Pub Date : 2026-03-24DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2026.03.001
Ying Zhao, Lijun Ning, Yuqing Yan, Jinmei Ding, Bin Yu, Pengjie Yang, Nan Shen, Baoqin Xuan, Zhenyu Wang, Yue Zhang, Yi-Lu Zhou, Yuqi Shao, Yi Jiang, Yanru Ma, Xiaoqiang Zhu, Xiaowen Huang, Muni Hu, Chaoqin Shen, Danfeng Sun, Jianyong Sun, Xi Mo
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing and remitting disorder in which loss of intrinsic enteric neurons (iENs) has been documented. However, the contribution of gut microbiota to the loss of iENs in IBD remains poorly defined. Here, we identify an IBD-enriched intestinal pathogen, Clostridium symbiosum (C. symbiosum), which exacerbates iEN loss and colitis. Mechanistically, C. symbiosum-derived succinate, emerging as a central mediator, drives macrophage glycolysis via the H3K79succ/HK2 axis, thereby sustaining IL-1β secretion, which, in turn, promotes neuronal-specific NLRP3 inflammasome activation and consequent neuronal loss. We further demonstrated that preventing iEN loss effectively improves outcomes in C. symbiosum-exacerbated colitis. Importantly, we identified phiCS-1, an endolysin from C. symbiosum-specific bacteriophages, which efficiently lyses C. symbiosum and markedly attenuates C. symbiosum-mediated iEN loss and colitis. Together, our study provides insights into the intricate interplay between gut microbiota and immune-neuron crosstalk, offering avenues for targeted therapeutic interventions in IBD.
{"title":"Gut pathogen Clostridium symbiosum rewires macrophage succinylation to drive enteric neuron loss in inflammatory bowel disease","authors":"Ying Zhao, Lijun Ning, Yuqing Yan, Jinmei Ding, Bin Yu, Pengjie Yang, Nan Shen, Baoqin Xuan, Zhenyu Wang, Yue Zhang, Yi-Lu Zhou, Yuqi Shao, Yi Jiang, Yanru Ma, Xiaoqiang Zhu, Xiaowen Huang, Muni Hu, Chaoqin Shen, Danfeng Sun, Jianyong Sun, Xi Mo","doi":"10.1016/j.chom.2026.03.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2026.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing and remitting disorder in which loss of intrinsic enteric neurons (iENs) has been documented. However, the contribution of gut microbiota to the loss of iENs in IBD remains poorly defined. Here, we identify an IBD-enriched intestinal pathogen, <em>Clostridium symbiosum (C. symbiosum)</em>, which exacerbates iEN loss and colitis. Mechanistically, <em>C. symbiosum</em>-derived succinate, emerging as a central mediator, drives macrophage glycolysis via the H3K79succ/HK2 axis, thereby sustaining IL-1β secretion, which, in turn, promotes neuronal-specific NLRP3 inflammasome activation and consequent neuronal loss. We further demonstrated that preventing iEN loss effectively improves outcomes in <em>C. symbiosum</em>-exacerbated colitis. Importantly, we identified phiCS-1, an endolysin from <em>C. symbiosum</em>-specific bacteriophages, which efficiently lyses <em>C. symbiosum</em> and markedly attenuates <em>C. symbiosum</em>-mediated iEN loss and colitis. Together, our study provides insights into the intricate interplay between gut microbiota and immune-neuron crosstalk, offering avenues for targeted therapeutic interventions in IBD.","PeriodicalId":9693,"journal":{"name":"Cell host & microbe","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":30.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147507796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a highly aggressive malignancy where the efficacy of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy varies among individuals, possibly influenced by the gut microbiota. Here, we analyze 122 fecal samples from ESCC patients undergoing neoadjuvant immunotherapy and identify an enrichment of Ligilactobacillus salivarius (L. salivarius) in non-responders. Humanized microbiome, orthotopic ESCC mouse models, and single-cell RNA sequencing confirm that L. salivarius-produced indole-3-lactic acid (ILA) suppresses tumor-infiltrating NKG7⁺CD8⁺ Tpex cells, impairing anti-tumor immunity. Moreover, ILA-deficient L. salivarius strains abolish ILA production and immune resistance. In vitro assays reveal that ILA targets the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and downregulates nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling in Tpex cells. Pharmacological NF-κB activation restores Tpex function and reverses resistance. Two validation cohorts support the L. salivarius-ILA-NKG7⁺CD8⁺ Tpex axis as a resistance mechanism in ESCC patients. These findings highlight L. salivarius and ILA as key modulators of the tumor microenvironment, offering potential strategies for overcoming immunotherapy resistance in ESCC.
