimization, are highlighted. Policy measures, such as the EU Renewable Energy Directive and carbon-pricing legislation that enable LCB applications, are reviewed. Notwithstanding advances on the spectacular front, economic and technical issues, i.e., product recovery and pretreatment, are hindering uptake to the commercial level. Despite the remarkable advances on the front, economic and technical issues, i.e., product recovery and pretreatment, are hindering commercial adaptation. With international backing and policy support, LCB bio-chemicals have the potential to propel an industrial revolution, reduce carbon emissions, and lead the global bio-economy. Overall, this review provides a synthesizing critique of the novel data, points out critical gaps, and offers pragmatic recommendations for industrialization and future research areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100543"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145618134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100571
Nuran Tapki
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the technical efficiency of greenhouse banana farms with respect to energy use, production costs, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A total of 255 farms were classified into three categories based on their adoption level of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). The mean technical efficiencies for the Poor-, Mid-, and High-Level farms were 69.70 %, 70.60 %, and 88.50 %, corresponding to inefficiencies of 30.30 %, 29.40 %, and 11.50 %, respectively. Total input energies were 95,692.50, 97,854.83, and 98,466.65 MJ ha⁻¹, while the respective output energies were 195,621.88, 210,071.71, and 239,017.85 MJ ha⁻¹. Consequently, energy use efficiencies were 2.04, 2.15, and 2.43, and energy productivities reached 0.69102, 0.72772, and 0.82285 MJ kg⁻¹. Marginal physical productivity (MPP) analysis indicated that labor constituted the dominant contributor to input energy across all farm categories. Renewable energy use was 46,742.05, 47,985.93, and 52,342.32 MJ ha⁻¹, whereas non-renewable energy use was 49,220.71, 49,868.90, and 46,124.33 MJ ha⁻¹ in Poor-, Mid-, and High-Level farms, respectively. Total GHG emissions per hectare were 48,988.67, 45,227.22, and 37,306.99 kg CO₂-eq, corresponding to 0.739, 0.635, and 0.460 kg CO₂-eq per kilogram of banana. Scenario analysis further revealed that achieving 100 % technical efficiency under GAP conditions would enable substantial resource and emission savings. Specifically, average input energy use and GHG emissions could be reduced by 23,914.2 MJ ha⁻¹ and 10,894.3 kg CO₂-eq ha⁻¹, respectively. This improvement would translate into an estimated cost saving of USD 4563.8 per hectare in input energy and an additional USD 10,746.9 per hectare in output energy revenue.
本研究的主要目的是评估温室香蕉农场在能源使用、生产成本和温室气体排放方面的技术效率。根据良好农业规范（GAP）的采用程度，共有255个农场被分为三类。贫困、中等和高级养殖场的平均技术效率分别为69.70 %、70.60 %和88.50 %，低效度分别为30.30 %、29.40 %和11.50 %。总输入能量为95,692.50,97,854.83和98,466.65 MJ ha⁻¹，而输出能量分别为195,621.88,210,071.71和239,017.85 MJ ha⁻¹。因此，能源利用效率分别为2.04、2.15和2.43，能源生产力分别为0.69102、0.72772和0.82285 MJ kg⁻¹。边际物理生产率（MPP）分析表明，劳动是所有农业类别投入能量的主要贡献者。可再生能源的使用分别为46,742.05、47,985.93和52,342.32 MJ ha⁻¹，而不可再生能源的使用分别为49,220.71、49,868.90和46,124.33 MJ ha⁻¹。每公顷温室气体总排放量分别为48,988.67,45,227.22和37,306.99 kg CO₂-eq，对应于每公斤香蕉的0.739,0.635和0.460 kg CO₂-eq。情景分析进一步表明，在GAP条件下达到100% %的技术效率将能够节省大量资源和排放。具体来说，平均投入的能源使用和温室气体排放可以分别减少23,914.2 MJ - ha⁻¹和10,894.3 kg CO₂-eq ha⁻¹。这一改进将转化为每公顷投入能源成本节省4563.8美元，每公顷产出能源收入增加10746.9美元。
