Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences最新文献

Background: Hospitalized patients with respiratory illnesses, even in non-ICU settings, are vulnerable to complications due to inactivity, dehydration, and nutritional deficits. Modified pulmonary rehabilitation (PR), when integrated into inpatient care, may improve outcomes by addressing these factors holistically.

Objectives: To evaluate the impact of a comprehensive intervention comprising supervised hydration, structured exercise, and nutritional intake on in-hospital mortality and hospital stay in non-ICU patients with respiratory diseases.

Materials and methods: This prospective comparative study included 120 adult patients admitted to a tertiary hospital ward, randomized into an intervention group (modified PR) and a control group (standard care). Outcomes assessed included mortality, hospital stay duration, early ambulation, and fatigue levels. Statistical comparisons were performed using t-tests and chi-square analysis.

Results: In-hospital mortality was significantly lower in the intervention group (3.3%) compared with controls (11.7%, P = 0.04). The mean hospital stay was reduced (5.2 ± 1.4 vs. 7.4 ± 2.1 days, P < 0.001), and early ambulation (78.3% vs. 41.7%) and fatigue scores (3.2 vs. 5.8) showed marked improvement in the intervention group.

Conclusion: A multidisciplinary, modified PR approach significantly enhances recovery, reduces hospital burden, and improves patient-reported outcomes in non-ICU settings. Its integration into standard ward care should be considered.

Background: Promoter hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes is a hallmark of early carcinogenesis in oral lesions.

Aim: To assess the methylation status of p16, DAPK, and MGMT in oral leukoplakia and OSMF.

Methods: DNA extracted from tissue samples of 30 leukoplakia, 30 OSMF, and 20 healthy controls was analyzed using methylation-specific PCR.

Results: Promoter hypermethylation was significantly higher in both patient groups compared to controls (P < 0.05), with p16 most frequently affected.

Conclusion: Aberrant promoter methylation may serve as an early molecular marker in oral precancerous conditions, aiding early intervention and risk stratification.

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of the rate of canine retraction by micro-osteoperforation and photobiostimulation in bimaxillary protrusion cases.

Methods: Eighty maxillary canines were selected as per inclusion criteria and further equally divided into 20 maxillary canines into four groups; in Group 1, Micro-osteoperforation was performed distal to the maxillary canine and was repeated every three weeks for three months. Group 2: Low-level laser therapy (2 W, 810 nm, 4.77 J/cm²) was given for 10 seconds at the same interval as Group 1. Group 3: On the one side Group 1 therapy whereas on the other side Group 2 therapy was delivered. Group 4: It is the combination of both Groups 1 and 2 on the same side and the other side as control. The canine retraction was achieved using a Ni-Ti closed coil spring providing 150 g of force from the canine to the TADs, on a 0.019″ × 0.025″ stainless steel arch wire. The rate of canine retraction was measured.

Results: The micro-osteoperforation (MOPs) and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) combined with Group 4 showed a significantly increased rate of tooth movement by 3.02-fold (P = 0.001). There was no significant difference in anchorage loss between MOP and LLLT.

Conclusion: The synergistic effect observed with the combined use of MOP and LLLT underscores the value of integrating acceleration techniques for optimal outcomes. The level of satisfaction and degree of easiness of the procedure were high in LLLT.

Background: New-onset seizures in children between one month and one year of age have a diverse etiology. Their long-term prognosis depends on multiple factors like underlying cause, types of seizures, associated comorbidities like delayed development, and genetic and familial factors. A systematic evaluation of these cases is required for planning investigations, initiation of therapy, and counselling of parents about prognosis.

Objective: To study clinico-etiological profile of infants from one month to one year of age who presented with new-onset (first episode) of seizures at a tertiary care hospital.

Materials and methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted over 12 months at the Department of Paediatrics, M.G.M. Medical College and M.Y. Hospital, Indore. A total of 100 infants between one and 12 months who presented with the first episode of seizure were studied. Clinical evaluation, management, and appropriate investigations were conducted as per the unit protocols. Data were entered in a predesigned proforma with special reference to seizure semiology, results of EEG, MRI, and developmental screening using the Trivandrum Developmental Screening Chart (TDSC). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 22.

Results: Among the 100 infants, 62% were aged between seven and 12 months and 62% were male. The most common etiology was febrile seizures (35%), followed by epilepsy (21%), meningitis (13%), metabolic causes (12%), structural brain malformations (4%), cerebral palsy (3%), and other causes (12%). Generalized tonic-clonic seizures were the predominant type (71%), with focal seizures in 23% and myoclonic in 6%. EEG abnormalities were noted in 22% of infants, and MRI abnormalities in 32%. Fever (52%) was the most frequent presenting symptom. Developmental delay, as per TDSC, was observed in 11% of cases. Seizure control was achieved in 97% of infants, while 3% had refractory seizures. A statistically significant association was found between etiology and seizure outcome (P = 0.001), but not with seizure semiology (P = 0.845).

Conclusion: Febrile seizures were the leading cause of new-onset seizures in infants, followed by epilepsy and infections. Most infants demonstrated favorable seizure control, with only a minority developing refractory epilepsy or developmental delays.

Background: Adolescent tobacco use, particularly of smokeless forms, has become a growing public health concern in India. Early and chronic exposure to tobacco during this developmental phase leads to pathological changes in the oral mucosa, some of which may progress to malignancy. This study was undertaken to clinically and cytopathologically evaluate oral mucosal changes in adolescent smokeless tobacco chewers and assess early markers of potentially malignant disorders.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among adolescent tobacco users and age-matched controls. Clinical examination identified mucosal changes, while exfoliative cytology was used to detect cellular alterations. Cytological findings were graded based on Papanicolaou criteria.

