Pub Date : 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad88a2
Igor Carrara, Bruno Aristimunha, Marie-Constance Corsi, Raphael Yokoingawa de Camargo, Sylvain Chevallier, Theodore Papadopoulo
textbf{Objective:}
The integration of Deep Learning (DL) algorithms on brain signal analysis is still in its nascent stages compared to their success in fields like Computer Vision. This is particularly true for BCI, where the brain activity is decoded to control external devices without requiring muscle control.
Electroencephalography (EEG) is a widely adopted choice for designing BCI systems due to its non-invasive and cost-effective nature and excellent temporal resolution. Still, it comes at the expense of limited training data, poor signal-to-noise, and a large variability across and within-subject recordings.
Finally, setting up a BCI system with many electrodes takes a long time, hindering the widespread adoption of reliable DL architectures in BCIs outside research laboratories. To improve adoption, we need to improve user comfort using, for instance, reliable algorithms that operate with few electrodes.
textbf{Approach:} Our research aims to develop a DL algorithm that delivers effective results with a limited number of electrodes. Taking advantage of the Augmented Covariance Method and the framework of SPDNet, we propose the method{} architecture and analyze its performance and the interpretability of the results. The evaluation is conducted on 5-fold cross-validation, using only three electrodes positioned above the Motor Cortex. The methodology was tested on nearly 100 subjects from several open-source datasets using the Mother Of All BCI Benchmark (MOABB) framework.
textbf{Main results:} The results of our method{} demonstrate that the augmented approach combined with the SPDNet significantly outperforms all the current state-of-the-art DL architecture in MI decoding.
textbf{Significance:} This new architecture is explainable and with a low number of trainable parameters.
textbf{Objective:}
与计算机视觉等领域的成功相比,深度学习(DL)算法与大脑信号分析的整合仍处于初级阶段。这一点在生物识别(BCI)领域尤为明显,在该领域,大脑活动被解码,从而无需肌肉控制即可控制外部设备。
脑电图(EEG)因其非侵入性、成本效益高以及出色的时间分辨率而被广泛用于设计生物识别(BCI)系统。然而,它的代价是训练数据有限、信噪比差、受试者之间和受试者内部记录差异大。最后,用许多电极建立一个 BCI 系统需要很长时间,这阻碍了可靠的 DL 架构在研究实验室以外的 BCIs 中的广泛应用。为了提高采用率,我们需要提高用户的舒适度,例如使用只需少量电极即可运行的可靠算法。我们的研究旨在开发一种DL算法,该算法能在电极数量有限的情况下提供有效的结果。利用增强协方差法和 SPDNet 框架的优势,我们提出了 method{} 架构,并分析了其性能和结果的可解释性。评估是在 5 倍交叉验证的基础上进行的,只使用了位于运动皮层上方的三个电极。该方法使用MOABB(Mother Of All BCI Benchmark)框架在多个开源数据集的近100名受试者身上进行了测试。我们的方法{}的结果表明,结合 SPDNet 的增强方法在 MI 解码方面明显优于当前所有最先进的 DL 架构。这种新架构是可解释的,而且可训练的参数数量较少。
{"title":"Geometric neural network based on phase space for BCI-EEG decoding.","authors":"Igor Carrara, Bruno Aristimunha, Marie-Constance Corsi, Raphael Yokoingawa de Camargo, Sylvain Chevallier, Theodore Papadopoulo","doi":"10.1088/1741-2552/ad88a2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ad88a2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>textbf{Objective:} 
The integration of Deep Learning (DL) algorithms on brain signal analysis is still in its nascent stages compared to their success in fields like Computer Vision. This is particularly true for BCI, where the brain activity is decoded to control external devices without requiring muscle control.
Electroencephalography (EEG) is a widely adopted choice for designing BCI systems due to its non-invasive and cost-effective nature and excellent temporal resolution. Still, it comes at the expense of limited training data, poor signal-to-noise, and a large variability across and within-subject recordings. 
