Pub Date : 2014-06-15DOI: 10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1007-6239.2014.02.002
Hong Xue, Weidong Li, Cheng-kang Xu, Yiran Liu, Xufang Wang
Objective To investigate the influence of +Gz acceleration on saliva a-amylase (SAA) of pilots,so as to assess the feasibility of taking SAA as an indicator of +Gz stress on pilots.Methods Saliva was collected from 47 pilots before and after + 6.5 Gz,+ 7.0 Gz and + 8.0 Gz centrifuge exposures.The SAA was measured by a-amylase kit (dynamic monitoring method) and chemiluminescnet immunoassay.Results ①The SAA and cortisol levels significantly changed by different +Gz exposures (F＝ 17.712,3.427,P＜0.01 or P＜0.05).Compared with that before exposures,the SAA levels measured after +6.5 Gz,+ 7.0 Gz and +8.0 Gz exposures were significantly higher (P＜0.01).The cortisol levels after +7.0 Gz and +8.0 Gz exposures were significantly higher than the baseline (P＜0.05 or 0.01).The cortisol level obtained after +8.0 Gz exposure was significantly higher than that before + 6.5 Gz,+ 7.0 Gz and + 8.0 Gz centrifuge exposures (P＜0.05).②Multivariate analysis showed that the aircraft type,pilot's age and flying hours had no influence on SAA and cortisol levels obtained after +Gz exposures.③ Pilots' cortisol levels were negatively correlated to the age and aircraft type of (r＝-0.328,-0.694,P＜0.05) but positively correlated to flying hours and +Gz level (r＝0.466,0.141,P＜0.05).SAA was positively correlated to +Gz level (r＝0.354,P＜0.01).④The levels of cortisol and SAA had less correlation either before or after +Gz exposure.Conclusions SAA elevates sensitivity with +Gz stress increase and quickly returns to baseline.So we can conclude that SAA could be a valid indicator of +Gz stress. Key words: Acceleration; Stress; Saliva; Alpha-amylase
{"title":"Effects of high + Gz exposure on saliva α-amylase of fighter pilots","authors":"Hong Xue, Weidong Li, Cheng-kang Xu, Yiran Liu, Xufang Wang","doi":"10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1007-6239.2014.02.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1007-6239.2014.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"Objective To investigate the influence of +Gz acceleration on saliva a-amylase (SAA) of pilots,so as to assess the feasibility of taking SAA as an indicator of +Gz stress on pilots.Methods Saliva was collected from 47 pilots before and after + 6.5 Gz,+ 7.0 Gz and + 8.0 Gz centrifuge exposures.The SAA was measured by a-amylase kit (dynamic monitoring method) and chemiluminescnet immunoassay.Results ①The SAA and cortisol levels significantly changed by different +Gz exposures (F＝ 17.712,3.427,P＜0.01 or P＜0.05).Compared with that before exposures,the SAA levels measured after +6.5 Gz,+ 7.0 Gz and +8.0 Gz exposures were significantly higher (P＜0.01).The cortisol levels after +7.0 Gz and +8.0 Gz exposures were significantly higher than the baseline (P＜0.05 or 0.01).The cortisol level obtained after +8.0 Gz exposure was significantly higher than that before + 6.5 Gz,+ 7.0 Gz and + 8.0 Gz centrifuge exposures (P＜0.05).②Multivariate analysis showed that the aircraft type,pilot's age and flying hours had no influence on SAA and cortisol levels obtained after +Gz exposures.③ Pilots' cortisol levels were negatively correlated to the age and aircraft type of (r＝-0.328,-0.694,P＜0.05) but positively correlated to flying hours and +Gz level (r＝0.466,0.141,P＜0.05).SAA was positively correlated to +Gz level (r＝0.354,P＜0.01).④The levels of cortisol and SAA had less correlation either before or after +Gz exposure.Conclusions SAA elevates sensitivity with +Gz stress increase and quickly returns to baseline.So we can conclude that SAA could be a valid indicator of +Gz stress. \u0000 \u0000Key words: \u0000Acceleration; Stress; Saliva; Alpha-amylase","PeriodicalId":9904,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Aerospace Medicine","volume":"55 1","pages":"87-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79227616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-06-15DOI: 10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1007-6239.2014.02.023
H. Zhan