{"title":"Gut microbiota-derived indole-3-lactic acid suppresses anti-PD-1 efficacy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma","authors":"Jianfeng Zhou, Xiaoxi Zeng, Jun Sun, Yushang Yang, Jian Wang, Xin Xiao, Pinhao Fang, Yixin Liu, Manjiangcuo Wang, Yijing Long, Fei Fu, Wanmeng Li, Jiajia Du, Zhiwen Liang, Shiqing Nie, Siyuan Luan, Xiaokun Li, Haowen Zhang, Yuhao Peng, Shangwei Sun, Yong Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.chom.2026.02.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2026.02.019","url":null,"abstract":"Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a highly aggressive malignancy where the efficacy of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy varies among individuals, possibly influenced by the gut microbiota. Here, we analyze 122 fecal samples from ESCC patients undergoing neoadjuvant immunotherapy and identify an enrichment of <em>Ligilactobacillus salivarius (L. salivarius)</em> in non-responders. Humanized microbiome, orthotopic ESCC mouse models, and single-cell RNA sequencing confirm that <em>L. salivarius</em>-produced indole-3-lactic acid (ILA) suppresses tumor-infiltrating NKG7⁺CD8⁺ Tpex cells, impairing anti-tumor immunity. Moreover, ILA-deficient <em>L. salivarius</em> strains abolish ILA production and immune resistance. <em>In vitro</em> assays reveal that ILA targets the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and downregulates nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling in Tpex cells. Pharmacological NF-κB activation restores Tpex function and reverses resistance. Two validation cohorts support the <em>L. salivarius</em>-ILA-NKG7⁺CD8⁺ Tpex axis as a resistance mechanism in ESCC patients. These findings highlight <em>L. salivarius</em> and ILA as key modulators of the tumor microenvironment, offering potential strategies for overcoming immunotherapy resistance in ESCC.","PeriodicalId":9693,"journal":{"name":"Cell host & microbe","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":30.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147507712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antigenic drift in hemagglutinin (HA) enables influenza viruses to escape host immunity. Elucidating molecular features of antigenic drift is essential for updating seasonal vaccines and pandemic preparedness. Here, we found that influenza B viruses (IBVs) isolated after 2019 escaped neutralization by several previously identified broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bnAbs). Meanwhile, we identified two IBV bnAbs, CAV-CF22 and CAV-CH76, isolated via quadrivalent vaccine. They exhibited broad neutralizing activity against Victoria- and Yamagata-lineage viruses in vitro and protected in vivo against contemporary Victoria and Yamagata strains. Phylogenetic and structural analysis revealed fixation of K136E in post-2019 Victoria HA, disrupting epitopes targeted by most previously characterized head-directed IBV-monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). High-resolution structures reveal that, rather than engaging K136, CAV-CF22 and CAV-CH76 insert HCDR3 into the receptor-binding site (RBS) to sterically mimic sialic acid. The conservation of epitope residues underlies the antibodies’ broad neutralizing activity against IBV and informs antibody- and vaccine-design strategies that are resilient to recent IBV drift.