Finally, setting up a BCI system with many electrodes takes a long time, hindering the widespread adoption of reliable DL architectures in BCIs outside research laboratories. To improve adoption, we need to improve user comfort using, for instance, reliable algorithms that operate with few electrodes. 
textbf{Approach:} Our research aims to develop a DL algorithm that delivers effective results with a limited number of electrodes. Taking advantage of the Augmented Covariance Method and the framework of SPDNet, we propose the method{} architecture and analyze its performance and the interpretability of the results. The evaluation is conducted on 5-fold cross-validation, using only three electrodes positioned above the Motor Cortex. The methodology was tested on nearly 100 subjects from several open-source datasets using the Mother Of All BCI Benchmark (MOABB) framework. 
textbf{Main results:} The results of our method{} demonstrate that the augmented approach combined with the SPDNet significantly outperforms all the current state-of-the-art DL architecture in MI decoding. 
textbf{Significance:} This new architecture is explainable and with a low number of trainable parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":94096,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neural engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142484310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad88a5
Xiaoqing Chen, Siyang Li, Yunlu Tu, Ziwei Wang, Dongrui Wu
Objective: An electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) is a direct communication pathway between the human brain and a computer. Most research so far studied more accurate BCIs, but much less attention has been paid to the ethics of BCIs. Aside from task-specific information, EEG signals also contain rich private information, e.g., user identity, emotion, disorders, etc., which should be protected.
Approach: We show for the first time that adding user-wise perturbations can make identity information in EEG unlearnable. We propose four types of user-wise privacy-preserving perturbations, i.e., random noise, synthetic noise, error minimization noise, and error maximization noise. After adding the proposed perturbations to EEG training data, the user identity information in the data becomes unlearnable, while the BCI task information remains unaffected.
Main results: Experiments on six EEG datasets using three neural network classifiers and various traditional machine learning models demonstrated the robustness and practicability of the proposed perturbations.
Significance: Our research shows the feasibility of hiding user identity information in EEG data without impacting the primary BCI task information.
{"title":"User-wise perturbations for user identity protection in EEG-based BCIs.","authors":"Xiaoqing Chen, Siyang Li, Yunlu Tu, Ziwei Wang, Dongrui Wu","doi":"10.1088/1741-2552/ad88a5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ad88a5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>An electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) is a direct communication pathway between the human brain and a computer. Most research so far studied more accurate BCIs, but much less attention has been paid to the ethics of BCIs. Aside from task-specific information, EEG signals also contain rich private information, e.g., user identity, emotion, disorders, etc., which should be protected.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>We show for the first time that adding user-wise perturbations can make identity information in EEG unlearnable. We propose four types of user-wise privacy-preserving perturbations, i.e., random noise, synthetic noise, error minimization noise, and error maximization noise. After adding the proposed perturbations to EEG training data, the user identity information in the data becomes unlearnable, while the BCI task information remains unaffected.</p><p><strong>Main results: </strong>Experiments on six EEG datasets using three neural network classifiers and various traditional machine learning models demonstrated the robustness and practicability of the proposed perturbations.</p><p><strong>Significance: </strong>Our research shows the feasibility of hiding user identity information in EEG data without impacting the primary BCI task information.</p>","PeriodicalId":94096,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neural engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142484381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-17DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad8838
Valeria de Seta, Emma Colamarino, Floriana Pichiorri, Giulia Savina, Francesca Patarini, Angela Riccio, Febo Cincotti, Donatella Mattia, Jlenia Toppi
Objective: Brain-Computer Interfaces targeting post-stroke recovery of the upper limb employ mainly electroencephalography to decode movement-related brain activation. Recently hybrid systems including muscular activity were introduced. We compared the motor task discrimination abilities of three different features, namely event-related desynchronization/synchronization (ERD/ERS) and movement-related cortical potential (MRCP) as brain-derived features and cortico-muscular coherence (CMC) as a hybrid brain-muscle derived feature, elicited in 13 healthy subjects and 13 stroke patients during the execution/attempt of two simple hand motor tasks (finger extension and grasping) commonly employed in upper limb rehabilitation protocols.
Approach. We employed a three-way statistical design to investigate whether their ability to discriminate the two movements follows a specific temporal evolution along the movement execution and is eventually different among the three features and between the two groups. We also investigated the differences in performance at the single-subject level.
Main results. The ERD/ERS and the CMC-based classification showed similar temporal evolutions of the performance with a significant increase in accuracy during the execution phase while MRCP-based accuracy peaked at movement onset. Such temporal dynamics were similar but slower in stroke patients when the movements were attempted with the affected hand. Moreover, CMC outperformed the two brain features in healthy subjects and stroke patients when performing the task with their unaffected hand, whereas a higher variability across subjects was observed in patients performing the tasks with their affected hand. Interestingly, brain features performed better in this latter condition with respect to healthy subjects.
