Nanotechnology has been the most explored and extensively studied area in recent times. Many devices which were earlier impossible to imagine, are being developed at a lightning speed with the application of nanotechnology. To overcome the challenges offered by the most dreaded diseases, such as cancer or any disease involving the central nervous system or other inaccessible areas of the human body, nanotechnology has been proved to be a boon in making the treatment more target specific and minimizing the toxicities. This review describes a handful of important devices and applications based on nanotechnology in medicine made in recent times. This article also describes in brief the regulatory concerns and the ethical issues pertaining to nanomedical devices.
{"title":"Nanotechnology based devices and applications in medicine: An overview","authors":"E. Martis, Rewa R Badve, Mukta D Degwekar","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.94320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.94320","url":null,"abstract":"Nanotechnology has been the most explored and extensively studied area in recent times. Many devices which were earlier impossible to imagine, are being developed at a lightning speed with the application of nanotechnology. To overcome the challenges offered by the most dreaded diseases, such as cancer or any disease involving the central nervous system or other inaccessible areas of the human body, nanotechnology has been proved to be a boon in making the treatment more target specific and minimizing the toxicities. This review describes a handful of important devices and applications based on nanotechnology in medicine made in recent times. This article also describes in brief the regulatory concerns and the ethical issues pertaining to nanomedical devices.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":"101 1","pages":"68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79508325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aims and Objectives: To study the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity among patients of peptic ulcer disease and to study the patients of peptic ulcer disease with psychiatric morbidity in comparison to patients of peptic ulcer disease without psychiatric morbidity on following variables: sociodemographic variables and attributes/risk factors of peptic ulcer disease. Materials and Methods: Fifty cases of clinically proven acid peptic diseases and 30 cases of the control group were screened in department of General Medicine, outdoor as well as indoor patients. Instruments applied for the purpose of the study were Personal Bio-data Performa (Appendix-I), (SCL)- 80 (Appendix-II), Hamilton rating scale for anxiety and depression, (P.S.L.E.); clinical diagnosis of psychiatric disorders was made as per ICD- 10 criteria. Data collected shall be subjected to statistical analysis. Results and Findings: The psychiatric morbidity was significantly ( P P P P P P P P 10 years, compared to 23.80% in patients without psychiatric morbidity. Lastly, 48.27% of patients with psychiatric morbidity had significantly ( P Conclusions: There is a significant relationship between the peptic ulcer disease and the various psychiatric morbidity factors as illustrated from the findings of this study.
目的:研究消化性溃疡患者中精神疾病的患病率，并将消化性溃疡患者中有精神疾病的患者与无精神疾病的消化性溃疡患者进行比较，研究消化性溃疡的社会人口学变量和消化性溃疡的属性/危险因素。材料与方法:选取全科、室外及室内患者中经临床证实的胃酸消化性疾病患者50例，对照组30例。本研究使用的工具为个人生物数据量表(附录i)， (SCL)- 80(附录ii)，汉密尔顿焦虑和抑郁评定量表(P.S.L.E.);按照ICD- 10标准对精神障碍进行临床诊断。收集的数据应进行统计分析。结果与发现:10年精神病发病率P P P P P P P显著高于无精神病发病率P P P P P的23.80%。结论:本研究结果表明消化性溃疡与各种精神疾病发病因素之间存在显著的关系。
{"title":"A study of psychiatric morbidity in patients of peptic ulcer diseases","authors":"J. Klair, B. Sidhu","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.94310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.94310","url":null,"abstract":"Aims and Objectives: To study the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity among patients of peptic ulcer disease and to study the patients of peptic ulcer disease with psychiatric morbidity in comparison to patients of peptic ulcer disease without psychiatric morbidity on following variables: sociodemographic variables and attributes/risk factors of peptic ulcer disease. Materials and Methods: Fifty cases of clinically proven acid peptic diseases and 30 cases of the control group were screened in department of General Medicine, outdoor as well as indoor patients. Instruments applied for the purpose of the study were Personal Bio-data Performa (Appendix-I), (SCL)- 80 (Appendix-II), Hamilton rating scale for anxiety and depression, (P.S.L.E.); clinical diagnosis of psychiatric disorders was made as per ICD- 10 criteria. Data collected shall be subjected to statistical analysis. Results and Findings: The psychiatric morbidity was significantly ( P P P P P P P P 10 years, compared to 23.80% in patients without psychiatric morbidity. Lastly, 48.27% of patients with psychiatric morbidity had significantly ( P Conclusions: There is a significant relationship between the peptic ulcer disease and the various psychiatric morbidity factors as illustrated from the findings of this study.