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Environmentally significant non-agricultural biomass for sustainable bioenergy: Sources, conversion, and environmental benefits 用于可持续生物能源的具有环境意义的非农业生物质：来源、转化和环境效益

Next Energy

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2025.100501

Gerald Enos Shija

The escalating challenges of non-agricultural accumulation and global energy demands underscore the need for innovative waste-to-energy solutions that mitigate environmental impacts and address food-fuel conflicts. This review advances the field by exploring non-agricultural biomass- municipal solid waste, forestry residues, industrial organic waste, algal biomass, textile waste, and invasive plant species as sustainable feedstocks for bioenergy production, supporting waste management, energy security, and circular bioeconomies. Their physicochemical properties, conversion technologies (pyrolysis, gasification, anaerobic digestion, and hydrothermal liquefaction), and challenges, like feedstock heterogeneity and high moisture content, are evaluated. Advanced pretreatments enhance conversion efficiencies, while technologies yield significant environmental benefits, including methane emission reductions and carbon sequestration. Socio-economic advantages include job creation, reduced fossil fuel dependency, and alignment with sustainable development goals for clean energy and sustainable cities. To address scalability gaps, this review introduces three novel contributions: (1) an AI-integrated urban biorefinery framework leveraging plasma gasification and AI-driven sorting to optimize heterogeneous feedstocks; (2) valorization strategies for understudied feedstocks like invasive species, enhancing bioenergy outputs through hybrid systems; and (3) scalable pathways tailored to urban and rural waste systems. Policy incentives, such as carbon taxes, are critical for economic viability, enabling these strategies to support global net-zero emissions goals by 2050 through sustainable waste-to-energy systems.

随着非农业积累和全球能源需求的挑战不断升级，需要创新的废物转化为能源的解决方案，以减轻对环境的影响并解决粮食-燃料冲突。本文综述了非农业生物质——城市固体废弃物、林业废弃物、工业有机废弃物、藻类生物质、纺织废弃物和入侵植物物种——作为生物能源生产的可持续原料，为废物管理、能源安全和循环生物经济提供支持。评估了它们的物理化学性质、转化技术（热解、气化、厌氧消化和水热液化）以及挑战，如原料异质性和高水分含量。先进的预处理提高了转化效率，而技术产生了显著的环境效益，包括减少甲烷排放和碳固存。社会经济优势包括创造就业机会，减少对化石燃料的依赖，并与清洁能源和可持续城市的可持续发展目标保持一致。为了解决可扩展性的差距，本文介绍了三个新的贡献：(1)利用等离子气化和人工智能驱动的分选来优化异质原料的人工智能集成的城市生物炼制框架；(2)对入侵物种等未充分研究的原料的增值策略，通过杂交系统提高生物能源产量；(3)针对城市和农村垃圾处理系统量身定制的可扩展路径。碳税等政策激励措施对经济可行性至关重要，使这些战略能够通过可持续的废物转化为能源系统，支持到2050年实现全球净零排放目标。

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Alkali-promoted calcium-based heat carriers for solar-driven thermochemical energy storage 用于太阳能热化学储能的碱促进钙基热载体

Next Energy

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2025.100508

Yuan Wei , Jianchen Yi , Ruicheng Fu, Yingchao Hu

Calcium looping (CaL) process can convert solar energy into chemical energy in a concentrating solar power system, which will be further converted to heat energy to generate electricity. The calcium-based heat carrier in the CaL is considered to be a highly prospective future medium for thermochemical energy storage (TCES) because of its excellent energy storage performance, low input cost, and high cycle operating temperature. However, sintering occurs when the heat carriers are cycled at elevated temperatures, leading to a substantial reduction in their energy storage capacity and hindering their practical applications. In this work, the sintering problem was highly mitigated, and the TCES capacity of calcium-based heat carriers was obviously promoted by doping with alkali meal salts, which are usually considered adverse for the carbonation and calcination reaction of the heat carriers. Based on the modification experiments, it can be reasonably inferred that during the high-temperature operation process, part of the alkali metal salts sublimates and escapes to provide abundant porosity for calcium-based heat carriers. Simultaneously, the other part covers the surface of the calcium particles in a molten state to maintain the stability of the pore skeleton, which greatly enhances the energy storage performance of the heat carriers. As a result, "0.5 K₂CO₃/CaO" showed the best energy storage performance improvement. During high-temperature cycling, the performance of the heat carrier initially increased gradually, followed by an extremely slow decline. Even after 20 cycles, the energy storage capacity still remained at a high level of 1977.23 kJ/kg. This final energy storage capacity was 2.85 times higher than that of unmodified CaO. The microstructural characterizations showed that the "0.5 K₂CO₃/CaO" obtained richer small particles and pore structure after cycles, benefiting from the doping of K₂CO₃ and providing good pore channels for carbonation to inhibit sintering. Therefore, CaO-based heat carriers promoted by alkali metal salts hold significant potential for advancing the application of the TCES system in concentrated solar power plants.