Objective To review the researches on the application of critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF) and oculomotor measures in the evaluation of drug effects on central functions.Literature resource and selection Relevant articles and monographs published in China and abroad.Literature quotation Seventy-six published references (73 papers and 3 monographs) were cited.Literature synthesis The research advances on the application of CFF and oculomotor measures in the evaluation of drug effects on central functions were reviewed.CFF measure was a simple and convenient method for central vigilance and fatigue evaluation.The main indices or parameters of oculomotor responsive measures were initial pupil diameter or area,constriction latency of pupil to light flash,amplitude of pupil constriction to light flash,saccadic velocity,saccadic amplitude,etc..Many studies at home and abroad showed that CFF and oculomotor responsive measures could be used for evaluating the central effects of following drugs:sedative hypnotics,histamine H1 receptor antagonists,antidepressants,central stimulants,alcohol,opiates and so on.Saccadic velocity was a sensitive index for assessing the sedative effects of these drugs.Pupil measures could be used for evaluating the awaking action of drug and its effects on autonomic nerve function,and were also sensitive to the central effects of alcohol and opiates.Conclusions CFF and oculomotor response measures have been widely applied in the evaluation of the central effects of different kinds of drugs and the medication safety for special population. Key words: Flicker fusion; Pharmaceutical preparations; Central nervous system; Review literature; Oculomotor responses
{"title":"Application of critical flicker fusion frequency and oculomotor measures in the evaluation of drug effects on central functions","authors":"H. Zhan","doi":"10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1007-6239.2014.02.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1007-6239.2014.02.023","url":null,"abstract":"Objective To review the researches on the application of critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF) and oculomotor measures in the evaluation of drug effects on central functions.Literature resource and selection Relevant articles and monographs published in China and abroad.Literature quotation Seventy-six published references (73 papers and 3 monographs) were cited.Literature synthesis The research advances on the application of CFF and oculomotor measures in the evaluation of drug effects on central functions were reviewed.CFF measure was a simple and convenient method for central vigilance and fatigue evaluation.The main indices or parameters of oculomotor responsive measures were initial pupil diameter or area,constriction latency of pupil to light flash,amplitude of pupil constriction to light flash,saccadic velocity,saccadic amplitude,etc..Many studies at home and abroad showed that CFF and oculomotor responsive measures could be used for evaluating the central effects of following drugs:sedative hypnotics,histamine H1 receptor antagonists,antidepressants,central stimulants,alcohol,opiates and so on.Saccadic velocity was a sensitive index for assessing the sedative effects of these drugs.Pupil measures could be used for evaluating the awaking action of drug and its effects on autonomic nerve function,and were also sensitive to the central effects of alcohol and opiates.Conclusions CFF and oculomotor response measures have been widely applied in the evaluation of the central effects of different kinds of drugs and the medication safety for special population. \u0000 \u0000Key words: \u0000Flicker fusion; Pharmaceutical preparations; Central nervous system; Review literature; Oculomotor responses","PeriodicalId":9904,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Aerospace Medicine","volume":"42 4 1","pages":"149-158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78205377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-06-15DOI: 10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1007-6239.2014.02.001
Xinliang Song, Yalei Zhou, Y. Geng, Weihua Li, Zenghui Yang
Objective To observe the effects and characteristics of vestibular illusions and vestibular autonomic reactions induced by short arm centrifuge exposure,and to search the appropriate rotation speed of short arm centrifuge for vestibular illusion simulation training on the ground.Methods Ninety healthy pilots were divided into 3 groups by the rotation speed of 21,30 and 37 r/min that generated by SAC-Ⅲ short arm centrifuge.By referencing the vestibular illusions simulation training on electric rotating chair,they were exposure to the simulation of counter-rotatory illusion and Coriolis illusion.Vestibular illusions and vestibular autonomic reactions were compared.Results ①When the speed was 21 r/min,the induced rates of the counter-rotatory illusion,Coriolis tumbling illusion (including head turn to right and to left) and Coriolis somatogyral illusion (including head pitched up and down) were lower than the induced rates under the speed of 30 r/min and 37 r/min (X2＝6.477 20.000,P＜0.01 or P＜0.05).And when the speed was 30 r/min and 37 r/min,the induced rates showed no significant difference (x2 ＝0.073-0.351,P＞0.05).