{"title":"Comparison of the technical efficiency of greenhouse banana farms in terms of energy efficiency, costs and greenhouse gas emissions using Stochastic Frontier model in Turkey","authors":"Nuran Tapki","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100571","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the technical efficiency of greenhouse banana farms with respect to energy use, production costs, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A total of 255 farms were classified into three categories based on their adoption level of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). The mean technical efficiencies for the Poor-, Mid-, and High-Level farms were 69.70 %, 70.60 %, and 88.50 %, corresponding to inefficiencies of 30.30 %, 29.40 %, and 11.50 %, respectively. Total input energies were 95,692.50, 97,854.83, and 98,466.65 MJ ha⁻¹, while the respective output energies were 195,621.88, 210,071.71, and 239,017.85 MJ ha⁻¹. Consequently, energy use efficiencies were 2.04, 2.15, and 2.43, and energy productivities reached 0.69102, 0.72772, and 0.82285 MJ kg⁻¹. Marginal physical productivity (MPP) analysis indicated that labor constituted the dominant contributor to input energy across all farm categories. Renewable energy use was 46,742.05, 47,985.93, and 52,342.32 MJ ha⁻¹, whereas non-renewable energy use was 49,220.71, 49,868.90, and 46,124.33 MJ ha⁻¹ in Poor-, Mid-, and High-Level farms, respectively. Total GHG emissions per hectare were 48,988.67, 45,227.22, and 37,306.99 kg CO₂-eq, corresponding to 0.739, 0.635, and 0.460 kg CO₂-eq per kilogram of banana. Scenario analysis further revealed that achieving 100 % technical efficiency under GAP conditions would enable substantial resource and emission savings. Specifically, average input energy use and GHG emissions could be reduced by 23,914.2 MJ ha⁻¹ and 10,894.3 kg CO₂-eq ha⁻¹, respectively. This improvement would translate into an estimated cost saving of USD 4563.8 per hectare in input energy and an additional USD 10,746.9 per hectare in output energy revenue.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100571"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145618266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100601
Lydia Rachbauer , Deepika Awashti , Sara Tejedor-Sanz , Justin Panich , Neha Bansal , Diep N. Pham , Emili Toppari , Eric Sundstrom , Blake A. Simmons
Single-carbon (C1) substrates including carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and methane are abundantly available from natural and anthropogenic sources and present potential feedstocks for biomanufacturing. Utilizing these C1 gas feedstocks in bioprocesses for sustainable production of chemicals and fuels could prove pivotal in removing excess carbon from the atmosphere. This perspective describes the spectrum and sources of CO2, CO, and CH4 and examines emerging opportunities in microbial bioconversion and bioelectrochemical processes for these feedstocks. We discuss existing challenges in bioprocess development that currently restrict the commercialization of C1 biomanufacturing technologies. We detail different aerobic and anaerobic bioconversion approaches for C1 feedstocks employing pure and mixed cultures and examine the suitability of each scenario for producing specific molecules. Beyond strain engineering and bioprocess constraints, we address often overlooked factors that limit the development of efficient and reliable bioprocesses, including technology availability for research and safety considerations. We then discuss and recommend the necessary safety features and technological research tools for developing fast, safe, and efficient bioprocesses using gaseous feedstocks to support the scale-up and commercialization of C1 biomanufacturing technologies. This perspective provides an overview of the current scientific and industrial state of the art and offers insights into future technological needs that must be addressed to realize the potential of biomanufacturing from gaseous feedstocks.
Synopsis: C1 gases offer a sustainable feedstock for biomanufacturing of fuels and chemicals. This work analyzes bioconversion methods, challenges, and safety considerations, and emphasizes the need for improved technology to enable commercialization.