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":"55 1","pages":"29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75565532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: Urinary tract infections are among the most common infections encountered in clinical practice. Study was conducted to detect extended-spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) type of resistance in urinary isolates in North Eastern Region of India. Materials and Methods: Midstream urine sample was collected from 200 patients clinically suspected to be suffering from urinary tract infections and attending Outpatients Departments and different wards in Assam Medical College and Hospital Dibrugarh, a tertiary teaching hospital from September 2007 to August 2008. The patients who did not have a course of antibiotic before 15 days of study were included, whereas patients with known history of diabetes, thyroid disorders, renal disease, and hypertension were excluded from the study group. Urine samples were cultured as per guidelines and ESBL detected by double disc diffusion tests. Statistical Analysis: Test of proportion and two-tailed Z test were used for data analysis. Results: In all, 171 isolates of Gram-negative bacilli were detected of which 42 isolates produced ESBL. So the detection rate of ESBL in the study was 24.56%. The ESBL-producing isolates were 19 (28.78%) in males and 23 (21.9%) in females, and this difference was not found to be significant ( P > 0.05). In 97.61% of isolates, associated resistance was observed for ampicillin and cotrimoxazole. Ciprofloxacin and gatifloxacin showed coresistance of 69.04% and 71.42%, respectively. Associated resistance for amoxycillin/clavulanic acid and piperacillin/tazobactum was 38.09% and 35.71%. All the isolates of Enterobacteriaceae producing ESBL were 100% sensitive to imipenem. Conclusion: These data provided the much needed information on the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among pathogens causing urinary tract infections. Results seem helpful in providing useful guidelines in choosing an effective antibiotic in cases with urinary tract infection and also initiating therapy in antimicrobial-resistant strains.
{"title":"Antibiotic coresistance among extended-spectrum beta lactamase-producing urinary isolates in a tertiary medical center: A prospective study","authors":"N. Das, AK Borthakur","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.94318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.94318","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: Urinary tract infections are among the most common infections encountered in clinical practice. Study was conducted to detect extended-spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) type of resistance in urinary isolates in North Eastern Region of India. Materials and Methods: Midstream urine sample was collected from 200 patients clinically suspected to be suffering from urinary tract infections and attending Outpatients Departments and different wards in Assam Medical College and Hospital Dibrugarh, a tertiary teaching hospital from September 2007 to August 2008. The patients who did not have a course of antibiotic before 15 days of study were included, whereas patients with known history of diabetes, thyroid disorders, renal disease, and hypertension were excluded from the study group. Urine samples were cultured as per guidelines and ESBL detected by double disc diffusion tests. Statistical Analysis: Test of proportion and two-tailed Z test were used for data analysis. Results: In all, 171 isolates of Gram-negative bacilli were detected of which 42 isolates produced ESBL. So the detection rate of ESBL in the study was 24.56%. The ESBL-producing isolates were 19 (28.78%) in males and 23 (21.9%) in females, and this difference was not found to be significant ( P > 0.05). In 97.61% of isolates, associated resistance was observed for ampicillin and cotrimoxazole. Ciprofloxacin and gatifloxacin showed coresistance of 69.04% and 71.42%, respectively. Associated resistance for amoxycillin/clavulanic acid and piperacillin/tazobactum was 38.09% and 35.71%. All the isolates of Enterobacteriaceae producing ESBL were 100% sensitive to imipenem. Conclusion: These data provided the much needed information on the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among pathogens causing urinary tract infections. Results seem helpful in providing useful guidelines in choosing an effective antibiotic in cases with urinary tract infection and also initiating therapy in antimicrobial-resistant strains.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":"61 1","pages":"53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87543542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Topical drug delivery is still a challenge due to the difficulties in controlling the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) fate within the skin. Due to the safety of the component material and controlled release abilities, nanoparticles offer an excellent opportunity for the rational delivery of drugs to the desired target site and hence these carrier systems are effectively used for topical delivery of variety of active principles for both pharmaceutical as well as cosmetic purposes. Recently, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have shown a great potential as carriers for topical administration of active substances, principally owing to the possible targeting effect and controlled release in different skin strata. Also, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are a new type of topical delivery system offering improved performance in terms of drug loading and long-term stability with the ability to form highly concentrated dispersions. Another invention in the field of topical drug delivery is the use of micellar nanoparticles (MNPs) that offer a potentially fast and inexpensive pharmaceutical development model by using drugs already proven safe and effective to create new proprietary formulations. These novel drug delivery systems have gained much interest as they combine both the technology of lipid sciences and nanosciences, and hence may be better alternative carriers.