{"title":"Human monoclonal antibodies isolated after seasonal vaccination broadly neutralize antigenically drifted influenza B viruses","authors":"Xiaoyu Cai, Miao Fan, Yanmei Zhai, Wanyu Luo, Shuning Liu, Kexin Lv, Min Zhao, Lin Liu, Siwei Zhou, Mengxin Xu, Bing He, Yuzhu Sun, Ruixin Zhao, Xingchen Zhu, Yu Kuang, Hongjie Lu, Xinyu Yue, Kuibiao Li, Yu Zhang, Li Yuan, Yao-Qing Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.chom.2026.02.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2026.02.018","url":null,"abstract":"Antigenic drift in hemagglutinin (HA) enables influenza viruses to escape host immunity. Elucidating molecular features of antigenic drift is essential for updating seasonal vaccines and pandemic preparedness. Here, we found that influenza B viruses (IBVs) isolated after 2019 escaped neutralization by several previously identified broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bnAbs). Meanwhile, we identified two IBV bnAbs, CAV-CF22 and CAV-CH76, isolated via quadrivalent vaccine. They exhibited broad neutralizing activity against Victoria- and Yamagata-lineage viruses <em>in vitro</em> and protected <em>in vivo</em> against contemporary Victoria and Yamagata strains. Phylogenetic and structural analysis revealed fixation of K136E in post-2019 Victoria HA, disrupting epitopes targeted by most previously characterized head-directed IBV-monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). High-resolution structures reveal that, rather than engaging K136, CAV-CF22 and CAV-CH76 insert HCDR3 into the receptor-binding site (RBS) to sterically mimic sialic acid. The conservation of epitope residues underlies the antibodies’ broad neutralizing activity against IBV and informs antibody- and vaccine-design strategies that are resilient to recent IBV drift.","PeriodicalId":9693,"journal":{"name":"Cell host & microbe","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":30.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147493101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phages encode diverse anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins to counteract bacterial CRISPR-Cas systems. However, gut phage Acrs remain poorly characterized. Using an integrated bioinformatics and high-throughput functional screening approach, we identify 651 phage-encoded positive Acr candidates that target type II CRISPR systems, which predominate in the human gut. Among these, a subset of Acrs is verified through plasmid interference assays, with plaque assays confirming CRISPR-Cas inhibitory activity for 36 Acr candidates. Mechanistic characterization of five Acrs, including the Acr against subtype II-B systems (AcrIIB-1), reveals distinct inhibition strategies. Remarkably, 213 positive Acr candidates, designated here as GutAcraca, exhibit structural convergence by adopting similar folds and exhibit dual functionality: transcription regulation to support their production and inhibition of CRISPR-Cas systems. These GutAcraca are widely distributed across microbial species (detected in 26% of species). Our work uncovers the extensive diversity of phage-encoded Acrs in the human gut and highlights their potential as biotechnology tools.
{"title":"Discovery of human gut phage-encoded anti-CRISPR proteins unveils diverse mechanisms for phages to evade type II CRISPR immunity","authors":"Shengjian Yuan, Heng Zhu, Menghao Yu, Huizhen Jia, Shiwen Peng, Yingfei Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.chom.2026.02.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2026.02.017","url":null,"abstract":"Phages encode diverse anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins to counteract bacterial CRISPR-Cas systems. However, gut phage Acrs remain poorly characterized. Using an integrated bioinformatics and high-throughput functional screening approach, we identify 651 phage-encoded positive Acr candidates that target type II CRISPR systems, which predominate in the human gut. Among these, a subset of Acrs is verified through plasmid interference assays, with plaque assays confirming CRISPR-Cas inhibitory activity for 36 Acr candidates. Mechanistic characterization of five Acrs, including the Acr against subtype II-B systems (AcrIIB-1), reveals distinct inhibition strategies. Remarkably, 213 positive Acr candidates, designated here as GutAcr<sub>aca</sub>, exhibit structural convergence by adopting similar folds and exhibit dual functionality: transcription regulation to support their production and inhibition of CRISPR-Cas systems. These GutAcr<sub>aca</sub> are widely distributed across microbial species (detected in 26% of species). Our work uncovers the extensive diversity of phage-encoded Acrs in the human gut and highlights their potential as biotechnology tools.","PeriodicalId":9693,"journal":{"name":"Cell host & microbe","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":30.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147470856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-18DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2026.02.015