{"title":"Biomanufacturing from gaseous C1 feedstocks: A perspective on opportunities and challenges","authors":"Lydia Rachbauer , Deepika Awashti , Sara Tejedor-Sanz , Justin Panich , Neha Bansal , Diep N. Pham , Emili Toppari , Eric Sundstrom , Blake A. Simmons","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100601","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100601","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Single-carbon (C<sub>1</sub>) substrates including carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and methane are abundantly available from natural and anthropogenic sources and present potential feedstocks for biomanufacturing. Utilizing these C<sub>1</sub> gas feedstocks in bioprocesses for sustainable production of chemicals and fuels could prove pivotal in removing excess carbon from the atmosphere. This perspective describes the spectrum and sources of CO<sub>2</sub>, CO, and CH<sub>4</sub> and examines emerging opportunities in microbial bioconversion and bioelectrochemical processes for these feedstocks. We discuss existing challenges in bioprocess development that currently restrict the commercialization of C<sub>1</sub> biomanufacturing technologies. We detail different aerobic and anaerobic bioconversion approaches for C<sub>1</sub> feedstocks employing pure and mixed cultures and examine the suitability of each scenario for producing specific molecules. Beyond strain engineering and bioprocess constraints, we address often overlooked factors that limit the development of efficient and reliable bioprocesses, including technology availability for research and safety considerations. We then discuss and recommend the necessary safety features and technological research tools for developing fast, safe, and efficient bioprocesses using gaseous feedstocks to support the scale-up and commercialization of C<sub>1</sub> biomanufacturing technologies. This perspective provides an overview of the current scientific and industrial state of the art and offers insights into future technological needs that must be addressed to realize the potential of biomanufacturing from gaseous feedstocks.</div><div>Synopsis: C<sub>1</sub> gases offer a sustainable feedstock for biomanufacturing of fuels and chemicals. This work analyzes bioconversion methods, challenges, and safety considerations, and emphasizes the need for improved technology to enable commercialization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100601"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145684508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100593
Gabrijel Ondrasek , Marina Bubalo Kovačić , Marko Reljić , Danijela Školjarev , Sanja Stipičević , Iva Smoljo , René Matthies , Predrag Samardžija , Radovan Savić , Muhammad Shafiq Shahid , Jelena Horvatinec Isaković
Sewage sludge (SS), a by-product of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), requires diligent management to minimize environmental risks and protect public health; however, properly treated SS becomes a renewable resource, providing: i) a high-calorific fuel for energy, ii) essential nutrients for crops, and iii) rare metal(oid)s for various industries; thus contributing to a circular economy. In this study we assessed long-term monitoring data on the physicochemical properties of anaerobically digested SS from Croatia’s largest national WWTP in Zagreb. The key characteristics (heating value, dry matter, N, P, K, C content) of the examined SS meet the criteria for energy recovery and reuse in agriculture. Moreover, the most critical parameters; organic micro-pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides) and heavy metal(oid)s (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, Mo, As, and Co) were found to be within acceptable limits and compliant with the most stringent inter/national standards for the use of SS in agriculture, composting, organic fertilizers or soil amendments. Most of these indicators demonstrated stable or decreasing trends over time. However, the practical reuse of SS for agricultural application or energy recovery remains negligible at regional/national levels. This underutilization is largely driven by stringent regulatory requirements, limited infrastructure for thermal conversion, the scarcity of suitable agricultural land near WWTPs, and the prevalence of land-use restrictions. Our findings provide critical insights into SS quality trends, supporting evidence-based, region-specific strategies for its safe and sustainable reuse aligned with circular economy objectives.