{"title":"Nanoparticles - A paradigm for topical drug delivery","authors":"Yogesh S. Chaudhari","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.94311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.94311","url":null,"abstract":"Topical drug delivery is still a challenge due to the difficulties in controlling the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) fate within the skin. Due to the safety of the component material and controlled release abilities, nanoparticles offer an excellent opportunity for the rational delivery of drugs to the desired target site and hence these carrier systems are effectively used for topical delivery of variety of active principles for both pharmaceutical as well as cosmetic purposes. Recently, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have shown a great potential as carriers for topical administration of active substances, principally owing to the possible targeting effect and controlled release in different skin strata. Also, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are a new type of topical delivery system offering improved performance in terms of drug loading and long-term stability with the ability to form highly concentrated dispersions. Another invention in the field of topical drug delivery is the use of micellar nanoparticles (MNPs) that offer a potentially fast and inexpensive pharmaceutical development model by using drugs already proven safe and effective to create new proprietary formulations. These novel drug delivery systems have gained much interest as they combine both the technology of lipid sciences and nanosciences, and hence may be better alternative carriers.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":"118 1","pages":"82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85371036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Probiotics are nonpathogenic microorganisms mostly of human origin which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host and enable to prevent or improve some diseases. Probiotics may be a natural temporary constituent of the resident intestinal microflora, but their concentration is not sufficient for therapeutic purposes. The microbiota, the intestinal epithelium, and the mucosal immune system constitute the gastrointestinal ecosystem. All three components are essential for complete functional and developmental maturity of the system. Probiotics are defined as live microbial food ingredients that have a beneficial effect on human health. The use of antibiotics, immunosuppressive therapy, and irradiation, among other means of treatment, may cause alterations in the composition and have an effect on the gastrointestinal tract flora. Therefore, the introduction of beneficial bacterial species to GI tract may be a very attractive option to re-establish the microbial equilibrium and prevent disease. The efficacy of probiotics in acute enteric infections and post-antibiotic syndromes is now established and there is emerging evidence for a role in necrotizing enterocolitis, irritable bowel syndrome, periodontal diseases, and some forms of inflammatory bowel disease.
