Background : Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) results in loss of immunologic functions, especially those coordinated by CD4+ T-helper cells and consequent impairment of immune response. Periodontal disease has been associated with HIV infection, and HIV infection has been considered a modifier of periodontal disease. Aim: The aim of this study was to report the severity of periodontal disease in HIV-positive individuals and its association between clinical periodontal indices and CD4+T-cell count. Materials and Methods: 25 HIV-positive individuals were recruited and medical history was recorded. To evaluate periodontal disease, clinical attachment loss (CAL), oral hygiene index (OHI), and gingival bleeding index (GI) were recorded. Immune suppression was measured by peripheral blood CD4+T cells/mm 3 as analyzed by flow cytometry. Statistical Analysis: Association between CD4+ T levels and clinical parameters were determined using correlation coefficient test. Results: When all subjects were evaluated, a negative correlation was obtained between CD4+ T-cell count and clinical attachment loss ( r = -0.68226). In individuals with CD4+cell counts 3 , a negative correlation was obtained between clinical attachment loss (-0.35467) and GI (-0.35202). In patients with CD4 count Conclusion: Immune suppression in combination with risk factors may increase progression of periodontal disease. Hence, these individuals should practice better oral hygiene and regular follow-up.
{"title":"Periodontal status in HIV-positive individuals and its possible correlation with CD4+T cell count","authors":"K. Asif, K. Neelima, Shaila V Kothiwale, R. Patil","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.98689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.98689","url":null,"abstract":"Background : Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) results in loss of immunologic functions, especially those coordinated by CD4+ T-helper cells and consequent impairment of immune response. Periodontal disease has been associated with HIV infection, and HIV infection has been considered a modifier of periodontal disease. Aim: The aim of this study was to report the severity of periodontal disease in HIV-positive individuals and its association between clinical periodontal indices and CD4+T-cell count. Materials and Methods: 25 HIV-positive individuals were recruited and medical history was recorded. To evaluate periodontal disease, clinical attachment loss (CAL), oral hygiene index (OHI), and gingival bleeding index (GI) were recorded. Immune suppression was measured by peripheral blood CD4+T cells/mm 3 as analyzed by flow cytometry. Statistical Analysis: Association between CD4+ T levels and clinical parameters were determined using correlation coefficient test. Results: When all subjects were evaluated, a negative correlation was obtained between CD4+ T-cell count and clinical attachment loss ( r = -0.68226). In individuals with CD4+cell counts 3 , a negative correlation was obtained between clinical attachment loss (-0.35467) and GI (-0.35202). In patients with CD4 count Conclusion: Immune suppression in combination with risk factors may increase progression of periodontal disease. Hence, these individuals should practice better oral hygiene and regular follow-up.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84281841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hetal Thakkar, B. V. Patel, M. Parmar, Nirav P Chauhan, Arpita A Patel
Background: Olmesartan medoxomil (OLM), an anti-hypertensive agent administered orally, has absolute bioavailability of only 26% due to the poor aqueous solubility (7.75 μg/ml). Inclusion complexation with cyclodextrins (CD) has been reported to increase the aqueous solubility of various compounds. Aim: The present investigation aimed to enhancing the oral bioavailability of OLM by inclusion complexation with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD). Materials and Methods: The inclusion complexes with HP-β-CD were prepared using two different methods, viz., physical mixture and kneading. The prepared complexes were characterized for various parameters such as drug content, aqueous solubility, dissolution study, in vitro diffusion, intestinal permeability and stability study. The formation of the inclusion complex was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Results: The solubility, dissolution, diffusion rate, and intestinal permeability of the prepared complexes were found to be significantly higher than that of the plain drug. Among the two methods used for formation of inclusion complex, KN method gave higher solubility rates and hence is a better method when compared with PM. Conclusion: The approach seems to be promising in improving the oral bioavailability of OLM.