Significance. Our results provide hints to improve the design of Brain-Computer Interfaces for post-stroke rehabilitation, emphasizing the need for personalized approaches tailored to patients' characteristics and to the intended rehabilitative target.
{"title":"Brain and Muscle derived features to discriminate simple hand motor tasks for a rehabilitative BCI: comparative study on healthy and post-stroke individuals.","authors":"Valeria de Seta, Emma Colamarino, Floriana Pichiorri, Giulia Savina, Francesca Patarini, Angela Riccio, Febo Cincotti, Donatella Mattia, Jlenia Toppi","doi":"10.1088/1741-2552/ad8838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ad8838","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Brain-Computer Interfaces targeting post-stroke recovery of the upper limb employ mainly electroencephalography to decode movement-related brain activation. Recently hybrid systems including muscular activity were introduced. We compared the motor task discrimination abilities of three different features, namely event-related desynchronization/synchronization (ERD/ERS) and movement-related cortical potential (MRCP) as brain-derived features and cortico-muscular coherence (CMC) as a hybrid brain-muscle derived feature, elicited in 13 healthy subjects and 13 stroke patients during the execution/attempt of two simple hand motor tasks (finger extension and grasping) commonly employed in upper limb rehabilitation protocols. 
Approach. We employed a three-way statistical design to investigate whether their ability to discriminate the two movements follows a specific temporal evolution along the movement execution and is eventually different among the three features and between the two groups. We also investigated the differences in performance at the single-subject level.
Main results. The ERD/ERS and the CMC-based classification showed similar temporal evolutions of the performance with a significant increase in accuracy during the execution phase while MRCP-based accuracy peaked at movement onset. Such temporal dynamics were similar but slower in stroke patients when the movements were attempted with the affected hand. Moreover, CMC outperformed the two brain features in healthy subjects and stroke patients when performing the task with their unaffected hand, whereas a higher variability across subjects was observed in patients performing the tasks with their affected hand. Interestingly, brain features performed better in this latter condition with respect to healthy subjects. 
Significance. Our results provide hints to improve the design of Brain-Computer Interfaces for post-stroke rehabilitation, emphasizing the need for personalized approaches tailored to patients' characteristics and to the intended rehabilitative target.</p>","PeriodicalId":94096,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neural engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142484308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-16DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad7f8a
Fatemeh Sadeghi, Mariia Popova, Francisco Páscoa Dos Santos, Simone Zittel, Claus C Hilgetag
Background. Tremor is a cardinal symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) that manifests itself through complex oscillatory activity across multiple neuronal populations. According to the finger-dimmer-switch (FDS) theory, tremor is triggered by transient pathological activity in the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical (BTC) network (the finger) and transitions into an oscillatory form within the inner circuitry of the thalamus (the switch). The cerebello-thalamo-cortical (CTC) network (the dimmer) is then involved in sustaining and amplifying tremor amplitude. In this study, we aimed to investigate the generation and progression dynamics of PD tremor oscillations by developing a comprehensive and interacting FDS model that transitions sequentially from healthy to PD to tremor and then to tremor-off state.Methods.We constructed a computational model consisting of 700 neurons in 11 regions of BTC, CTC, and thalamic networks. Transition from healthy to PD state was simulated through modulating dopaminergic synaptic connections; and further from PD to tremor and tremor-off by modulating projections between the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), anterior ventrolateral nucleus (VLa), and posterior ventrolateral nucleus (VLp).Results.Sustained oscillations in the frequency range of PD tremor emerged in thalamic VLp (5 Hz) and cerebellar dentate nucleus (3 Hz). Increasing self-inhibition in the thalamus through dopaminergic modulation significantly decreased tremor amplitude.Conclusion/Significance.Our results confirm the mechanistic power of the FDS theory in describing the PD tremor phenomenon and emphasize the role of dopaminergic modulation on thalamic self-inhibition. These insights pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing the tremor by strengthening thalamic self-inhibition, particularly in dopamine-resistant patients.