{"title":"From hazardous waste to valuable resource: Trends in sewage sludge composition and reuse challenges at Croatia’s largest wastewater treatment plant","authors":"Gabrijel Ondrasek , Marina Bubalo Kovačić , Marko Reljić , Danijela Školjarev , Sanja Stipičević , Iva Smoljo , René Matthies , Predrag Samardžija , Radovan Savić , Muhammad Shafiq Shahid , Jelena Horvatinec Isaković","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100593","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100593","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sewage sludge (SS), a by-product of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), requires diligent management to minimize environmental risks and protect public health; however, properly treated SS becomes a renewable resource, providing: i) a high-calorific fuel for energy, ii) essential nutrients for crops, and iii) rare metal(oid)s for various industries; thus contributing to a circular economy. In this study we assessed long-term monitoring data on the physicochemical properties of anaerobically digested SS from Croatia’s largest national WWTP in Zagreb. The key characteristics (heating value, dry matter, N, P, K, C content) of the examined SS meet the criteria for energy recovery and reuse in agriculture. Moreover, the most critical parameters; organic micro-pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides) and heavy metal(oid)s (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, Mo, As, and Co) were found to be within acceptable limits and compliant with the most stringent inter/national standards for the use of SS in agriculture, composting, organic fertilizers or soil amendments. Most of these indicators demonstrated stable or decreasing trends over time. However, the practical reuse of SS for agricultural application or energy recovery remains negligible at regional/national levels. This underutilization is largely driven by stringent regulatory requirements, limited infrastructure for thermal conversion, the scarcity of suitable agricultural land near WWTPs, and the prevalence of land-use restrictions. Our findings provide critical insights into SS quality trends, supporting evidence-based, region-specific strategies for its safe and sustainable reuse aligned with circular economy objectives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100593"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145617696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plastic pollution has become one of the worldwide environmental challenges. In this study, the pyrolysis process of plastic waste, using three different recycled additives (spent fluid catalytic cracking, red mud, and fly ash), was evaluated at a semi-pilot scale, which could be a comprehensive method of using waste to deal with waste. Pyrolysis of 1 kg feedstock level at a semi-pilot scale was carried out in an independently developed rotary kiln reactor, and the characteristics of pyrolysis and oil products were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that even under low activity, the spent FCC additives (at 1:20 ratio) produced the highest quality, with a 6.3 % gasoline content increase over the sample without additives under stepwise heating to 500 °C and 1:20 mass ratios for additives. Techno-economic analysis in this study indicated that the specific low-cost additives had the potential to increase the economic value by around 10 % at semi-pilot scale. Furthermore, the spent FCC shortened the overall pyrolysis process and increased the rate, with the weight loss rate being 30 % higher than with red mud or fly ash. The spent FCC increased the liquid product yield slightly and reduced the residual rate of the kiln by 5.5 %, while both red mud and fly ash decreased the liquid product yield. Moreover, the oil product was subjected to Gas chromatography - Mass spectroscopy and simulated distillation to determine the distillation range and compound distribution. The pyrolysis process with red mud resulted in the largest proportion of alkanes and the highest aromatization degree of oil production among the three additives discussed in this study. This study provides a promising approach for the collaborative treatment of municipal waste and industrial waste, using plastic waste controlled by industrial recycled additives.
{"title":"Study on pyrolysis-derived oil from plastic waste using recycled additives under semi-pilot scale processes","authors":"Tianhao Chang , Huimin Feng , Ranran Fang , Fengfu Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100607","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100607","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plastic pollution has become one of the worldwide environmental challenges. In this study, the pyrolysis process of plastic waste, using three different recycled additives (spent fluid catalytic cracking, red mud, and fly ash), was evaluated at a semi-pilot scale, which could be a comprehensive method of using waste to deal with waste. Pyrolysis of 1 kg feedstock level at a semi-pilot scale was carried out in an independently developed rotary kiln reactor, and the characteristics of pyrolysis and oil products were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that even under low activity, the spent FCC additives (at 1:20 ratio) produced the highest quality, with a 6.3 % gasoline content increase over the sample without additives under stepwise heating to 500 °C and 1:20 mass ratios for additives. Techno-economic analysis in