Wonseok Choi, De-dong Li, Colin T. McLaughlin, Doureradjou Peroumal, Kiyoshi P. Shiomitsu, Gillian A. Moschetta, Hossein Rahimi, Shuxia Wang, Kiaan Biswas, Danielle Xie, Charles K. Vorkas, Partha S. Biswas
Neutrophils are crucial for defense against systemic Candida albicans infections and rely on glucose for their antifungal functions, including the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). In infected tissues, glucose availability is limited due to fungal consumption, posing metabolic challenges for neutrophils. We demonstrate that neutrophils overcome glucose deprivation by activating the glycogen phosphorylase liver form (PYGL) enzyme, which mobilizes intracellular glycogen stores that fuel antifungal activity. Upon C. albicans infection, fungal sensing by dectin-1 and downstream signaling through Syk and protein kinase A (PKA) kinases drive glycogenolysis in neutrophils. Neutrophil-specific deletion of PYGL in mice increases susceptibility to candidiasis, associated with defective ROS and NET generation. Treatment with a β₂-adrenergic receptor agonist, a clinically approved PYGL activator, enhances host defense in candidiasis. These findings reveal a metabolic reprogramming mechanism that supports neutrophil function in nutrient-deprived environments and identify PYGL as a potential strategy to bolster antifungal defenses.
{"title":"Glycogen phosphorylase L confers metabolic flexibility in neutrophils to fight fungal infections in nutrient-deprived tissues","authors":"Wonseok Choi, De-dong Li, Colin T. McLaughlin, Doureradjou Peroumal, Kiyoshi P. Shiomitsu, Gillian A. Moschetta, Hossein Rahimi, Shuxia Wang, Kiaan Biswas, Danielle Xie, Charles K. Vorkas, Partha S. Biswas","doi":"10.1016/j.chom.2026.02.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2026.02.015","url":null,"abstract":"Neutrophils are crucial for defense against systemic <em>Candida albicans</em> infections and rely on glucose for their antifungal functions, including the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). In infected tissues, glucose availability is limited due to fungal consumption, posing metabolic challenges for neutrophils. We demonstrate that neutrophils overcome glucose deprivation by activating the glycogen phosphorylase liver form (PYGL) enzyme, which mobilizes intracellular glycogen stores that fuel antifungal activity. Upon <em>C. albicans</em> infection, fungal sensing by dectin-1 and downstream signaling through Syk and protein kinase A (PKA) kinases drive glycogenolysis in neutrophils. Neutrophil-specific deletion of PYGL in mice increases susceptibility to candidiasis, associated with defective ROS and NET generation. Treatment with a β₂-adrenergic receptor agonist, a clinically approved PYGL activator, enhances host defense in candidiasis. These findings reveal a metabolic reprogramming mechanism that supports neutrophil function in nutrient-deprived environments and identify PYGL as a potential strategy to bolster antifungal defenses.","PeriodicalId":9693,"journal":{"name":"Cell host & microbe","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":30.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147470855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-18DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2026.02.016
Disebo Potloane, Laura Symul, Sinaye Ngcapu, Lara Lewis, Michael France, Laura Vermeren, Joseph Elsherbini, Callin Chetty, Nomfuneko A. Mafunda, Asthu Mahabeer Polliah, Andile Mtshali, Asavela Kama, Nzuzo Magini, Nireshni Mitchev, Gugulethu Mzobe, Anam Khan, Briah Cooley Demidkina, Miles Goldenberg, Jiawu Xu, Lindsay Rutt, Caroline M. Mitchell
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is characterized by high microbial diversity. High recurrence rates following antibiotics may stem from poor recolonization by protective Lactobacillus species. This phase 1 randomized trial in the United States and South Africa evaluated two vaginally delivered live biotherapeutic products (LBPs) containing multiple Lactobacillus crispatus strains. After metronidazole treatment for BV, participants received either a placebo or 3 or 7 days of active LBPs. LBP strains were detected by metagenomics in 66.1% (47/71) of participants in the active arms in the first 5 weeks. Among those, nearly half (49%, 23/47) remained colonized at 12 weeks despite the short initial treatment course. Participants were most often colonized by one of three component strains, with no geographic differences in strain colonization observed. LBPs were safe, acceptable, and well tolerated, with no serious adverse events (AEs) reported. These results provide a foundation for the development of transformational interventions aimed at optimizing the vaginal microbiome.