在聚光太阳能发电系统中，钙环（CaL）过程将太阳能转化为化学能，化学能再转化为热能发电。钙基热载体由于其优异的储能性能、低投入成本和高循环工作温度，被认为是一种极具发展前景的热化学储能（TCES）介质。然而，当热载体在高温下循环时，会发生烧结，导致其能量储存能力大幅降低，阻碍了其实际应用。在本研究中，钙基热载体的烧结问题得到了很大的缓解，碱粕盐的掺入明显提高了钙基热载体的TCES容量，而碱粕盐通常被认为不利于热载体的碳化和煅烧反应。通过改性实验可以合理推断，在高温操作过程中，部分碱金属盐升华逸出，为钙基热载体提供了丰富的孔隙。同时，另一部分覆盖在处于熔融状态的钙颗粒表面，保持孔隙骨架的稳定性，大大增强了热载体的储能性能。结果表明，“0.5 K2CO3/CaO”的储能性能改善效果最好。在高温循环过程中，热载体的性能在开始时逐渐提高，随后下降极为缓慢。即使经过20次循环，储能容量仍保持在1977.23 kJ/kg的高水平。最终储能容量是未改性CaO的2.85倍。微观结构表征表明，循环后“0.5 K2CO3/CaO”获得了更丰富的小颗粒和孔隙结构，这得益于K2CO3的掺杂，为碳化提供了良好的孔隙通道，从而抑制烧结。因此，碱金属盐促进的cao基热载体对推进TCES系统在聚光太阳能电站中的应用具有重要的潜力。

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Interface engineering via Mott-Schottky analysis in photovoltaics: A review 基于Mott-Schottky分析的界面工程：综述

Next Energy

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2025.100504

K.J. Rajimon, Rajiv Gandhi Gopalsamy

Perovskite, oxide, organic, and dye-sensitised solar cells are studied from 2015 to 2025, and their current standing and future Mott-Schottky (MS) analysis in photovoltaic (PV) research are highlighted in this review. The incorporation of MS characterisation methodology with solar cell capacitance simulator one dimension (SCAPS-1D) simulations, ab-initio calculations, impedance spectroscopy, and nascent data-driven models is addressed. The MS approach will always be at the forefront in the extraction of the flat band potential, doping concentration, depletion region width, and built-in potential. This is the link between the energetics of the semiconductors and the charge transport of the solar cells and other PV. With MS-validated doping profile optimisation, interface engineering achieves (37.66%) power conversion efficiencies, 1.52 V (open-circuit voltages) and fill factors above (87%). Unfortunately, there are limitations of the frequency-dependent capacitance, parasitic elements, trap states, and non-ideal depletion layer of some architectures, like organic and hybrid ones. The MS and simulations to be used together, and machine learning adoption and analytical models to improve the electronic characterisation, have the potential to resolve the problems. This study offers a critical evaluation of current methods and inherent constraints in MS analysis, offering a strategic framework for the systematic design of efficient, durable, and sustainable solar technologies.

本文综述了钙钛矿、氧化物、有机和染料敏化太阳能电池在2015年至2025年的研究，并重点介绍了它们在光伏（PV）研究中的现状和未来的莫特-肖特基（Mott-Schottky）分析。将质谱表征方法与太阳能电池电容模拟器一维（SCAPS-1D）模拟、从头计算、阻抗谱和新生数据驱动模型相结合。质谱法在提取平带电位、掺杂浓度、耗尽区宽度和内置电位方面始终处于领先地位。这是半导体的能量学与太阳能电池和其他PV的电荷输运之间的联系。通过ms验证的掺杂谱优化，界面工程实现了（37.66%）的功率转换效率，1.52 V（开路电压）和（87%）以上的填充因子。不幸的是，在某些结构（如有机和混合结构）中，存在频率相关电容、寄生元件、陷阱状态和非理想耗尽层的局限性。将质谱和模拟结合使用，采用机器学习和分析模型来改进电子表征，有可能解决这些问题。本研究对质谱分析中的现有方法和固有限制进行了批判性评估，为高效、耐用和可持续太阳能技术的系统设计提供了战略框架。

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