Economía Informa最新文献

Based on the consideration of the importance and multiplicity of trade agreements signed by Mexico; the importance of the Automotive Industry in the country, as well as the importance of Small and Medium Enterprises (pymes) in employment at the national level, this paper pretends review the possibility of including SMEs (pymes) in the automotive global network, within a context of latest generation trade opening agreement (Trans-Pacific Partnership, tpp).

The purpose of this article is to analyze the problem of the inclusion of SMEs (pymes) in the automotive value chain, within the opportunities that trade agreements can generate.

Thus, starting from the point of view of the theory of oligopoly and the study of the global production networks, this paper review the general characteristics of the automotive global network, through the analysis of the assemblers, and first-tier and second-tier suppliers and the way in which decisions are taken to enter to the global network. It is also considered that assemblers and first-tier suppliers are both the leaders and, ultimately, are the decision makers about the entry of new players into network.

Thus, given the characteristics of the product, the network and the way in which production processes and decision-making are carried out, this paper concludes it is unfeasible and even unattractive for SMEs (pymes) to be included in the automotive global production network.

In Mexico, the production of grain sorghum and bean in irrigation districts in 2014, consumed the equivalent of 85.45% of water intended for the urban public use in all over the country. The aim of this research was to test whether the performance of tons per hectare of the mentioned crops produced in irrigation districts is higher -up to 3.3 times, as affirmed- than the obtained under rainfed conditions. The testing was carried out based on an analysis of variance of the average performance in tons per hectare of both obtained products in irrigation districts and rainfed at the national level; for this was used information grouped by irrigation districts of the crop years from 2001-2002 to 2013-2014. It was concluded that in each one of the considered crop years, the average performance per hectare of beans and grain sorghum obtained in rainfed was equal to the obtained in irrigation districts, with a significance level of 95%.

The phenomena of the size and the growth rate of the public debt in federative entities in Mexico has taken high importance during the last years. Since 2006, the public debt of Tamaulipas started to have an accelerated growth and, between 2009 and 2011, its growth has been exponential. The objective of this paper is to analyze the public indebtedness of Tamaulipas and compare to the evolution of public expenditure, pointing out which budget segments and where has been oriented the public expenditure in the period of 2003-2013. Initially, it is explored the conditions that have an effect on over the public indebtedness in the states, as low fiscal pressure, absence of fiscal sovereignty (as centralized fiscal collection), elevated public expenditure due to the commitments of the governing parties, limited transparency over the financial information, among others. In the second part, it is studied the process of growth of the state public debt in relation to the federal transfers and it is analyzed the application of the transferred economic resources according to the expenditure budgets during the indicated period. Lastly, several conclusions are presented as well as a valorization of the current situation that Tamaulipas maintains in terms of public debt. It was possible to determine that in despite of the fast-paced growth of the public debt and the public expenditure of Tamaulipas during the period 2003-2013, this conditions has not been translated into similar economic growth rates, au contraire Tamaulipas have lost several positions in the public safety and competitive rankings.

La Unión Europea ha enfrentado en los últimos años serios problemas que han puesto en duda su viabilidad, frente a esa situación se plantea en este trabajo cuáles serían las posibles vías por las cuales los países integrantes de la Unión pueden superar las dificultades de la integración. Europa se ha visto cimbrada por la crisis global y ha mostrado su vulnerabilidad frente a embates externos de carácter financiero; en ese sentido, la Unión Europea no se ha visto fortalecida como era el objetivo de su creación.

Los indicadores económicos han mostrado que los países de la Unión Europea están enfrentando fluctuaciones en su actividad económica a partir de la recesión de 2009, obligando a responder en un primer momento con políticas expansivas de la demanda agregada vía aumento del déficit público y de los niveles de endeudamiento, y en un segundo momento con políticas de ajuste y reducción del gasto.

El contexto de crisis global en el cual la Unión Europea es un protagonista central la obliga a tener una mayor participación económica y social. El mayor reto que tiene es resolver sus problemas internos, una vez que lo logre podrá actuar en bloque frente a problemas provenientes de fuera de la zona europea, sino lo resuelven, se acrecentaran los conflicto económicos y sociales, mismos que pueden complicar más el escenario actual y retardar el proceso de integración europea.