{"title":"VIBRANT: A phase 1 randomized trial of multi-strain vaginal L. crispatus live biotherapeutic products in people with bacterial vaginosis","authors":"Disebo Potloane, Laura Symul, Sinaye Ngcapu, Lara Lewis, Michael France, Laura Vermeren, Joseph Elsherbini, Callin Chetty, Nomfuneko A. Mafunda, Asthu Mahabeer Polliah, Andile Mtshali, Asavela Kama, Nzuzo Magini, Nireshni Mitchev, Gugulethu Mzobe, Anam Khan, Briah Cooley Demidkina, Miles Goldenberg, Jiawu Xu, Lindsay Rutt, Caroline M. Mitchell","doi":"10.1016/j.chom.2026.02.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2026.02.016","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is characterized by high microbial diversity. High recurrence rates following antibiotics may stem from poor recolonization by protective <em>Lactobacillus</em> species. This phase 1 randomized trial in the United States and South Africa evaluated two vaginally delivered live biotherapeutic products (LBPs) containing multiple <em>Lactobacillus crispatus</em> strains. After metronidazole treatment for BV, participants received either a placebo or 3 or 7 days of active LBPs. LBP strains were detected by metagenomics in 66.1% (47/71) of participants in the active arms in the first 5 weeks. Among those, nearly half (49%, 23/47) remained colonized at 12 weeks despite the short initial treatment course. Participants were most often colonized by one of three component strains, with no geographic differences in strain colonization observed. LBPs were safe, acceptable, and well tolerated, with no serious adverse events (AEs) reported. These results provide a foundation for the development of transformational interventions aimed at optimizing the vaginal microbiome.","PeriodicalId":9693,"journal":{"name":"Cell host & microbe","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":30.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147478543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-03DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2026.02.013
Elisa Sánchez-Martínez, Liam E. Rondeau, Manuel Garrido-Romero, Bruna Barbosa da Luz, Dominic A. Haas, Gavin Yuen, Dana Coppens, Peter Hall, Rebecca Dang, Xuan-Yu Wang, Lucía Moreno-Serna, Celia López-Sanz, Emilio Nuñez-Borque, Maria Garrido-Arandia, Araceli Diaz-Perales, Yolanda R. Carrasco, Joshua F.E. Koenig, Tina D. Walker, Manel Jordana, Elena F. Verdu, Alberto Caminero
Anaphylaxis is an acute, potentially life-threatening reaction, often triggered by foods and largely mediated by immunoglobulin (Ig)E. The human microbiota is known to influence oral tolerance, but the microbial mechanisms directly involved in IgE-mediated anaphylaxis remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that human saliva and jejunum harbor peanut (PN)-degrading bacteria that metabolize immunodominant allergens (Ara h 1 and 2), reducing IgE binding and anaphylaxis. Isolated Rothia and Staphylococcus species degraded PN allergens in vitro, generating proteins with reduced IgE binding and limited mast cell activation. Mice colonized with Rothia showed reduced local and systemic Ara h 1 and 2 levels and dampened anaphylaxis upon PN challenge. In clinical studies, common PN-degrading bacteria, including Rothia, are more abundant in PN-allergic patients who exhibit better tolerance to allergen exposure. Altogether, these results demonstrate that human microbiota modulates IgE-mediated reactions to foods through allergen metabolism, highlighting potential avenues to prevent or reduce the severity of IgE-mediated anaphylaxis.