{"title":"Studies on inclusion complex as potential systems for enhancement of oral bioavailability of olmesartan medoxomil","authors":"Hetal Thakkar, B. V. Patel, M. Parmar, Nirav P Chauhan, Arpita A Patel","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.98685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.98685","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Olmesartan medoxomil (OLM), an anti-hypertensive agent administered orally, has absolute bioavailability of only 26% due to the poor aqueous solubility (7.75 μg/ml). Inclusion complexation with cyclodextrins (CD) has been reported to increase the aqueous solubility of various compounds. Aim: The present investigation aimed to enhancing the oral bioavailability of OLM by inclusion complexation with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD). Materials and Methods: The inclusion complexes with HP-β-CD were prepared using two different methods, viz., physical mixture and kneading. The prepared complexes were characterized for various parameters such as drug content, aqueous solubility, dissolution study, in vitro diffusion, intestinal permeability and stability study. The formation of the inclusion complex was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Results: The solubility, dissolution, diffusion rate, and intestinal permeability of the prepared complexes were found to be significantly higher than that of the plain drug. Among the two methods used for formation of inclusion complex, KN method gave higher solubility rates and hence is a better method when compared with PM. Conclusion: The approach seems to be promising in improving the oral bioavailability of OLM.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84661406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: The aim of the present work was to formulate and characterize an effective colonic drug delivery system for nocturnal asthma based on the time- and pH-dependent system. Materials and Methods: The microsphere of calcium chloride guar gum was prepared by using theophylline. It was prepared by the method of emulsification and coating was done by the method of solvent evaporation with the pH-sensitive eudragit polymers. The prepared microsphere was characterized by particle size, surface morphology, entrapment efficiency, and degree of swelling. Results: The drug release was confirmed by the in vitro drug release in various pH progression medium and dissolution medium. The controlled release of theophylline after a lag time was achieved with developed formulation for colon drug delivery. Conclusion: The pH-dependent solubility behavior of eudragit and gelling properties of guar gum are found to be responsible for delaying the release.
{"title":"Formulation and characterization of calcium chloride guar gum microsphere of theophylline","authors":"S. Verma, D. Jain, S. Shukla","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.98686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.98686","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The aim of the present work was to formulate and characterize an effective colonic drug delivery system for nocturnal asthma based on the time- and pH-dependent system. Materials and Methods: The microsphere of calcium chloride guar gum was prepared by using theophylline. It was prepared by the method of emulsification and coating was done by the method of solvent evaporation with the pH-sensitive eudragit polymers. The prepared microsphere was characterized by particle size, surface morphology, entrapment efficiency, and degree of swelling. Results: The drug release was confirmed by the in vitro drug release in various pH progression medium and dissolution medium. The controlled release of theophylline after a lag time was achieved with developed formulation for colon drug delivery. Conclusion: The pH-dependent solubility behavior of eudragit and gelling properties of guar gum are found to be responsible for delaying the release.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83753500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Singhai, A. Malik, M. Shahid, M. A. Malik, R. Goyal
Background: Fungi most commonly associated with nosocomial septicemia are in the genus Candida . Attachment of yeasts to intravascular surfaces is the crucial step in initiating colonization by yeast cells, forming biofilms and resulting in disseminated infection depending on various factors. Aims: To study the rate and profile of fungal biofilms in catheter-related sepsis (CRS) and antifungal resistance among the clinical isolates of CRS was the aim of this study. Materials & Methods: In all, 135 hospitalized pediatric patients with peripheral intravascular catheters (IVCs) and clinical suspicion of nosocomial septicemia were studied. The yeast isolates causing CRS were identified and characterized, and antifungal susceptibility testing by microplate alamar blue method (minimum inhibitory concentration) was also done. The fungal biofilm formations were visualized by scanning electron microscopy and tube method. Results: 7.4% patients with IVC had CRS, majority being caused by Candida albicans biofilms. In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of yeast isolates causing CRS demonstrated moderate to high level of resistance to fluconazole (70%). Voriconazole was the most optimum drug to cure such infections. Conclusion: This study illustrates the need for exploration of biofilm-based CRS (fungemia) in hospitalized patients and to design practical guidelines for their management (diagnosis and treatment).