{"title":"A multi-network model of Parkinson's disease tremor: exploring the finger-dimmer-switch theory and role of dopamine in thalamic self-inhibition.","authors":"Fatemeh Sadeghi, Mariia Popova, Francisco Páscoa Dos Santos, Simone Zittel, Claus C Hilgetag","doi":"10.1088/1741-2552/ad7f8a","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1741-2552/ad7f8a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Background</i>. Tremor is a cardinal symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) that manifests itself through complex oscillatory activity across multiple neuronal populations. According to the finger-dimmer-switch (FDS) theory, tremor is triggered by transient pathological activity in the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical (BTC) network (the finger) and transitions into an oscillatory form within the inner circuitry of the thalamus (the switch). The cerebello-thalamo-cortical (CTC) network (the dimmer) is then involved in sustaining and amplifying tremor amplitude. In this study, we aimed to investigate the generation and progression dynamics of PD tremor oscillations by developing a comprehensive and interacting FDS model that transitions sequentially from healthy to PD to tremor and then to tremor-off state.<i>Methods.</i>We constructed a computational model consisting of 700 neurons in 11 regions of BTC, CTC, and thalamic networks. Transition from healthy to PD state was simulated through modulating dopaminergic synaptic connections; and further from PD to tremor and tremor-off by modulating projections between the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), anterior ventrolateral nucleus (VLa), and posterior ventrolateral nucleus (VLp).<i>Results.</i>Sustained oscillations in the frequency range of PD tremor emerged in thalamic VLp (5 Hz) and cerebellar dentate nucleus (3 Hz). Increasing self-inhibition in the thalamus through dopaminergic modulation significantly decreased tremor amplitude.<i>Conclusion/Significance.</i>Our results confirm the mechanistic power of the FDS theory in describing the PD tremor phenomenon and emphasize the role of dopaminergic modulation on thalamic self-inhibition. These insights pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing the tremor by strengthening thalamic self-inhibition, particularly in dopamine-resistant patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":94096,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neural engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142335319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-15DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad8031
Andreas Erbslöh, Leo Buron, Zia Ur-Rehman, Simon Musall, Camilla Hrycak, Philipp Löhler, Christian Klaes, Karsten Seidl, Gregor Schiele
Modern brain-computer interfaces and neural implants allow interaction between the tissue, the user and the environment, where people suffer from neurodegenerative diseases or injuries.This interaction can be achieved by using penetrating/invasive microelectrodes for extracellular recordings and stimulation, such as Utah or Michigan arrays. The application-specific signal processing of the extracellular recording enables the detection of interactions and enables user interaction. For example, it allows to read out movement intentions from recordings of brain signals for controlling a prosthesis or an exoskeleton. To enable this, computationally complex algorithms are used in research that cannot be executed on-chip or on embedded systems. Therefore, an optimization of the end-to-end processing pipeline, from the signal condition on the electrode array over the analog pre-processing to spike-sorting and finally the neural decoding process, is necessary for hardware inference in order to enable a local signal processing in real-time and to enable a compact system for achieving a high comfort level. This paper presents a survey of system architectures and algorithms for end-to-end signal processing pipelines of neural activity on the hardware of such neural devices, including (i) on-chip signal pre-processing, (ii) spike-sorting on-chip or on embedded hardware and (iii) neural decoding on workstations. A particular focus for the hardware implementation is on low-power electronic design and artifact-robust algorithms with low computational effort and very short latency. For this, current challenges and possible solutions with support of novel machine learning techniques are presented in brief. In addition, we describe our future vision for next-generation BCIs.
{"title":"Technical survey of end-to-end signal processing in BCIs using invasive MEAs.","authors":"Andreas Erbslöh, Leo Buron, Zia Ur-Rehman, Simon Musall, Camilla Hrycak, Philipp Löhler, Christian Klaes, Karsten Seidl, Gregor Schiele","doi":"10.1088/1741-2552/ad8031","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1741-2552/ad8031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Modern brain-computer interfaces and neural implants allow interaction between the tissue, the user and the environment, where people suffer from neurodegenerative diseases or injuries.This interaction can be achieved by using penetrating/invasive microelectrodes for extracellular recordings and stimulation, such as Utah or Michigan arrays. The application-specific signal processing of the extracellular recording enables the detection of interactions and enables user interaction. For example, it allows to read out movement intentions from recordings of brain signals for controlling a prosthesis or an exoskeleton. To enable this, computationally complex algorithms are used in research that cannot be executed on-chip or on embedded systems. Therefore, an optimization of the end-to-end processing pipeline, from the signal condition on the electrode array over the analog pre-processing to spike-sorting and finally the neural decoding process, is necessary for hardware inference in order to enable a local signal processing in real-time and to enable a compact system for achieving a high comfort level. This paper presents a survey of system architectures and algorithms for end-to-end signal processing pipelines of neural activity on the hardware of such neural devices, including (i) on-chip signal pre-processing, (ii) spike-sorting on-chip or on embedded hardware and (iii) neural decoding on workstations. A particular focus for the hardware implementation is on low-power electronic design and artifact-robust algorithms with low computational effort and very short latency. For this, current challenges and possible solutions with support of novel machine learning techniques are presented in brief. In addition, we describe our future vision for next-generation BCIs.</p>","PeriodicalId":94096,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neural engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142335338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-15DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad7760