The European Union has faced in recent years serious problems that have called into question its viability, considering these facts, this work shares possible routes by which members of the Union can overcome the difficulties of the integration process. Europe has been shaken by the global crisis and has shown its vulnerability to external financial shocks; in this regard, the European Union has not been strengthened as it was intended with its creation.

The economic indicators have shown that the countries of the European Union are facing constant fluctuations in their economic activity since the recession of 2009, forcing to respond initially, with expansionary policies in aggregate demand through increased public deficit and rising debt levels, and secondly, with spending reduction and adjustment policies.

The context of the global crisis in which the European Union is a central player, requires it to have a greater economic and social participation. Solving their internal problems is the Union's biggest challenge and once achieved, it will stand in a better position to act in unity facing problems from outside the euro zone, However, if these internal problems are not solved, the result will be an increase in economic and social issues which could complicate even further the current scenario and at the same time, slow down the process of European integration.

Technological innovation comprises the introduction of new technologies and products that respond to the emerging needs of society and market, and extends to all sectors of the manufacturing industry. The responsiveness of companies in the tannery industry in mexico in a setting where technology and environment-friendly products growth surpasses the growing ratio of the other economy sectors is analized in this context.

We analize the social and economical factors that determine the transition from this industry to one with cleaner processes and technologies. Results point towards the fact that the sector gathers in two clearly defined groups; big companies linked to the “Cámara de Industriales de la Curtiduría”, which hold an environmental policy, novel technologies and strategies to observe the environmental norm, and small and medium sized companies with a traditional orientation, linked to the “Asociacion Nacional de Curtidores”, which show a greater resistance against the adoption of environmental practices and are oriented towards national market. it is concluded, among other factors, that the kind of market is a greater influence into adopting environmental innovative practices than the national normative itself.

The present article allows to recognize the potential of development of Science and Technology (S&T) in Mexico between 2000 and 2015. The schematization of a Development Potential Index in Science and Technology considers: 1) educational systems in the formation of human resources, 2) the realization of an internal system of scientific and technological production, 3) a level of investment in scientific and technological development, 4) the dimension and dynamism in the scientific and technological production and 5) the degree of capitalization of production factors in income and economic growth; as determinants to analyze the advances and setbacks in science and technology. From the Index, there is a disarticulation between human resources and capitalization, which at national level leads to large inequalities, reducing the potential for development. In addition, six constraints are considered to the potential progress in S & T: 1) imbalances in spatial distribution, 2) disarticulation of the stages in the educational formation, 3) special, scarce and unbalanced human resources, 4) low and disjointed production of national networks, 5) low investment and inefficient public spending, and 6) low capitalization and technological dependence. These limits generate concentration and inequality in the potential of S&T development, having a negative impact on the national economy, and positions at an internationally low level.

Our purposes are as follows: 1) to point out that the consumer price index is a scientific object −that is compile to measure the purchasing power of consumers, not for example the imbalance in goods markets; 2) to point out that good measurement has fundamentals, specifically in our case microeconomic fundamentals; 3) to propose some methodological reflections on the change of base of the consumer price index; and 4) using two Expenditures Surveys illustrate that spending represents another dimension of inequality in our country.

This text makes a quantitative analysis on inequality in Mexico between 2012 and 2014. The research establishes a link between Liberal Political Economy and Orthodox Economic Theory from the study of inequality. First, the text indicates the relevance of measuring inequality because the equality is the value that should prevail in a just society. Second, the paper presents the results of an idealized economic statistical model of Marshallian demands on a set of basic goods and services (whole milk, meat, egg, white bread, bottled water, and medical services) in Mexican households. Finally, the investigation concludes that, under certain assumptions and with the exception of general medical consultations, the reduction in consumption differences among the ten deciles of households in Mexico is explained by the decrease in average quarterly income from the fourth decile and the increase of the prices of the goods and services considered in this study. That is, if the gap in consumption is closing is due to a decreased real income. These conclusions invite us to reflect on the relevance of an economic policy focused on guaranteeing decent levels of employment, education, food and housing.

Agricultural sector at the national level shows difficulties in production due to high production costs and low commercial competitively at international scale. In addition, production units show great heterogeneity, aging of the human capital, few financial and technical capacities, as well as marketing. They also face environmental degradation due to unsustainable production practices, which generates economic losses for the sector. In view of this, it is necessary to reconvert to more sustainable practices, integrate the value of ecosystem services, generate appropriate market chains, integrate the environmental dimension into public policies and establish clear mechanisms for its implementation in the territory.