②The expressions and characteristics of the centrifuge evoked counter-rotatory illusion were approximately the same under three different rotation speeds,while the illusion strength was enhanced with the speed increase.The expressions and characteristics of the Coriolis tumbling illusion induced by different speed showed no significant difference (X2 ＝0.090,0.056,P＞0.05).And the expressions of the Coriolis somatogyral illusions were multiform.Under three different speeds,the Coriolis somatogyral illusions showed no significant difference when the pilot's head pitched down (X2 ＝ 1.810,P＞0.05).The case of Coriolis somatogyral illusions was very rare when pilot's head pitched up and the result was not taken into account.③The scores of vestibular autonomic reaction were increased with the rotation speed increase,and showed significant difference (F＝ 15.058,P＜0.01).When the speed was 37 r/min,the score of vestibular autonomic reaction was significantly higher than the scores of 21 r/min and 30 r/min (P＜0.01 or P＜0.05),and there was no significant difference between the scores of 21 r/min and 30 r/min (P＞0.05).Conclusions When the speed of centrifuge was 30 r/m in,the induced rate of the vestibular illusions was the highest and the vestibular autonomic reaction was mild.For the 2 m arm centrifuge,the 30 r/min rotation was appropriate for pilots' vestibular illusion simulation training on the ground. Key words: Centrifugation; Illusion; Vestibule; Coriolis force
{"title":"The comparison of vestibular illusions and vestibular autonomic reactions induced by various speed short arm centrifuge operation","authors":"Xinliang Song, Yalei Zhou, Y. Geng, Weihua Li, Zenghui Yang","doi":"10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1007-6239.2014.02.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1007-6239.2014.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"Objective To observe the effects and characteristics of vestibular illusions and vestibular autonomic reactions induced by short arm centrifuge exposure,and to search the appropriate rotation speed of short arm centrifuge for vestibular illusion simulation training on the ground.Methods Ninety healthy pilots were divided into 3 groups by the rotation speed of 21,30 and 37 r/min that generated by SAC-Ⅲ short arm centrifuge.By referencing the vestibular illusions simulation training on electric rotating chair,they were exposure to the simulation of counter-rotatory illusion and Coriolis illusion.Vestibular illusions and vestibular autonomic reactions were compared.Results ①When the speed was 21 r/min,the induced rates of the counter-rotatory illusion,Coriolis tumbling illusion (including head turn to right and to left) and Coriolis somatogyral illusion (including head pitched up and down) were lower than the induced rates under the speed of 30 r/min and 37 r/min (X2＝6.477 20.000,P＜0.01 or P＜0.05).And when the speed was 30 r/min and 37 r/min,the induced rates showed no significant difference (x2 ＝0.073-0.351,P＞0.05).②The expressions and characteristics of the centrifuge evoked counter-rotatory illusion were approximately the same under three different rotation speeds,while the illusion strength was enhanced with the speed increase.The expressions and characteristics of the Coriolis tumbling illusion induced by different speed showed no significant difference (X2 ＝0.090,0.056,P＞0.05).And the expressions of the Coriolis somatogyral illusions were multiform.Under three different speeds,the Coriolis somatogyral illusions showed no significant difference when the pilot's head pitched down (X2 ＝ 1.810,P＞0.05).The case of Coriolis somatogyral illusions was very rare when pilot's head pitched up and the result was not taken into account.③The scores of vestibular autonomic reaction were increased with the rotation speed increase,and showed significant difference (F＝ 15.058,P＜0.01).When the speed was 37 r/min,the score of vestibular autonomic reaction was significantly higher than the scores of 21 r/min and 30 r/min (P＜0.01 or P＜0.05),and there was no significant difference between the scores of 21 r/min and 30 r/min (P＞0.05).Conclusions When the speed of centrifuge was 30 r/m in,the induced rate of the vestibular illusions was the highest and the vestibular autonomic reaction was mild.For the 2 m arm centrifuge,the 30 r/min rotation was appropriate for pilots' vestibular illusion simulation training on the ground. \u0000 \u0000Key words: \u0000Centrifugation; Illusion; Vestibule; Coriolis force","PeriodicalId":9904,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Aerospace Medicine","volume":"34 1","pages":"81-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86341107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-06-15DOI: 10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1007-6239.2014.02.021
Jianzhang Chen
