In response to westward subduction of the Paleo-Pacific, the North China Craton experienced the uplift of an eastern coastal plateau followed by subsidence in the Early Cretaceous, which potentially drove a shift in climatic patterns. Here we use the oxygen isotope ratios of garnets from magmatic-hydrothermal ore systems to infer the origins and signatures of mineralization fluids during this tectonic transition. The garnet oxygen isotope values range from approximately –11.4 to +13.5‰, with extremely depleted oxygen isotope ratios exclusively found in the northern margin, indicating extensive involvement of meteoric and lacustrine fluid in the back-arc hinterland. This geological record aligns with climate modeling exhibiting that the coastal plateau amplified northeastward transport of moisture from tropical Tethyan Ocean. The long-distance transport strongly depleted 18O and 2H (D). As the cratonic lithosphere thinned and the plateau subsided, the Pacific influences began to dominate the climatic pattern of East Asia. Regional climate of East Asia shifted in the Early Cretaceous in response to tectonic collapse of a coastal plateau and an increase in moisture sourced from the Pacific Ocean, according to geochemical data from skarn garnets sampled across the North China Craton, and climate models.
{"title":"The climatic pattern of East Asia shifted in response to cratonic thinning in the Early Cretaceous","authors":"Wenbo Wang, Xu Chu, Jian Zhang, Ying Cui, Xuegen Chen, Yue Wang, Shangguo Su","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01841-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01841-6","url":null,"abstract":"In response to westward subduction of the Paleo-Pacific, the North China Craton experienced the uplift of an eastern coastal plateau followed by subsidence in the Early Cretaceous, which potentially drove a shift in climatic patterns. Here we use the oxygen isotope ratios of garnets from magmatic-hydrothermal ore systems to infer the origins and signatures of mineralization fluids during this tectonic transition. The garnet oxygen isotope values range from approximately –11.4 to +13.5‰, with extremely depleted oxygen isotope ratios exclusively found in the northern margin, indicating extensive involvement of meteoric and lacustrine fluid in the back-arc hinterland. This geological record aligns with climate modeling exhibiting that the coastal plateau amplified northeastward transport of moisture from tropical Tethyan Ocean. The long-distance transport strongly depleted 18O and 2H (D). As the cratonic lithosphere thinned and the plateau subsided, the Pacific influences began to dominate the climatic pattern of East Asia. Regional climate of East Asia shifted in the Early Cretaceous in response to tectonic collapse of a coastal plateau and an increase in moisture sourced from the Pacific Ocean, according to geochemical data from skarn garnets sampled across the North China Craton, and climate models.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01841-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142679962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The 2015–2016 El Niño-induced drought caused biomass loss in global tropical forests, yet the recovery duration of different vegetation components (woody components, upper canopies, and leaves) remains unknown. Here, we use satellite remote sensing data of vegetation optical depth and leaf area index, with varying sensitivity to different vegetation components, to examine vegetation recovery during the drought event. We find that the woody component had the slowest recovery compared to the upper canopy and leaves, and displayed greater spatial variability between continents. Key factors influencing woody recovery include drought severity, moisture-related climatic conditions (i.e., vapor pressure deficit, precipitation, and soil moisture), and seasonal variations in temperature and precipitation. Our study highlights the importance of different vegetation components for maintaining ecosystem balance under drought disturbances and indicates the need for further research to explore recovery mechanisms and the long-term impacts of drought on forest dynamics. Woody components of tropical forests have a slower recovery rate from severe drought compared to upper canopies and leaves, according to multiple remote sensing observations across the tropics during the El Niño-induced drought of 2015-2016
{"title":"Satellite observations indicate slower recovery of woody components compared to upper-canopy and leaves in tropical rainforests after drought","authors":"Yujie Dou, Feng Tian, Jean-Pierre Wigneron, Xiaojun Li, Wenmin Zhang, Yaoliang Chen, Luwei Feng, Qi Xie, Rasmus Fensholt","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01892-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01892-9","url":null,"abstract":"The 2015–2016 El Niño-induced drought caused biomass loss in global tropical forests, yet the recovery duration of different vegetation components (woody components, upper canopies, and leaves) remains unknown. Here, we use satellite remote sensing data of vegetation optical depth and leaf area index, with varying sensitivity to different vegetation components, to examine vegetation recovery during the drought event. We find that the woody component had the slowest recovery compared to the upper canopy and leaves, and displayed greater spatial variability between continents. Key factors influencing woody recovery include drought severity, moisture-related climatic conditions (i.e., vapor pressure deficit, precipitation, and soil moisture), and seasonal variations in temperature and precipitation. Our study highlights the importance of different vegetation components for maintaining ecosystem balance under drought disturbances and indicates the need for further research to explore recovery mechanisms and the long-term impacts of drought on forest dynamics. Woody components of tropical forests have a slower recovery rate from severe drought compared to upper canopies and leaves, according to multiple remote sensing observations across the tropics during the El Niño-induced drought of 2015-2016","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01892-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142679939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-20DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01772-2
Zachary I. Espinosa, Edward Blanchard-Wrigglesworth, Cecilia M. Bitz
Since the start of the satellite record in 1978, the three lowest summertime minima in Antarctic sea ice area all occurred within the last seven years and culminated in record low sea ice in austral winter 2023. During this period sea ice area was over 2 million km2 below climatology, a 5 sigma anomaly and 0.9 million km2 below the previous largest seasonal anomaly. Here we show that a fully-coupled Earth System Model nudged to observed winds reproduces the record low, and that the 2023 transition from La Niña to El Niño had minimal impact. Using an ensemble, we demonstrate that ~ 70% of the anomaly was predictable six months in advance and driven by warm Southern Ocean conditions that developed prior to 2023, with the remaining ~ 30% attributable to 2023 atmospheric circulation. An ensemble forecast correctly predicted that near record low sea ice would persist in austral winter 2024, due to persistent warm Southern Ocean conditions. 70% of the Antarctic sea ice area’s record low anomaly in 2023 was due to warm Southern Ocean sea surface temperatures, while 30% was due to atmospheric circulation, and the transition from La Niña to El Niño had minimal impact, according to results from a fully-coupled Earth system model nudged to observed atmospheric circulation.