{"title":"Promising future of probiotics for human health: Current scenario","authors":"G. Tiwari, R. Tiwari, S. Pandey, P. Pandey","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.94308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.94308","url":null,"abstract":"Probiotics are nonpathogenic microorganisms mostly of human origin which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host and enable to prevent or improve some diseases. Probiotics may be a natural temporary constituent of the resident intestinal microflora, but their concentration is not sufficient for therapeutic purposes. The microbiota, the intestinal epithelium, and the mucosal immune system constitute the gastrointestinal ecosystem. All three components are essential for complete functional and developmental maturity of the system. Probiotics are defined as live microbial food ingredients that have a beneficial effect on human health. The use of antibiotics, immunosuppressive therapy, and irradiation, among other means of treatment, may cause alterations in the composition and have an effect on the gastrointestinal tract flora. Therefore, the introduction of beneficial bacterial species to GI tract may be a very attractive option to re-establish the microbial equilibrium and prevent disease. The efficacy of probiotics in acute enteric infections and post-antibiotic syndromes is now established and there is emerging evidence for a role in necrotizing enterocolitis, irritable bowel syndrome, periodontal diseases, and some forms of inflammatory bowel disease.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":"25 1","pages":"17-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72996624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: The aim of the present study is to evaluate and compare the cutaneous wound healing potential of Pterocarpus marsupium in normal and diabetic rats and make inference for the cutaneous wound healing potential by possible mode of action P. marsupium extract. Materials and Methods: The effect of heart wood extract of P. marsupium on wound healing has been studied in diabetic and normal animals. The effect has also been compared with standard (mupirocin ointment) application. In the absence of specific animal model for cutaneous diabetic wound healing, we have used common model of wound healing (excision wound model) in animals having diabetes (by administration of alloxan monohydrate 120 mg/kg i.p.). Statistics Analysis: Data were analyzed by using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post hoc tests, using the Graph Pad Software (5.0 demo version), and P value Results and Conclusion : Rats treated with 200 mg/kg/day of P. marsupium heart wood extract had high rate of wound contraction, significantly decreased epithelization period, and significant increase in dry weight, wet weight, and hydroxyproline content of the granulation tissue when compared with the diabetic control and normal control groups. Wound contraction together with increased tensile strength and hydroxyproline content support the use of P. marsupium heart wood extract in the management of wound healing in normal and diabetic rats.
{"title":"Evaluation of wound healing potential of Pterocarpus marsupium heart wood extract in normal and diabetic rats","authors":"A. Singhal, Manisha Gupta, S. Edwin, Rupesh Soni","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.94313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.94313","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The aim of the present study is to evaluate and compare the cutaneous wound healing potential of Pterocarpus marsupium in normal and diabetic rats and make inference for the cutaneous wound healing potential by possible mode of action P. marsupium extract. Materials and Methods: The effect of heart wood extract of P. marsupium on wound healing has been studied in diabetic and normal animals. The effect has also been compared with standard (mupirocin ointment) application. In the absence of specific animal model for cutaneous diabetic wound healing, we have used common model of wound healing (excision wound model) in animals having diabetes (by administration of alloxan monohydrate 120 mg/kg i.p.). Statistics Analysis: Data were analyzed by using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post hoc tests, using the Graph Pad Software (5.0 demo version), and P value Results and Conclusion : Rats treated with 200 mg/kg/day of P. marsupium heart wood extract had high rate of wound contraction, significantly decreased epithelization period, and significant increase in dry weight, wet weight, and hydroxyproline content of the granulation tissue when compared with the diabetic control and normal control groups. Wound contraction together with increased tensile strength and hydroxyproline content support the use of P. marsupium heart wood extract in the management of wound healing in normal and diabetic rats.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":"31 1","pages":"42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88614299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Context: India is a developing country in south Asia. Rural population of this country is mostly dependant on agriculture. Pesticides, mainly the organophosphorus compounds are the most frequently used substances in agriculture and thus are easily accessible. Animal bites such as snake bite, scorpion bites are also common, as people here are mainly involved in the field work. Aims: This includes, knowing the pattern of poisoning in India along with various parameters, such as mode of poisoning, type of poison, outcome of the poisoning, the most vulnerable age group involved in poisoning, so that the study will help in rapid clinical diagnosis and immediate treatment of the cases leading to decreased mortality and morbidity. Setting and design: Retrospective observational study. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at Govt. Hospital, Yavatmal. Poisoning cases reported to casualty and post-mortem cases of poisoning brought to the hospital from 01/06/2003 to 30/05/2004 were included in the study. Result: Total 1003 patients studied; acute poisoning in the age group of 21-30 years was the most common with higher frequency in males. Most common mode was suicidal. Most common agent responsible for poisoning was organophosphorus compounds followed by snake bite. Overall mortality due to poisoning was 12%. It was highest in insecticidal poisoning. Conclusion: It was seen that adults between 21 and 30 years of age were more prone to suicidal poisoning with organophosphorous compounds followed by accidental poisoning due to snake bite. Steps are needed to be taken to educate the people, to improve their socioeconomic status and also to provide better treatment facilities at grass root level.