Juhi Farooqui, Ameya C Nanivadekar, Marco Capogrosso, Scott F Lempka, Lee E Fisher
Objective.For prosthesis users, sensory feedback that appears to come from the missing limb can improve function, confidence, and phantom limb pain. Numerous pre-clinical studies have considered stimulation via penetrating microelectrodes at the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) as a potential approach for somatosensory neuroprostheses. However, to develop clinically translatable neuroprosthetic devices, a less invasive approach, such as stimulation via epineural macroelectrodes, would be preferable. This work explores the feasibility of using such electrodes to deliver focal sensory feedback by examining the mechanisms of selective activation in response to stimulation via epineural electrodes compared with penetrating electrodes.Approach.We developed computational models of the DRG, representing the biophysical properties of the DRG and surrounding tissue to evaluate neural responses to stimulation via penetrating microelectrodes and epineural macroelectrodes. To assess the role of properties such as neuron morphology and spatial arrangement we designed three models, including one that contained only axons (axon only), one with pseudounipolar neurons arranged randomly (random), and one with pseudounipolar neurons placed according to a realistic spatial distribution (realistic).Main results.Our models demonstrate that activation in response to stimulation via epineural electrodes in a realistic model is commonly initiated in the axon initial segment adjacent to the cell body, whereas penetrating electrodes commonly elicit responses in t-junctions and axons. Moreover, we see a wider dynamic range for epineural electrodes compared with penetrating electrodes. This difference appears to be driven by the spatial organization and neuron morphology of the realistic DRG.Significance.We demonstrate that the anatomical features of the DRG make it a potentially effective target for epineural stimulation to deliver focal sensations from the limbs. Specifically, we show that epineural stimulation at the DRG can be highly selective thanks to the neuroanatomical arrangement of the DRG, making this a promising approach for future neuroprosthetic development.
{"title":"The effects of neuron morphology and spatial distribution on the selectivity of dorsal root ganglion stimulation.","authors":"Juhi Farooqui, Ameya C Nanivadekar, Marco Capogrosso, Scott F Lempka, Lee E Fisher","doi":"10.1088/1741-2552/ad7760","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1741-2552/ad7760","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Objective.</i>For prosthesis users, sensory feedback that appears to come from the missing limb can improve function, confidence, and phantom limb pain. Numerous pre-clinical studies have considered stimulation via penetrating microelectrodes at the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) as a potential approach for somatosensory neuroprostheses. However, to develop clinically translatable neuroprosthetic devices, a less invasive approach, such as stimulation via epineural macroelectrodes, would be preferable. This work explores the feasibility of using such electrodes to deliver focal sensory feedback by examining the mechanisms of selective activation in response to stimulation via epineural electrodes compared with penetrating electrodes.<i>Approach.</i>We developed computational models of the DRG, representing the biophysical properties of the DRG and surrounding tissue to evaluate neural responses to stimulation via penetrating microelectrodes and epineural macroelectrodes. To assess the role of properties such as neuron morphology and spatial arrangement we designed three models, including one that contained only axons (axon only), one with pseudounipolar neurons arranged randomly (random), and one with pseudounipolar neurons placed according to a realistic spatial distribution (realistic).<i>Main results.</i>Our models demonstrate that activation in response to stimulation via epineural electrodes in a realistic model is commonly initiated in the axon initial segment adjacent to the cell body, whereas penetrating electrodes commonly elicit responses in t-junctions and axons. Moreover, we see a wider dynamic range for epineural electrodes compared with penetrating electrodes. This difference appears to be driven by the spatial organization and neuron morphology of the realistic DRG.<i>Significance.</i>We demonstrate that the anatomical features of the DRG make it a potentially effective target for epineural stimulation to deliver focal sensations from the limbs. Specifically, we show that epineural stimulation at the DRG can be highly selective thanks to the neuroanatomical arrangement of the DRG, making this a promising approach for future neuroprosthetic development.</p>","PeriodicalId":94096,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neural engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11475779/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142134934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-15DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad8032
Asaf Harel, Oren Shriki
Objective.Attention is a multifaceted cognitive process, with nonlinear dynamics playing a crucial role. We investigated the involvement of nonlinear processes in top-down visual attention.Approach.The research paradigm employed a contrast-modulated sequence of letters and numerals, encircled by a consistently flickering white square on a black background-a setup that generated steady-state visually evoked potentials. Nonlinear processes are recognized for eliciting and modulating the harmonics of constant frequencies. Using the rhythmic entrainment source separation technique, we examined the fundamental and harmonic frequencies of each stimulus to evaluate the underlying nonlinear dynamics during stimulus processing.Main results.In line with prior research, our findings indicate that the power spectrum density of electroencephalogram responses is influenced by both task presence and stimulus contrast. We discovered that actively searching for a target within a letter stream heightened the amplitude of the fundamental frequency and harmonics related to the background flickering stimulus. While the fundamental frequency amplitude remained unaffected by the stimulus contrast, a lower contrast led to an increase in the second harmonic's amplitude. We assessed the relationship between the contrast response function and the nonlinear-based harmonic responses.Significance.Our findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the nonlinear processes impacting top-down visual attention.