{"title":"Understanding the drivers and predictability of record low Antarctic sea ice in austral winter 2023","authors":"Zachary I. Espinosa, Edward Blanchard-Wrigglesworth, Cecilia M. Bitz","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01772-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01772-2","url":null,"abstract":"Since the start of the satellite record in 1978, the three lowest summertime minima in Antarctic sea ice area all occurred within the last seven years and culminated in record low sea ice in austral winter 2023. During this period sea ice area was over 2 million km2 below climatology, a 5 sigma anomaly and 0.9 million km2 below the previous largest seasonal anomaly. Here we show that a fully-coupled Earth System Model nudged to observed winds reproduces the record low, and that the 2023 transition from La Niña to El Niño had minimal impact. Using an ensemble, we demonstrate that ~ 70% of the anomaly was predictable six months in advance and driven by warm Southern Ocean conditions that developed prior to 2023, with the remaining ~ 30% attributable to 2023 atmospheric circulation. An ensemble forecast correctly predicted that near record low sea ice would persist in austral winter 2024, due to persistent warm Southern Ocean conditions. 70% of the Antarctic sea ice area’s record low anomaly in 2023 was due to warm Southern Ocean sea surface temperatures, while 30% was due to atmospheric circulation, and the transition from La Niña to El Niño had minimal impact, according to results from a fully-coupled Earth system model nudged to observed atmospheric circulation.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01772-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142679966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-20DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01897-4
Bin Zhang, Jian Cao, Kai Hu, Zhiwei Liao, Ruijie Zhang, Yi Zhang, Chunhua Shi, Kurt O. Konhauser
The Neoproterozoic oxygenation event is a milestone in Earth’s history, yet the redox structure and elemental cycling of the Neoproterozoic ocean remain debated. Here, we investigated iron speciation, molybdenum, and nitrogen isotopes in black shales and manganese carbonates from the upper Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation, South China, to examine the links between redox state, manganese mineralization, and molybdenum cycling. In both lithologies, high pyritic iron ratios (> 0.8) indicate a localized euxinic zone, while estimated seawater molybdenum (1.9‰) and sediment nitrogen isotopic compositions (4.19 ± 1.96‰) resemble modern values, suggesting oxygenated surface waters over euxinic depths. Negative molybdenum isotope in manganese(II) carbonates points to manganese(IV) oxide reduction, acting as a molybdenum shuttle from oxygenated surface to euxinic deep waters. Periodic euxinic contractions drove manganese(II) oxidation and mineralization, shaping molybdenum cycling. This study highlights essential manganese(II) oxidation for manganese carbonate mineralization and offers new insights into molybdenum geochemistry and ancient ocean oxygenation events. The periodic contraction of euxinic zones in the Neoproterozoic Ocean shaped the mineralization of manganese and the oceanic molybdenum cycle, according to iron, molybdenum and nitrogen geochemical data from back shales and carbonates in the upper Doushantuo Formation, South China.