{"title":"Characterization of fungal biofilm-based catheter-related sepsis","authors":"M. Singhai, A. Malik, M. Shahid, M. A. Malik, R. Goyal","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.94317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.94317","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Fungi most commonly associated with nosocomial septicemia are in the genus Candida . Attachment of yeasts to intravascular surfaces is the crucial step in initiating colonization by yeast cells, forming biofilms and resulting in disseminated infection depending on various factors. Aims: To study the rate and profile of fungal biofilms in catheter-related sepsis (CRS) and antifungal resistance among the clinical isolates of CRS was the aim of this study. Materials & Methods: In all, 135 hospitalized pediatric patients with peripheral intravascular catheters (IVCs) and clinical suspicion of nosocomial septicemia were studied. The yeast isolates causing CRS were identified and characterized, and antifungal susceptibility testing by microplate alamar blue method (minimum inhibitory concentration) was also done. The fungal biofilm formations were visualized by scanning electron microscopy and tube method. Results: 7.4% patients with IVC had CRS, majority being caused by Candida albicans biofilms. In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of yeast isolates causing CRS demonstrated moderate to high level of resistance to fluconazole (70%). Voriconazole was the most optimum drug to cure such infections. Conclusion: This study illustrates the need for exploration of biofilm-based CRS (fungemia) in hospitalized patients and to design practical guidelines for their management (diagnosis and treatment).","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85570861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Januar, E. Marraskuranto, G. Patantis, E. Chasanah
Context: The soft coral Nephthea spp. is a source of terpenoid class that potentially has pharmaceutical properties. However, metabolite diversity and cytotoxic activity of this species are varied among coral reefs from various sites. Aim: To analyze the water quality in Nephthea spp. environment as a possible factor causing a difference in its metabolite diversity. Settings and Design: Nephthea spp. from seven sites were taken in October 2010 at the Alor District of Marine Protected Area, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Water quality assessment was analyzed in situ and indexed by Canadian Council of Ministry Environment-Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI) method. Meanwhile, metabolite diversity was analyzed by a LC-MS metabolomic method, using C18 reversed phase and gradient water-acetonitrile system. Statistical Analysis Used: Spearman's rho and regression analysis were applied to correlate the water quality index to ecological index (richness, diversity, and evenness) from LC-MS results. Results: The water quality index had a significant positive correlation and strong linear regression determinant to the total metabolite (R 2 = 0.704), particularly to semipolar metabolite richness (R 2 = 0.809), the area of terpenoid class in the organism. Conclusion: It can be concluded that water quality may serve as a major factor that affects the amount of richness in Nephthea spp. metabolites. When the water quality is lower, as environment stresses increases, it may affect the metabolite richness within direct disrupt of metabolite biosynthesis or indirect ecological means. Terpenoids are known as a soft coral antipredator (coral fishes), the amount of which depends on the water quality.