{"title":"Task-guided attention increases non-linearity of steady-state visually evoked potentials.","authors":"Asaf Harel, Oren Shriki","doi":"10.1088/1741-2552/ad8032","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1741-2552/ad8032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Objective.</i>Attention is a multifaceted cognitive process, with nonlinear dynamics playing a crucial role. We investigated the involvement of nonlinear processes in top-down visual attention.<i>Approach.</i>The research paradigm employed a contrast-modulated sequence of letters and numerals, encircled by a consistently flickering white square on a black background-a setup that generated steady-state visually evoked potentials. Nonlinear processes are recognized for eliciting and modulating the harmonics of constant frequencies. Using the rhythmic entrainment source separation technique, we examined the fundamental and harmonic frequencies of each stimulus to evaluate the underlying nonlinear dynamics during stimulus processing.<i>Main results.</i>In line with prior research, our findings indicate that the power spectrum density of electroencephalogram responses is influenced by both task presence and stimulus contrast. We discovered that actively searching for a target within a letter stream heightened the amplitude of the fundamental frequency and harmonics related to the background flickering stimulus. While the fundamental frequency amplitude remained unaffected by the stimulus contrast, a lower contrast led to an increase in the second harmonic's amplitude. We assessed the relationship between the contrast response function and the nonlinear-based harmonic responses.<i>Significance.</i>Our findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the nonlinear processes impacting top-down visual attention.</p>","PeriodicalId":94096,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neural engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142335337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-11DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad7f8e
Muhammad Arif, Faizan Ur Rehman, Lukas Sekanina, Aamir Saeed Malik
Electroencephalography (EEG) has emerged as a primary non-invasive and mobile modality for understanding the complex workings of the human brain, providing invaluable insights into cognitive processes, neurological disorders, and brain-computer interfaces. Nevertheless, the volume of EEG data, the presence of artifacts, the selection of optimal channels, and the need for feature extraction from EEG data present considerable challenges in achieving meaningful and distinguishing outcomes for machine learning algorithms utilized to process EEG data. Consequently, the demand for sophisticated optimization techniques has become imperative to overcome these hurdles effectively. Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) and other nature-inspired metaheuristics have been applied as powerful design and optimization tools in recent years, showcasing their significance in addressing various design and optimization problems relevant to brain EEG-based applications. This paper presents a comprehensive survey highlighting the importance of EAs and other metaheuristics in EEG-based applications. The survey is organized according to the main areas where EAs have been applied, namely artifact mitigation, channel selection, feature extraction, feature selection, and signal classification. Finally, the current challenges and future aspects of EAs in the context of EEG-based applications are discussed.