{"title":"Study of trends of poisoning in the cases reported to government hospital, Yavatmal","authors":"Y. Vaidya, S. Hulke","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.94321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.94321","url":null,"abstract":"Context: India is a developing country in south Asia. Rural population of this country is mostly dependant on agriculture. Pesticides, mainly the organophosphorus compounds are the most frequently used substances in agriculture and thus are easily accessible. Animal bites such as snake bite, scorpion bites are also common, as people here are mainly involved in the field work. Aims: This includes, knowing the pattern of poisoning in India along with various parameters, such as mode of poisoning, type of poison, outcome of the poisoning, the most vulnerable age group involved in poisoning, so that the study will help in rapid clinical diagnosis and immediate treatment of the cases leading to decreased mortality and morbidity. Setting and design: Retrospective observational study. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at Govt. Hospital, Yavatmal. Poisoning cases reported to casualty and post-mortem cases of poisoning brought to the hospital from 01/06/2003 to 30/05/2004 were included in the study. Result: Total 1003 patients studied; acute poisoning in the age group of 21-30 years was the most common with higher frequency in males. Most common mode was suicidal. Most common agent responsible for poisoning was organophosphorus compounds followed by snake bite. Overall mortality due to poisoning was 12%. It was highest in insecticidal poisoning. Conclusion: It was seen that adults between 21 and 30 years of age were more prone to suicidal poisoning with organophosphorous compounds followed by accidental poisoning due to snake bite. Steps are needed to be taken to educate the people, to improve their socioeconomic status and also to provide better treatment facilities at grass root level.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":"6 1","pages":"63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79747325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gaurav Sharma, S. Awasthi, Anuj Dixit, Garima Sharma
This paper is intended to discuss a critical need expressed by present healthcare system of India, and how to provide a better health facility and diluting the medication errors caused by inappropriate management of the hospitals. Adverse events related to medication occur due to pathetic infrastructures, corporal punishment by the patient if unsatisfied, doctors on strike and working only for riches, trivial financial aid, and lack of basic amenities in the government-run hospitals of India. Government should reduce the barriers of awareness, accountability, ability, and action into accelerators of patient safety in the government organizations. Physicians, nurses, and pharmacists are truly the critical ingredient to rapid safety practice adoption. Various approaches like Technological Iatrogenesis, Computerized Provider Order Entry, and Electronic Health Record should be used. Although patient safety is recognized as a serious issue in health system, there is an urgent need for development and implementation of strategies for prevention and early detection of errors.
{"title":"Patient safety risk assessment and risk management: A review on Indian hospitals","authors":"Gaurav Sharma, S. Awasthi, Anuj Dixit, Garima Sharma","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.93022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.93022","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is intended to discuss a critical need expressed by present healthcare system of India, and how to provide a better health facility and diluting the medication errors caused by inappropriate management of the hospitals. Adverse events related to medication occur due to pathetic infrastructures, corporal punishment by the patient if unsatisfied, doctors on strike and working only for riches, trivial financial aid, and lack of basic amenities in the government-run hospitals of India. Government should reduce the barriers of awareness, accountability, ability, and action into accelerators of patient safety in the government organizations. Physicians, nurses, and pharmacists are truly the critical ingredient to rapid safety practice adoption. Various approaches like Technological Iatrogenesis, Computerized Provider Order Entry, and Electronic Health Record should be used. Although patient safety is recognized as a serious issue in health system, there is an urgent need for development and implementation of strategies for prevention and early detection of errors.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":"11 1","pages":"186-191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89439421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Kushwaha, K. Saxena, S. Verma, V. Lakshmi, Rashmi Sharma, P. Murthy
Aim: Currently available antifilarial drugs diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin and albendazole and their combinations, are not able to control lymphatic filariasis. Therefore, a better antifilarial agent is urgently required for proper management of the disease. Materials and Methods: In this study, we evaluated the antifilarial activity of gum extract of plant Moringa oleifera Lam. against the human lymphatic filarial parasite Brugia malayi using adult worms and microfilariae (mf) in two in vitro assays (motility and inhition in MTT reduction) for viability and two animal models, primary (Meriones unguiculatus implanted with B. malayi adult worms in the peritoneal cavity) and secondary (subcutaneous B. malayi infective larvae induced Mastomys coucha, the model closer to the natural human filarial infection) screens. Results: The gum extract inhibited 100% motility (irreversible loss of motility) of mf and inhibited more than 56% MTT reduction potential of the adult female worms. The extract was safe in cytotoxicity test using Vero cell line, therefore followed in vivo in primary and secondary screens. In primary screen, the extract (5×500 mg/kg) caused 69% macrofilaricidal and 83% sterilization of female worms and 44% macrofilaricidal activity in secondary screen (5 × 1000 mg/kg) by oral route. Conclusion: Thus, it is concluded that the gum of the plant is macrofilaricidal in both in vitro and in vivo and may provide valuable leads for design and development of new antifilarial agents. This is the first ever report on the antifilarial efficacy of M. oleifera.