{"title":"LC-MS metabolomic analysis of environmental stressor impacts on the metabolite diversity in Nephthea spp.","authors":"H. Januar, E. Marraskuranto, G. Patantis, E. Chasanah","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.94319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.94319","url":null,"abstract":"Context: The soft coral Nephthea spp. is a source of terpenoid class that potentially has pharmaceutical properties. However, metabolite diversity and cytotoxic activity of this species are varied among coral reefs from various sites. Aim: To analyze the water quality in Nephthea spp. environment as a possible factor causing a difference in its metabolite diversity. Settings and Design: Nephthea spp. from seven sites were taken in October 2010 at the Alor District of Marine Protected Area, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Water quality assessment was analyzed in situ and indexed by Canadian Council of Ministry Environment-Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI) method. Meanwhile, metabolite diversity was analyzed by a LC-MS metabolomic method, using C18 reversed phase and gradient water-acetonitrile system. Statistical Analysis Used: Spearman's rho and regression analysis were applied to correlate the water quality index to ecological index (richness, diversity, and evenness) from LC-MS results. Results: The water quality index had a significant positive correlation and strong linear regression determinant to the total metabolite (R 2 = 0.704), particularly to semipolar metabolite richness (R 2 = 0.809), the area of terpenoid class in the organism. Conclusion: It can be concluded that water quality may serve as a major factor that affects the amount of richness in Nephthea spp. metabolites. When the water quality is lower, as environment stresses increases, it may affect the metabolite richness within direct disrupt of metabolite biosynthesis or indirect ecological means. Terpenoids are known as a soft coral antipredator (coral fishes), the amount of which depends on the water quality.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88508811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ashok Kumar, Lalit Kishore, Navpreet Kaur, Anroop B Nair
Because of the introduction of a lot of drugs in the market every year, it becomes necessary to develop newer analytical methods for such drugs. Method development can take a number of forms. At one extreme, it involves adapting an existing method or making minor changes so as to make it suitable for the new application, as for developing a method for the estimation of drugs using a complex analytical technique like HPLC. After the development, there is a need of method validation. Method validation is defined as the process of proving that an analytical technique is acceptable for the intended use and this is an important requirement for analytical purpose. Validation is done according to the guidelines of ICH and FDA. Here, in this review, we have discussed method development and the various parameters used for method validation, namely accuracy, precision, limit of detection, limit of quantification, specificity, robustness, ruggedness, and range.
{"title":"Method development and validation: Skills and tricks","authors":"Ashok Kumar, Lalit Kishore, Navpreet Kaur, Anroop B Nair","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.94303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.94303","url":null,"abstract":"Because of the introduction of a lot of drugs in the market every year, it becomes necessary to develop newer analytical methods for such drugs. Method development can take a number of forms. At one extreme, it involves adapting an existing method or making minor changes so as to make it suitable for the new application, as for developing a method for the estimation of drugs using a complex analytical technique like HPLC. After the development, there is a need of method validation. Method validation is defined as the process of proving that an analytical technique is acceptable for the intended use and this is an important requirement for analytical purpose. Validation is done according to the guidelines of ICH and FDA. Here, in this review, we have discussed method development and the various parameters used for method validation, namely accuracy, precision, limit of detection, limit of quantification, specificity, robustness, ruggedness, and range.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89943295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: This work deals with the simultaneous determination of captopril (CAP) and hydrochlorothiazide (HZ) in two-component solid dosage form, without prior separation, by three different techniques (simultaneous equation, absorbance ratio method, and first-order derivative method). Materials and Methods: This work was carried out on Shimadzu electron UV1800 double-beam UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The absorption spectra of reference and test solutions were carried out in 1 cm matched quartz cell over the range of 200-400 nm. Methanol and distilled water are used as solvent. Results: The first method is the application of simultaneous equation. Where the linearity ranges for both the drugs were 5-35 μg/ml. The second method is the determination of ratio of absorbance at 271 nm, the maximum absorption of HZ and isobestic wavelength 209 nm, the linearity ranges for both the drugs were 10-120 μg/ml The third method is the first-order derivative method, where the CAP shows wavelength at 222 nm and HZ shows at 340 nm, and the linearity ranges for CAP and HZ were 1-30 μg/ml and 1-40 μg/ml, respectively. The proposed procedures were successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of both the drugs in commercial tablet preparation. The validity of the proposed methods was assessed by applying the standard addition technique where the percentage recovery of the added standard was found to be 99.52±0.214 and 99.00±0.165 using the simultaneous equation method, 99.76±0.684 and 99.58±0.279 using the graphical absorbance ratio method, and 99.45±0295 and 99.21±0.678 using first derivative method, for CAP and HZ, respectively. Conclusion: The proposed procedures are rapid, simple, require no preliminary separation steps, and can be used for routine analysis of both drugs in quality control laboratories.