this study indicated that the specific low-cost additives had the potential to increase the economic value by around 10 % at semi-pilot scale. Furthermore, the spent FCC shortened the overall pyrolysis process and increased the rate, with the weight loss rate being 30 % higher than with red mud or fly ash. The spent FCC increased the liquid product yield slightly and reduced the residual rate of the kiln by 5.5 %, while both red mud and fly ash decreased the liquid product yield. Moreover, the oil product was subjected to Gas chromatography - Mass spectroscopy and simulated distillation to determine the distillation range and compound distribution. The pyrolysis process with red mud resulted in the largest proportion of alkanes and the highest aromatization degree of oil production among the three additives discussed in this study. This study provides a promising approach for the collaborative treatment of municipal waste and industrial waste, using plastic waste controlled by industrial recycled additives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100607"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145618269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100584
Hongtao Zhang , Aman Al khatib , Khadije El Kadi , Isam Janajreh
Salt entrapment remains a major challenge in freeze desalination, and understanding ion migration during freezing is essential for improving salt rejection. However, this phenomenon has not been sufficiently studied. In this work, bottom-to-top directional freezing of synthetic seawater was conducted at three temperatures (−15 °C, −20 °C, and −35 °C) to investigate ion trapping in ice. Ion concentrations were measured in ice layers corresponding to crystallinity levels from 0 % to 100 %. Results show that higher freezing temperatures (−15 °C) with slower cooling rates enhance desalination efficiency by promoting ion exclusion and reducing salt incorporation into ice. The salinity–crystallinity relationship follows an exponential trend, indicating efficient separation during early ice formation. In contrast, lower freezing temperatures (−35 °C) lead to rapid crystallization and uniform ion trapping, producing a logarithmic trend in salinity–crystallinity and reducing overall salt rejection. At −15 °C, Na⁺ exhibited significantly higher rejection than Cl⁻, but this difference diminishes at lower temperatures due to limited ion mobility and insufficient diffusion time. Ion-specific rejection efficiencies at −15 °C follow the sequence Cl⁻ < Na⁺ < SO₄²⁻ < K⁺ < Ca²⁺ < Mg²⁺, with Mg²⁺ showing the highest exclusion due to its strong hydration. Complementary molecular dynamics (MD) simulations quantified ion-specific hydration energies and revealed pronounced Na⁺–SO₄²⁻ ion pairing in multicomponent brine, explaining the enhanced Na⁺ exclusion observed experimentally. This work provides new insights into temperature-dependent ion behavior and highlights the role of hydration energetics in freeze desalination. The findings support the use of dynamic temperature control and molecular-level understanding to improve desalination efficiency and ice purity in sustainable water treatment systems.
{"title":"Selective ion migration in seawater freeze desalination under varying freezing conditions","authors":"Hongtao Zhang , Aman Al khatib , Khadije El Kadi , Isam Janajreh","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Salt entrapment remains a major challenge in freeze desalination, and understanding ion migration during freezing is essential for improving salt rejection. However, this phenomenon has not been sufficiently studied. In this work, bottom-to-top directional freezing of synthetic seawater was conducted at three temperatures (−15 °C, −20 °C, and −35 °C) to investigate ion trapping in ice. Ion concentrations were measured in ice layers corresponding to crystallinity levels from 0 % to 100 %. Results show that higher freezing temperatures (−15 °C) with slower cooling rates enhance desalination efficiency by promoting ion exclusion and reducing salt incorporation into ice. The salinity–crystallinity relationship follows an exponential trend, indicating efficient separation during early ice formation. In contrast, lower freezing temperatures (−35 °C) lead to rapid crystallization and uniform ion trapping, producing a logarithmic trend in salinity–crystallinity and reducing overall salt rejection. At −15 °C, Na⁺ exhibited significantly higher rejection than Cl⁻, but this difference diminishes at lower temperatures due to limited ion mobility and insufficient diffusion time. Ion-specific rejection efficiencies at −15 °C follow the sequence Cl⁻ < Na⁺ < SO₄²⁻ < <em>K</em>⁺ < Ca²⁺ < Mg²⁺, with Mg²⁺ showing the highest exclusion due to its strong hydration. Complementary molecular dynamics (MD) simulations quantified ion-specific hydration energies and revealed pronounced Na⁺–SO₄²⁻ ion pairing in multicomponent brine, explaining the enhanced Na⁺ exclusion observed experimentally. This work provides new insights into temperature-dependent ion behavior and highlights the role of hydration energetics in freeze desalination. The findings support the use of dynamic temperature control and molecular-level understanding to improve desalination efficiency and ice purity in sustainable water treatment systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100584"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145618271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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