过敏反应是一种急性的、可能危及生命的反应，通常由食物引发，主要由免疫球蛋白（Ig）E介导。已知人类微生物群影响口服耐受性，但直接参与ige介导的过敏反应的微生物机制尚不清楚。在这里，我们证明了人类唾液和空肠中含有花生（PN）降解细菌，这些细菌代谢免疫优势过敏原（Ara h 1和2），减少IgE结合和过敏反应。分离的罗氏菌和葡萄球菌在体外降解PN过敏原，产生IgE结合降低和肥大细胞活化受限的蛋白。罗氏菌定殖的小鼠显示局部和全身Ara 1和2水平降低，并在PN攻击时抑制过敏反应。在临床研究中，常见的pn降解细菌，包括Rothia，在pn过敏患者中更丰富，对过敏原暴露表现出更好的耐受性。总之，这些结果表明，人类微生物群通过过敏原代谢调节ige介导的食物反应，强调了预防或降低ige介导的过敏反应严重程度的潜在途径。
{"title":"Microbial metabolism of food allergens determines the severity of IgE-mediated anaphylaxis","authors":"Elisa Sánchez-Martínez, Liam E. Rondeau, Manuel Garrido-Romero, Bruna Barbosa da Luz, Dominic A. Haas, Gavin Yuen, Dana Coppens, Peter Hall, Rebecca Dang, Xuan-Yu Wang, Lucía Moreno-Serna, Celia López-Sanz, Emilio Nuñez-Borque, Maria Garrido-Arandia, Araceli Diaz-Perales, Yolanda R. Carrasco, Joshua F.E. Koenig, Tina D. Walker, Manel Jordana, Elena F. Verdu, Alberto Caminero","doi":"10.1016/j.chom.2026.02.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2026.02.013","url":null,"abstract":"Anaphylaxis is an acute, potentially life-threatening reaction, often triggered by foods and largely mediated by immunoglobulin (Ig)E. The human microbiota is known to influence oral tolerance, but the microbial mechanisms directly involved in IgE-mediated anaphylaxis remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that human saliva and jejunum harbor peanut (PN)-degrading bacteria that metabolize immunodominant allergens (Ara h 1 and 2), reducing IgE binding and anaphylaxis. Isolated <em>Rothia</em> and <em>Staphylococcus</em> species degraded PN allergens <em>in vitro</em>, generating proteins with reduced IgE binding and limited mast cell activation. Mice colonized with <em>Rothia</em> showed reduced local and systemic Ara h 1 and 2 levels and dampened anaphylaxis upon PN challenge. In clinical studies, common PN-degrading bacteria, including <em>Rothia</em>, are more abundant in PN-allergic patients who exhibit better tolerance to allergen exposure. Altogether, these results demonstrate that human microbiota modulates IgE-mediated reactions to foods through allergen metabolism, highlighting potential avenues to prevent or reduce the severity of IgE-mediated anaphylaxis.","PeriodicalId":9693,"journal":{"name":"Cell host & microbe","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":30.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147329854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-27DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2026.02.004
Wei Shen, Huidi Wang, Jiaxuan Wang, Yuan Yuan, Ying Luo, Xirao Chen, Jingyi Li, Yuting Liu, Ya Yin, Mengjia Wang, Lisha Lin, Lepeng Zhou, Jie Li, Rihua Xie, Yiheng Dai, Fan Wu, Zhenhe Huang, Yifan Zhou, Fangbo Xia, Fan Wu, Yan He
Early antibiotic exposure increases late-onset sepsis (LOS) risk in preterm infants, potentially via gut dysbiosis. Analyzing 4,938 longitudinal fecal samples from preterm infants in China, the US, and the UK, we identified a differential pace of gut microbiota development among preterm infants. Delayed maturation correlated with over one-third of LOS risk associated with early antibiotic exposure. Deficiency of a bacterial DL-endopeptidase represented a hallmark of delayed microbiota development and correlated with elevated LOS risk. Supplementation with DL-endopeptidase-producing Enterococcus faecium or Limosilactobacillus reuteri activated the NOD2 receptor via muramyl dipeptide (MDP), regulated macrophage differentiation and polarization, restrained hyperinflammation via cylindromatosis (CYLD) induction, and protected neonatal mice from LOS. A pilot randomized controlled trial showed that L. reuteri supplementation enhanced fecal NOD2 activation in preterm infants. These findings link microbiota immaturity and reduced DL-endopeptidase activity to antibiotic exposure and LOS risk and highlight a candidate biomarker that warrants further validation for clinical translation.