{"title":"Simultaneous estimation of captopril and hydrochlorothiazide in combined dosage forms","authors":"K. S. Rao, M. Panda, N. K. Keshar, S. Yadav","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.94312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.94312","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: This work deals with the simultaneous determination of captopril (CAP) and hydrochlorothiazide (HZ) in two-component solid dosage form, without prior separation, by three different techniques (simultaneous equation, absorbance ratio method, and first-order derivative method). Materials and Methods: This work was carried out on Shimadzu electron UV1800 double-beam UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The absorption spectra of reference and test solutions were carried out in 1 cm matched quartz cell over the range of 200-400 nm. Methanol and distilled water are used as solvent. Results: The first method is the application of simultaneous equation. Where the linearity ranges for both the drugs were 5-35 μg/ml. The second method is the determination of ratio of absorbance at 271 nm, the maximum absorption of HZ and isobestic wavelength 209 nm, the linearity ranges for both the drugs were 10-120 μg/ml The third method is the first-order derivative method, where the CAP shows wavelength at 222 nm and HZ shows at 340 nm, and the linearity ranges for CAP and HZ were 1-30 μg/ml and 1-40 μg/ml, respectively. The proposed procedures were successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of both the drugs in commercial tablet preparation. The validity of the proposed methods was assessed by applying the standard addition technique where the percentage recovery of the added standard was found to be 99.52±0.214 and 99.00±0.165 using the simultaneous equation method, 99.76±0.684 and 99.58±0.279 using the graphical absorbance ratio method, and 99.45±0295 and 99.21±0.678 using first derivative method, for CAP and HZ, respectively. Conclusion: The proposed procedures are rapid, simple, require no preliminary separation steps, and can be used for routine analysis of both drugs in quality control laboratories.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82914271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Rekha, Shalinee Rao, J. Thanka, S. Rajendiran, A. Ravi
We document a rare presentation of desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor (DSRCT) in a 25-year-old male. He presented with a nodular swelling in the umbilical region that was clinically suggestive of Sister Joseph nodule. Imaging studies showed multiple nodules over the peritoneum and the gastrointestinal endoscopies showed no lesions. An excision biopsy of the umbilical lesion showed small round cells with dense desmoplasia and immunohistotyping confirmed the diagnosis of DSRCT. Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor is notable for its poor prognosis.
{"title":"Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor presenting as a Sister Joseph nodule","authors":"A. Rekha, Shalinee Rao, J. Thanka, S. Rajendiran, A. Ravi","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.94306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.94306","url":null,"abstract":"We document a rare presentation of desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor (DSRCT) in a 25-year-old male. He presented with a nodular swelling in the umbilical region that was clinically suggestive of Sister Joseph nodule. Imaging studies showed multiple nodules over the peritoneum and the gastrointestinal endoscopies showed no lesions. An excision biopsy of the umbilical lesion showed small round cells with dense desmoplasia and immunohistotyping confirmed the diagnosis of DSRCT. Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor is notable for its poor prognosis.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85001346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the recent decades, the interdisciplinary field of nanotechnology has expanded extensively. A variety of nanoparticles (NPs) have been used for a number of specialized applications. In this era facing a major problem of microorganisms developing antibiotic resistance, NPs are a lucrative option. Most physical and chemical processes of NP synthesis are associated with drawbacks and bio-inspired NPs have now become popular. This review summarizes the recent developments on the biosynthesis, characterization, and applications of NPs with particular reference to their use as antimicrobial agents. Reviewed here is the synthesis of gold and silver NPs (AgNPs) by a variety of biological forms and biomolecules as well as their effectiveness toward different fungal and bacterial pathogens. The use of gold NPs (bio-inspired by plants, fungi, and bacteria) and AgNPs, synthesized by carbohydrates (of plant, animal, and microbial origin), plant parts (bark, callus, leaves, peels, and tubers), fungi, and bacteria have been highlighted. In addition, the use of zinc oxide NPs (although not bio-inspired) as novel antimicrobial agents have also been discussed.