Results: Among tobacco users, 76% showed clinical changes like hyperpigmentation and leukoplakia, while 52% exhibited cytological atypia (Grades II-V). Only 8% of controls had mild inflammation. A strong correlation was observed between tobacco use and epithelial changes.

Conclusion: Early oral mucosal changes in adolescents highlight the need for preventive screening and cessation programs.

Introduction: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a persistent, potentially cancerous condition that affects 6.42 out of every 1000 people in South Asia. It causes burning sensation, limited mouth opening, and fibrosis. This study compares the efficacy of Emblica officinalis and Curcumin longa, two potent herbal antioxidants, in managing OSMF symptoms.

Materials and methods: Sixty clinically diagnosed OSMF patients were equally divided into Groups A and B who received Emblica officinalis and Curcumin longa respectively (i.e., twice daily for 2 months). Data was analyzed using the Chi-square and Student's paired t-test (P < 0.05).

Results: Group A showed greater reduction in oral burning (Visual Analogue Scale scores), while Group B exhibited significant improvement in mouth opening.

Discussion: Curcumin longa was more effective in improving mouth opening and reducing fibrous bands, for treating OSMF-related structural and functional deficits. Emblica officinalis offered more relief from the burning sensation, indicating its importance in symptomatic therapy.

Conclusion: A combination therapy may offer a more holistic approach. Future research should explore nanoparticle formulations of Curcumin longa and Emblica officinalis to enhance their therapeutic potential in OSMF and fibrosis.

Flabby ridges, characterized by mobile and displaceable soft tissue, pose significant challenges in prosthodontic rehabilitation by compromising denture retention, stability, and patient comfort. Accurate impression techniques are critical for minimizing tissue distortion and achieving a functional prosthesis, particularly in long-term denture wearers. This case series presents three clinical scenarios using different impression approaches tailored to the degree of tissue flabbiness and patient-specific factors. The first case involved a 60-year-old man with flabby tissue in both arches, managed using a dual-tray window technique to control tissue displacement and enhance retention. The second case, a 62-year-old woman with a history of blood cancer, was rehabilitated with a modified maxillary window technique using impression plaster and the admixed technique for the mandibular arch. The third case, a 72-year-old woman with Parkinsonism, was treated using a one-part impression method incorporating selective perforations to minimize pressure on flabby areas. Across all cases, customized impression strategies resulted in dentures with improved fit, stability, and patient satisfaction. This series underscores the importance of selecting impression techniques based on individual tissue characteristics, medical history, and patient comfort, demonstrating that personalized approaches can effectively manage flabby ridges without surgical intervention.

Background: The gut microbiome plays a critical role in modulating systemic immunity and may influence susceptibility to infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis (TB). This study aimed to compare gut microbial profiles between individuals with active pulmonary TB and healthy controls to identify potential microbial signatures associated with disease development.

Methods: A hospital-based case-control study was conducted with 90 participants: 45 treatment-naïve TB patients and 45 healthy controls. Stool samples were collected and analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing. Microbial diversity was assessed using the Shannon index, and relative abundances of key bacterial phyla were compared. Statistical analysis included Mann-Whitney U tests and LEfSe for differential taxa identification.

Results: TB patients showed significantly lower alpha diversity (Shannon index: 2.91 ± 0.37) compared to controls (3.81 ± 0.28, P < 0.001). The relative abundance of Proteobacteria was significantly higher in TB cases, while Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were more abundant in controls. These findings indicate a pro-inflammatory gut microbiota shift in active TB.

Conclusion: Active tuberculosis is associated with gut microbial dysbiosis, marked by reduced diversity and altered bacterial composition. These microbial signatures could aid in early diagnosis and serve as future targets for microbiome-based interventions.

Objective: The study aimed to determine the calcium ion release (Ca-IR) of three root canal sealers (RCSs) and to compare their chemico-physical properties, such as flow, pH, and working time, with those of the gold standard (resin sealer).

Materials and methods: Polyethylene tubes with the respective sealers were tested for Ca-IR using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer and pH. The total sample size was 18. Flow and working time were evaluated following ISO 6876 (2012) guidelines.

Results: SafeEndo Bioactive RCS exhibited the highest pH, and Bio-C Angelus sealer demonstrated the highest calcium ion release. The flow and working time of all tested sealers were within the ISO 6876 standards.

Conclusion: In this study, Bio-C Angelus demonstrated favorable physicochemical properties concerning prolonged Ca-IR. In terms of flow and working time, all three sealers followed ISO standards. These findings suggest that utilizing bioceramic sealers would improve the long-term outcome of the endodontic therapy.

Introduction: Dental caries is a chronic human disease that can result in tooth destruction if not treated in the initial stages. Knowledge of blood groups and their association with oral diseases may help in early diagnosis and treatment strategies. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the correlation between ABO blood group and dental caries. This will help to evaluate the type of ABO blood group associated with an increased risk for dental caries.

Method: The sample size necessary for the study was calculated with G*Power Software version 3.1.9.7 (Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf in Germany), using a Chi-squared test model with an effect size of 0.5, alpha error of 0.05, power of 95%, and a two-tailed significance level (α) of 0.05. A total of 177 patients of 15-60 years age group residing in Purvanchal region and attending the outpatient department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics were randomly selected for the study.

Results: Blood group B was found to be most prevalent, and AB was found to be least prevalent to dental caries among the subjects. O blood group revealed the highest decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index value, while A blood group showed the lowest value.

Conclusion: "O" blood group had the highest mean DMFT score for dental caries and "A" had the lowest, but the results are statistically significant. A positive correlation of blood group with dental caries prevalence can be obtained.