脑电图(EEG)已成为了解人类大脑复杂运作的主要非侵入性移动模式,为认知过程、神经疾病和脑机接口(BCI)提供了宝贵的见解。然而,脑电图数据量大、存在伪影、需要选择最佳通道以及需要从脑电图数据中提取特征,这些都给用于处理脑电图数据的机器学习算法带来了巨大挑战,使其难以获得有意义和有区别的结果。因此,为了有效克服这些障碍,对复杂优化技术的需求已变得势在必行。近年来,进化算法(EAs)和其他受自然启发的元启发式算法已被用作强大的设计和优化工具,在解决与基于脑 EEG 的应用相关的各种设计和优化问题方面展示了其重要意义。本文全面介绍了 EA 和其他元启发式算法在基于脑电图的应用中的重要性。调查按照 EAs 已应用的主要领域进行组织,即伪影缓解、通道选择、特征提取、特征选择和信号分类。最后,讨论了基于脑电图的应用中 EAs 目前面临的挑战和未来的发展方向。
{"title":"A comprehensive survey of evolutionary algorithms and metaheuristics in brain EEG-based applications.","authors":"Muhammad Arif, Faizan Ur Rehman, Lukas Sekanina, Aamir Saeed Malik","doi":"10.1088/1741-2552/ad7f8e","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1741-2552/ad7f8e","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Electroencephalography (EEG) has emerged as a primary non-invasive and mobile modality for understanding the complex workings of the human brain, providing invaluable insights into cognitive processes, neurological disorders, and brain-computer interfaces. Nevertheless, the volume of EEG data, the presence of artifacts, the selection of optimal channels, and the need for feature extraction from EEG data present considerable challenges in achieving meaningful and distinguishing outcomes for machine learning algorithms utilized to process EEG data. Consequently, the demand for sophisticated optimization techniques has become imperative to overcome these hurdles effectively. Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) and other nature-inspired metaheuristics have been applied as powerful design and optimization tools in recent years, showcasing their significance in addressing various design and optimization problems relevant to brain EEG-based applications. This paper presents a comprehensive survey highlighting the importance of EAs and other metaheuristics in EEG-based applications. The survey is organized according to the main areas where EAs have been applied, namely artifact mitigation, channel selection, feature extraction, feature selection, and signal classification. Finally, the current challenges and future aspects of EAs in the context of EEG-based applications are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":94096,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neural engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142335318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad7f88
Claire Dussard, Léa Pillette, Cassandra Dumas, Emeline Pierrieau, Laurent Hugueville, Brian Lau, Camille Jeunet-Kelway, Nathalie George
Objective.Neurofeedback (NF) is a cognitive training procedure based on real-time feedback (FB) of a participant's brain activity that they must learn to self-regulate. A classical visual FB delivered in a NF task is a filling gauge reflecting a measure of brain activity. This abstract visual FB is not transparently linked-from the subject's perspective-to the task performed (e.g., motor imagery (MI)). This may decrease the sense of agency, that is, the participants' reported control over FB. Here, we assessed the influence of FB transparency on NF performance and the role of agency in this relationship.Approach.Participants performed a NF task using MI to regulate brain activity measured using electroencephalography. In separate blocks, participants experienced three different conditions designed to vary transparency: FB was presented as either (1) a swinging pendulum, (2) a clenching virtual hand, (3) a clenching virtual hand combined with a motor illusion induced by tendon vibration. We measured self-reported agency and user experience after each NF block.Main results. We found that FB transparency influences NF performance. Transparent visual FB provided by the virtual hand resulted in significantly better NF performance than the abstract FB of the pendulum. Surprisingly, adding a motor illusion to the virtual hand significantly decreased performance relative to the virtual hand alone. When introduced in incremental linear mixed effect models, self-reported agency was significantly associated with NF performance and it captured the variance related to the effect of FB transparency on NF performance.Significance. Our results highlight the relevance of transparent FB in relation to the sense of agency. This is likely an important consideration in designing FB to improve NF performance and learning outcomes.