Objective To review the mechanism and countermeasures of in-flight hyperventilation,and to afford reference for its prevention,monitoring,and the training for flight safety.Literature resource and selection Research papers,reviews and monographs in the field.Literature quotation Forty-four papers,6 monographs and 3 scientific and technical reports published at home and abroad were cited.Literature synthesis The incidence,mechanism and countermeasures of in-flight hyperventilation were reviewed.Future researches of in flight hyperventilation were also foreseen.Conclusions The incidence of in-flight hyperventilation is high and it is often overlooked because of the difficulties in distinguishing it from hypoxia if only referred the clinical symptoms.Raising awareness and further studies of in flight hyperventilation have great significance for improving flight efficiency and ensuring flight safety. Key words: Hyperventilation; Flight safety; In-flight incapacitation; Hypoxia
{"title":"The mechanism of in-flight hyperventilation and countermeasures","authors":"Jianzhang Chen","doi":"10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1007-6239.2014.02.021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1007-6239.2014.02.021","url":null,"abstract":"Objective To review the mechanism and countermeasures of in-flight hyperventilation,and to afford reference for its prevention,monitoring,and the training for flight safety.Literature resource and selection Research papers,reviews and monographs in the field.Literature quotation Forty-four papers,6 monographs and 3 scientific and technical reports published at home and abroad were cited.Literature synthesis The incidence,mechanism and countermeasures of in-flight hyperventilation were reviewed.Future researches of in flight hyperventilation were also foreseen.Conclusions The incidence of in-flight hyperventilation is high and it is often overlooked because of the difficulties in distinguishing it from hypoxia if only referred the clinical symptoms.Raising awareness and further studies of in flight hyperventilation have great significance for improving flight efficiency and ensuring flight safety. \u0000 \u0000Key words: \u0000Hyperventilation; Flight safety; In-flight incapacitation; Hypoxia","PeriodicalId":9904,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Aerospace Medicine","volume":"2 1","pages":"142-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81918298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-03-15DOI: 10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1007-6239.2014.01.004
Xiang Zhang, Qing-hong Yang, Zhen Ma, Qing Tian, Zhong-xing Ma
Objective To discuss the value of applying corneal refractive power examination in Air Force pilot selection by analyzing the status of the check and the distribution of corneal astigmatism in candidates.Methods The refractive powers in corneal vertical and horizontal meridian were measured by Canon RK F1 full auto ref-keratometer for 5 172 eyes of 2 586 high school graduates who enrolled in final pilot selection.Mean corneal refractive power,corneal astigmatism,astigmatic axis and the difference of central refractive powers between two eyes of the same individual were calculated and the frequency distributions were described.The corneal astigmatism between two eyes of the same individual was compared.Results The mean corneal refractive power was (42.64± 1.23) D (range:37.95 to 47.31 D).The absolute value of the difference of corneal refractive powers between two eyes of the same individual was (0.20±0.18) D (range:0.00 to 2.53 D).The mean corneal astigmatism was (0.98±0.45) D (range:0.00 to 4.25 D).Astigmatism with rule,against rule and oblique astigmatism respectively took 96.83％,1.16％ and 2.01％.The difference of the corneal astigmatism between two eyes of the same individual was statistically significant (Z=-6.517,P＜0.05).The corneal astigmatism of left eyes was (1.00±0.46) D,a little higher than that of right eyes (0.96±0.45) D.Conclusion In Air Force pilot selection,corneal refractive power detected by full auto ref-keratometer provides a valuable clue in screening and identifying corneal refraction.Identifying if the cornea was done by kerato refractive surgery or keratoconus still needs other complemented methods.Most corneal astigmatism in healthy male aged from 16 to 20 yrs is the type with the rule.The individual corneal refractive power and astigmatism of eyes are symmetric to some extent. Key words: Refraction, ocular; Cornea; Astigmatism; Refractometry; Physical examination; Refractive power