{"title":"Gut microbiota immaturity with DL-endopeptidase deficiency links antibiotic use to preterm late-onset sepsis","authors":"Wei Shen, Huidi Wang, Jiaxuan Wang, Yuan Yuan, Ying Luo, Xirao Chen, Jingyi Li, Yuting Liu, Ya Yin, Mengjia Wang, Lisha Lin, Lepeng Zhou, Jie Li, Rihua Xie, Yiheng Dai, Fan Wu, Zhenhe Huang, Yifan Zhou, Fangbo Xia, Fan Wu, Yan He","doi":"10.1016/j.chom.2026.02.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2026.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"Early antibiotic exposure increases late-onset sepsis (LOS) risk in preterm infants, potentially via gut dysbiosis. Analyzing 4,938 longitudinal fecal samples from preterm infants in China, the US, and the UK, we identified a differential pace of gut microbiota development among preterm infants. Delayed maturation correlated with over one-third of LOS risk associated with early antibiotic exposure. Deficiency of a bacterial DL-endopeptidase represented a hallmark of delayed microbiota development and correlated with elevated LOS risk. Supplementation with DL-endopeptidase-producing <em>Enterococcus faecium</em> or <em>Limosilactobacillus reuteri</em> activated the NOD2 receptor via muramyl dipeptide (MDP), regulated macrophage differentiation and polarization, restrained hyperinflammation via cylindromatosis (CYLD) induction, and protected neonatal mice from LOS. A pilot randomized controlled trial showed that <em>L. reuteri</em> supplementation enhanced fecal NOD2 activation in preterm infants. These findings link microbiota immaturity and reduced DL-endopeptidase activity to antibiotic exposure and LOS risk and highlight a candidate biomarker that warrants further validation for clinical translation.","PeriodicalId":9693,"journal":{"name":"Cell host & microbe","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":30.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147320145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The gut microbiota regulates systemic metabolism, inflammation, and immunity, with evidence linking microbiota translocation through the gut-liver axis to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. However, the specific bacteria and underlying mechanisms driving tumor progression remain unexplored. We identify that E. bolteae is enriched in the feces of HCC patients and is associated with poor prognosis. E. bolteae disrupts intestinal barrier integrity, translocates to the liver, and promotes tumor proliferation. Mechanistically, we show that E. bolteae’s surface protein, penicillin-binding transpeptidase domain-containing protein (PbpT), directly interacts with the tumor cell receptor desmoglein 1 (DSG1), facilitating bacterial adhesion and attenuating DSG1’s tumor-suppressive function. Additionally, this interaction activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway to accelerate HCC progression. Blockade of PbpT abrogates E. bolteae attachment and its role in promoting HCC progression. These findings identify the PbpT-DSG1-MAPK axis as a critical driver of HCC progression. Targeting PbpT may be a promising therapeutic strategy for HCC.