{"title":"Bio-inspired nanomaterials and their applications as antimicrobial agents","authors":"S. Zinjarde","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.94314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.94314","url":null,"abstract":"In the recent decades, the interdisciplinary field of nanotechnology has expanded extensively. A variety of nanoparticles (NPs) have been used for a number of specialized applications. In this era facing a major problem of microorganisms developing antibiotic resistance, NPs are a lucrative option. Most physical and chemical processes of NP synthesis are associated with drawbacks and bio-inspired NPs have now become popular. This review summarizes the recent developments on the biosynthesis, characterization, and applications of NPs with particular reference to their use as antimicrobial agents. Reviewed here is the synthesis of gold and silver NPs (AgNPs) by a variety of biological forms and biomolecules as well as their effectiveness toward different fungal and bacterial pathogens. The use of gold NPs (bio-inspired by plants, fungi, and bacteria) and AgNPs, synthesized by carbohydrates (of plant, animal, and microbial origin), plant parts (bark, callus, leaves, peels, and tubers), fungi, and bacteria have been highlighted. In addition, the use of zinc oxide NPs (although not bio-inspired) as novel antimicrobial agents have also been discussed.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75744319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Singhal, A. Singhal, K. Padmavathi, Riya Sil, Seth G. L. Bihani
Juice of wheat (Triticum aestivum L., Poaceae) grass is termed as green blood. Wheatgrass is a variety of grass that is used like a herbal medicine for its therapeutic and nutritional properties. The aim of this study is to concise the health benefits of green blood therapy. As wheatgrass juice (WGJ) bears a close resemblance to the “hemoglobin” in our blood, the juice is called as “green blood” and the therapy using it is called as “green blood therapy”. The WGJ is a complete food and contains carbohydrates, proteins, all essential minerals, and vitamins. Wheatgrass therapy is recommended for patients suffering from chronic diseases such as asthma, atherosclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, joint pains, TB, constipation, hypertension, diabetes, bronchitis, insomnia, eczema, sterility, hemorrhage, obesity, and flatulence. It is also useful in the treatment of cancer. The WGJ is immediately absorbed into the bloodstream and gives energy. On an empty stomach, it is assimilated into blood in about 20 min. The energy lasts throughout the day. It is practically a fountain of youth and found to have numerous health benefits. This review is concluded that the WGJ has higher degree of curative index and this can be last alternative therapy when the all therapy will fail.
{"title":"Multifunctional role of green blood therapy to cure for many diseases","authors":"V. Singhal, A. Singhal, K. Padmavathi, Riya Sil, Seth G. L. Bihani","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.94305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.94305","url":null,"abstract":"Juice of wheat (Triticum aestivum L., Poaceae) grass is termed as green blood. Wheatgrass is a variety of grass that is used like a herbal medicine for its therapeutic and nutritional properties. The aim of this study is to concise the health benefits of green blood therapy. As wheatgrass juice (WGJ) bears a close resemblance to the “hemoglobin” in our blood, the juice is called as “green blood” and the therapy using it is called as “green blood therapy”. The WGJ is a complete food and contains carbohydrates, proteins, all essential minerals, and vitamins. Wheatgrass therapy is recommended for patients suffering from chronic diseases such as asthma, atherosclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, joint pains, TB, constipation, hypertension, diabetes, bronchitis, insomnia, eczema, sterility, hemorrhage, obesity, and flatulence. It is also useful in the treatment of cancer. The WGJ is immediately absorbed into the bloodstream and gives energy. On an empty stomach, it is assimilated into blood in about 20 min. The energy lasts throughout the day. It is practically a fountain of youth and found to have numerous health benefits. This review is concluded that the WGJ has higher degree of curative index and this can be last alternative therapy when the all therapy will fail.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73562669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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