{"title":"Influence of feedback transparency on motor imagery neurofeedback performance: the contribution of agency.","authors":"Claire Dussard, Léa Pillette, Cassandra Dumas, Emeline Pierrieau, Laurent Hugueville, Brian Lau, Camille Jeunet-Kelway, Nathalie George","doi":"10.1088/1741-2552/ad7f88","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1741-2552/ad7f88","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Objective.</i>Neurofeedback (NF) is a cognitive training procedure based on real-time feedback (FB) of a participant's brain activity that they must learn to self-regulate. A classical visual FB delivered in a NF task is a filling gauge reflecting a measure of brain activity. This abstract visual FB is not transparently linked-from the subject's perspective-to the task performed (e.g., motor imagery (MI)). This may decrease the sense of agency, that is, the participants' reported control over FB. Here, we assessed the influence of FB transparency on NF performance and the role of agency in this relationship.<i>Approach.</i>Participants performed a NF task using MI to regulate brain activity measured using electroencephalography. In separate blocks, participants experienced three different conditions designed to vary transparency: FB was presented as either (1) a swinging pendulum, (2) a clenching virtual hand, (3) a clenching virtual hand combined with a motor illusion induced by tendon vibration. We measured self-reported agency and user experience after each NF block.<i>Main results</i>. We found that FB transparency influences NF performance. Transparent visual FB provided by the virtual hand resulted in significantly better NF performance than the abstract FB of the pendulum. Surprisingly, adding a motor illusion to the virtual hand significantly decreased performance relative to the virtual hand alone. When introduced in incremental linear mixed effect models, self-reported agency was significantly associated with NF performance and it captured the variance related to the effect of FB transparency on NF performance.<i>Significance</i>. Our results highlight the relevance of transparent FB in relation to the sense of agency. This is likely an important consideration in designing FB to improve NF performance and learning outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":94096,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neural engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142335323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-08DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad7f8c
T R Benigni, A E Pena, S S Kuntaegowdanahalli, J J Abbas, R Jung
Objective.To investigate the feasibility of delivering multidimensional feedback using a single channel of peripheral nerve stimulation by complementing intensity percepts with flutter frequency percepts controlled by burst period modulation.Approach.Two dimensions of a distally referred sensation were provided simultaneously: intensity was conveyed by the modulation of the pulse charge rate inside short discrete periods of stimulation referred to as bursts and frequency was conveyed by the modulation of the period between bursts. For this approach to be feasible, intensity percepts must be perceived independently of frequency percepts. Two experiments investigated these interactions. A series of two alternative forced choice tasks (2AFC) were used to investigate burst period modulation's role in intensity discernibility. Magnitude estimation tasks were used to determine any interactions in the gradation between the frequency and intensity percepts.Main results.The 2AFC revealed that burst periods can be individually differentiated as a gradable frequency percept in peripheral nerve stimulation. Participants could correctly rate a perceptual scale of intensity and frequency regardless of the value of the second, but the dependence of frequency differentiability on charge rate indicates that frequency was harder to detect with weaker intensity percepts. The same was not observed in intensity differentiability as the length of burst periods did not significantly alter intensity differentiation. These results suggest multidimensional encoding is a promising approach for increasing information throughput in sensory feedback systems if intensity ranges are selected properly.Significance.This study offers valuable insights into haptic feedback through the peripheral nervous system and demonstrates an encoding approach for neural stimulation that may offer enhanced information transfer in virtual reality applications and sensory-enabled prosthetic systems. This multidimensional encoding strategy for sensory feedback may open new avenues for enriched control capabilities.
{"title":"Simultaneous modulation of pulse charge and burst period elicits two differentiable referred sensations.","authors":"T R Benigni, A E Pena, S S Kuntaegowdanahalli, J J Abbas, R Jung","doi":"10.1088/1741-2552/ad7f8c","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1741-2552/ad7f8c","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Objective.</i>To investigate the feasibility of delivering multidimensional feedback using a single channel of peripheral nerve stimulation by complementing intensity percepts with flutter frequency percepts controlled by burst period modulation.<i>Approach.</i>Two dimensions of a distally referred sensation were provided simultaneously: intensity was conveyed by the modulation of the pulse charge rate inside short discrete periods of stimulation referred to as bursts and frequency was conveyed by the modulation of the period between bursts. For this approach to be feasible, intensity percepts must be perceived independently of frequency percepts. Two experiments investigated these interactions. A series of two alternative forced choice tasks (2AFC) were used to investigate burst period modulation's role in intensity discernibility. Magnitude estimation tasks were used to determine any interactions in the gradation between the frequency and intensity percepts.<i>Main results.</i>The 2AFC revealed that burst periods can be individually differentiated as a gradable frequency percept in peripheral nerve stimulation. Participants could correctly rate a perceptual scale of intensity and frequency regardless of the value of the second, but the dependence of frequency differentiability on charge rate indicates that frequency was harder to detect with weaker intensity percepts. The same was not observed in intensity differentiability as the length of burst periods did not significantly alter intensity differentiation. These results suggest multidimensional encoding is a promising approach for increasing information throughput in sensory feedback systems if intensity ranges are selected properly.<i>Significance.</i>This study offers valuable insights into haptic feedback through the peripheral nervous system and demonstrates an encoding approach for neural stimulation that may offer enhanced information transfer in virtual reality applications and sensory-enabled prosthetic systems. This multidimensional encoding strategy for sensory feedback may open new avenues for enriched control capabilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":94096,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neural engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142335336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}