{"title":"Examination of corneal refractive power in Air Force pilot recruitment and discussion on its application value","authors":"Xiang Zhang, Qing-hong Yang, Zhen Ma, Qing Tian, Zhong-xing Ma","doi":"10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1007-6239.2014.01.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1007-6239.2014.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"Objective To discuss the value of applying corneal refractive power examination in Air Force pilot selection by analyzing the status of the check and the distribution of corneal astigmatism in candidates.Methods The refractive powers in corneal vertical and horizontal meridian were measured by Canon RK F1 full auto ref-keratometer for 5 172 eyes of 2 586 high school graduates who enrolled in final pilot selection.Mean corneal refractive power,corneal astigmatism,astigmatic axis and the difference of central refractive powers between two eyes of the same individual were calculated and the frequency distributions were described.The corneal astigmatism between two eyes of the same individual was compared.Results The mean corneal refractive power was (42.64± 1.23) D (range:37.95 to 47.31 D).The absolute value of the difference of corneal refractive powers between two eyes of the same individual was (0.20±0.18) D (range:0.00 to 2.53 D).The mean corneal astigmatism was (0.98±0.45) D (range:0.00 to 4.25 D).Astigmatism with rule,against rule and oblique astigmatism respectively took 96.83％,1.16％ and 2.01％.The difference of the corneal astigmatism between two eyes of the same individual was statistically significant (Z=-6.517,P＜0.05).The corneal astigmatism of left eyes was (1.00±0.46) D,a little higher than that of right eyes (0.96±0.45) D.Conclusion In Air Force pilot selection,corneal refractive power detected by full auto ref-keratometer provides a valuable clue in screening and identifying corneal refraction.Identifying if the cornea was done by kerato refractive surgery or keratoconus still needs other complemented methods.Most corneal astigmatism in healthy male aged from 16 to 20 yrs is the type with the rule.The individual corneal refractive power and astigmatism of eyes are symmetric to some extent. \u0000 \u0000Key words: \u0000Refraction, ocular; Cornea; Astigmatism; Refractometry; Physical examination; Refractive power","PeriodicalId":9904,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Aerospace Medicine","volume":"31 1","pages":"14-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89602655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-03-15DOI: 10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1007-6239.2014.01.006
Wei-xin Zheng, Fei Zou
Objective To obtain the 3D shape data and features of 50th percentile posterior neck length in Chinese pilots.Methods The posterior neck length was measured in 150 fighter pilots by developed probe array and then 32 fighter pilots who were in accordance with 50th percentile posterior neck length were selected based on these 3D digitized posterior neck measurements.Results The method of digitized measurement was established.The range of posterior neck length was from 81 mm to 168 mm,the mean length was 127.3 mm in 150 pilots.In 32 fighter pilots with 50th percentile posterior neck length,the length range was from 120 mm to 123 mm,the mean length was 121.4 mm.The least square fitting curve was got then and 3D model was established.Conclusions The developed equipment and method are practical and effective.The results can be applied to the 3D analysis of posterior neck shape features and to the design of the neck support and head rest of ejection seat. Key words: Posterior neck; Anthropometry; 3D digital measurement
{"title":"Study on 3-D digital measurement of posterior neck shape of fighter pilots","authors":"Wei-xin Zheng, Fei Zou","doi":"10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1007-6239.2014.01.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1007-6239.2014.01.006","url":null,"abstract":"Objective To obtain the 3D shape data and features of 50th percentile posterior neck length in Chinese pilots.Methods The posterior neck length was measured in 150 fighter pilots by developed probe array and then 32 fighter pilots who were in accordance with 50th percentile posterior neck length were selected based on these 3D digitized posterior neck measurements.Results The method of digitized measurement was established.The range of posterior neck length was from 81 mm to 168 mm,the mean length was 127.3 mm in 150 pilots.In 32 fighter pilots with 50th percentile posterior neck length,the length range was from 120 mm to 123 mm,the mean length was 121.4 mm.The least square fitting curve was got then and 3D model was established.Conclusions The developed equipment and method are practical and effective.The results can be applied to the 3D analysis of posterior neck shape features and to the design of the neck support and head rest of ejection seat. \u0000 \u0000Key words: \u0000Posterior neck; Anthropometry; 3D digital measurement","PeriodicalId":9904,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Aerospace Medicine","volume":"14 1","pages":"23-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81983894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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