{"title":"Intratumoral bacterium Enterocloster bolteae promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by directly binding tumor cells","authors":"Xuxin Ren, Gaomin Zheng, Yuyao Liu, Shangru Li, Shimao Liu, Yixi Wen, Ying Zhang, Yutong Zhao, Huayu Guan, Xinning Wang, Yuting Yang, Qiaoyi Chen, Youmei Kang, Yihang Xu, Liting Peng, Sui Peng, Lixia Xu, Jianting Long, Xuezhen Zeng, Shixian Hu, Ming Kuang","doi":"10.1016/j.chom.2026.01.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2026.01.020","url":null,"abstract":"The gut microbiota regulates systemic metabolism, inflammation, and immunity, with evidence linking microbiota translocation through the gut-liver axis to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. However, the specific bacteria and underlying mechanisms driving tumor progression remain unexplored. We identify that <em>E. bolteae</em> is enriched in the feces of HCC patients and is associated with poor prognosis. <em>E. bolteae</em> disrupts intestinal barrier integrity, translocates to the liver, and promotes tumor proliferation. Mechanistically, we show that <em>E. bolteae</em>’s surface protein, penicillin-binding transpeptidase domain-containing protein (PbpT), directly interacts with the tumor cell receptor desmoglein 1 (DSG1), facilitating bacterial adhesion and attenuating DSG1’s tumor-suppressive function. Additionally, this interaction activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway to accelerate HCC progression. Blockade of PbpT abrogates <em>E. bolteae</em> attachment and its role in promoting HCC progression. These findings identify the PbpT-DSG1-MAPK axis as a critical driver of HCC progression. Targeting PbpT may be a promising therapeutic strategy for HCC.","PeriodicalId":9693,"journal":{"name":"Cell host & microbe","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":30.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147279378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The enteric microbiome and nutrient sensing within the small intestine play critical roles in maintaining host metabolic homeostasis. Although various bacteria and some fungi have established functions in nutrient metabolism, the role of the enteric virome remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the enteric virome significantly influences carbohydrate digestion and absorption independently of the bacteriome. Furthermore, the virome elicits distinct responses across different intestinal cell types. Specifically, it activates programs for carbohydrate digestion and absorption in intestinal epithelial cells while simultaneously stimulating antigen-presenting cells―Th17 cells―to produce interleukin-22, a cytokine that curbs excessive carbohydrate uptake. The virome’s effect on carbohydrate digestion and absorption—whether suppressive or stimulatory—depends on the presence or absence of immune surveillance. This intricate interplay between metabolic and immune pathways establishes the enteric virome as a pivotal regulator of metabolism and reveals the virome’s intrinsic capacity to autonomously modulate vertebrate intestinal physiology.
{"title":"Commensal enteric virome regulates intestinal carbohydrate digestion and absorption","authors":"Fengqing Lin, Lianglan Li, Yuanpeng He, Shujie Xu, Qiufen Mo, Wangsen Cao, Aikun Fu, Weiqin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.chom.2026.01.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2026.01.019","url":null,"abstract":"The enteric microbiome and nutrient sensing within the small intestine play critical roles in maintaining host metabolic homeostasis. Although various bacteria and some fungi have established functions in nutrient metabolism, the role of the enteric virome remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the enteric virome significantly influences carbohydrate digestion and absorption independently of the bacteriome. Furthermore, the virome elicits distinct responses across different intestinal cell types. Specifically, it activates programs for carbohydrate digestion and absorption in intestinal epithelial cells while simultaneously stimulating antigen-presenting cells―Th17 cells―to produce interleukin-22, a cytokine that curbs excessive carbohydrate uptake. The virome’s effect on carbohydrate digestion and absorption—whether suppressive or stimulatory—depends on the presence or absence of immune surveillance. This intricate interplay between metabolic and immune pathways establishes the enteric virome as a pivotal regulator of metabolism and reveals the virome’s intrinsic capacity to autonomously modulate vertebrate intestinal physiology.","PeriodicalId":9693,"journal":{"name":"Cell host & microbe","volume":"97 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":30.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147279377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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