{"title":"Antifilarial activity of gum from Moringa oleifera Lam. on human lymphatic filaria Brugia malayi","authors":"V. Kushwaha, K. Saxena, S. Verma, V. Lakshmi, Rashmi Sharma, P. Murthy","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.93025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.93025","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: Currently available antifilarial drugs diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin and albendazole and their combinations, are not able to control lymphatic filariasis. Therefore, a better antifilarial agent is urgently required for proper management of the disease. Materials and Methods: In this study, we evaluated the antifilarial activity of gum extract of plant Moringa oleifera Lam. against the human lymphatic filarial parasite Brugia malayi using adult worms and microfilariae (mf) in two in vitro assays (motility and inhition in MTT reduction) for viability and two animal models, primary (Meriones unguiculatus implanted with B. malayi adult worms in the peritoneal cavity) and secondary (subcutaneous B. malayi infective larvae induced Mastomys coucha, the model closer to the natural human filarial infection) screens. Results: The gum extract inhibited 100% motility (irreversible loss of motility) of mf and inhibited more than 56% MTT reduction potential of the adult female worms. The extract was safe in cytotoxicity test using Vero cell line, therefore followed in vivo in primary and secondary screens. In primary screen, the extract (5×500 mg/kg) caused 69% macrofilaricidal and 83% sterilization of female worms and 44% macrofilaricidal activity in secondary screen (5 × 1000 mg/kg) by oral route. Conclusion: Thus, it is concluded that the gum of the plant is macrofilaricidal in both in vitro and in vivo and may provide valuable leads for design and development of new antifilarial agents. This is the first ever report on the antifilarial efficacy of M. oleifera.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":"66 1","pages":"201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90610740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alginate and chitosan are commonly used polymers in modifying the drug release. These two polymers can be used together or separately to form drug loaded modified release beads. The ionotropic gelation method and a slight modification in various ways are used to prepare these beads of different characteristics. The bead characteristics like morphology, buoyancy, swelling nature, drug entrapment efficiency, adsorption, and release behavior are of importance. Also the therapeutic uses of the different modifications of the beads can be immense for the drugs which have low water solubility, short biological half life, require organ specific targeting, and are proteineous in nature.
{"title":"Drug delivery using alginate and chitosan beads: An Overview","authors":"R. Bhattarai, N. Dhandapani, Ayush Shrestha","doi":"10.4103/2229-5186.93023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.93023","url":null,"abstract":"Alginate and chitosan are commonly used polymers in modifying the drug release. These two polymers can be used together or separately to form drug loaded modified release beads. The ionotropic gelation method and a slight modification in various ways are used to prepare these beads of different characteristics. The bead characteristics like morphology, buoyancy, swelling nature, drug entrapment efficiency, adsorption, and release behavior are of importance. Also the therapeutic uses of the different modifications of the beads can be immense for the drugs which have low water solubility, short biological half life, require organ specific targeting, and are proteineous in nature.","PeriodicalId":10187,"journal":{"name":"Chronicles of Young Scientists","volume":"41 1","pages":"192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72977557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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