{"title":"The molybdenum cycle in the oxygenated Neoproterozoic ocean was coupled to manganese carbonate mineralization","authors":"Bin Zhang, Jian Cao, Kai Hu, Zhiwei Liao, Ruijie Zhang, Yi Zhang, Chunhua Shi, Kurt O. Konhauser","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01897-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01897-4","url":null,"abstract":"The Neoproterozoic oxygenation event is a milestone in Earth’s history, yet the redox structure and elemental cycling of the Neoproterozoic ocean remain debated. Here, we investigated iron speciation, molybdenum, and nitrogen isotopes in black shales and manganese carbonates from the upper Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation, South China, to examine the links between redox state, manganese mineralization, and molybdenum cycling. In both lithologies, high pyritic iron ratios (> 0.8) indicate a localized euxinic zone, while estimated seawater molybdenum (1.9‰) and sediment nitrogen isotopic compositions (4.19 ± 1.96‰) resemble modern values, suggesting oxygenated surface waters over euxinic depths. Negative molybdenum isotope in manganese(II) carbonates points to manganese(IV) oxide reduction, acting as a molybdenum shuttle from oxygenated surface to euxinic deep waters. Periodic euxinic contractions drove manganese(II) oxidation and mineralization, shaping molybdenum cycling. This study highlights essential manganese(II) oxidation for manganese carbonate mineralization and offers new insights into molybdenum geochemistry and ancient ocean oxygenation events. The periodic contraction of euxinic zones in the Neoproterozoic Ocean shaped the mineralization of manganese and the oceanic molybdenum cycle, according to iron, molybdenum and nitrogen geochemical data from back shales and carbonates in the upper Doushantuo Formation, South China.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01897-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142680003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-20DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01845-2
Bowy den Braber, Charlotte M. Hall, Jeanine M. Rhemtulla, Matthew E. Fagan, Laura Vang Rasmusssen
Numerous countries have adopted large-scale tree planting programs as a climate mitigation strategy and to improve local livelihoods. However, it remains poorly documented how the surge in tree plantations has altered local livelihoods. Here, we assess whether tropical tree plantation expansion and forest regrowth across 18 African countries are associated with local people’s living standards. By combining a recent map that distinguishes tree plantations from regrowth from 2000 to 2012 with multidimensional poverty measures from more than 200,000 households, we find a positive association between people''s living standards and areas where tree plantations have expanded or, to a lesser extent, forest regrowth has occurred. Because tree plantations make up a large proportion of recent increases in tropical tree cover – and controversy remains about their potential impacts on both biodiversity and local people – our study provides broad empirical support for the idea that tree plantations and forest regrowth can be linked with reduced poverty in the short term. The expansion of tree plantations and forest regrowth areas is associated with improvements in people’s living standards across 18 African countries, according to an analysis combining the map of tree plantations and regrowth with multidimensional poverty indicators from 200,000 households.
{"title":"Tree plantations and forest regrowth are linked to poverty reduction in Africa","authors":"Bowy den Braber, Charlotte M. Hall, Jeanine M. Rhemtulla, Matthew E. Fagan, Laura Vang Rasmusssen","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01845-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01845-2","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous countries have adopted large-scale tree planting programs as a climate mitigation strategy and to improve local livelihoods. However, it remains poorly documented how the surge in tree plantations has altered local livelihoods. Here, we assess whether tropical tree plantation expansion and forest regrowth across 18 African countries are associated with local people’s living standards. By combining a recent map that distinguishes tree plantations from regrowth from 2000 to 2012 with multidimensional poverty measures from more than 200,000 households, we find a positive association between people''s living standards and areas where tree plantations have expanded or, to a lesser extent, forest regrowth has occurred. Because tree plantations make up a large proportion of recent increases in tropical tree cover – and controversy remains about their potential impacts on both biodiversity and local people – our study provides broad empirical support for the idea that tree plantations and forest regrowth can be linked with reduced poverty in the short term. The expansion of tree plantations and forest regrowth areas is associated with improvements in people’s living standards across 18 African countries, according to an analysis combining the map of tree plantations and regrowth with multidimensional poverty indicators from 200,000 households.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01845-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142680012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-20DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01903-9
Emily A. Rabel, Julie Loisel
Tropical peatlands are being lost at a rate three times greater than forests, with large and rapid impacts on carbon and water cycling, biodiversity, and human health. Despite threats from land conversion and climate change, peatlands across the tropical biome remain poorly mapped, making it difficult to develop sustainable management solutions. Superimposed on this dearth of spatial data is poor knowledge of peatlands’ net carbon balance. In this Review, we synthesize information on the paleoecology, carbon dynamics, and distribution of the peatlands of the Caribbean. Though data limitations are substantial, this work contributes to further confirm peatland occurrence and further our understanding of their functioning. Caribbean peatlands are a critical ecosystem that remain poorly understood, according to a synthesis of paleoecology, carbon dynamics and mapping data: estimations of distribution and extent vary by more than 200% depending upon mapping technique
{"title":"The spatial distribution and paleoecology of Caribbean peatlands","authors":"Emily A. Rabel, Julie Loisel","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01903-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01903-9","url":null,"abstract":"Tropical peatlands are being lost at a rate three times greater than forests, with large and rapid impacts on carbon and water cycling, biodiversity, and human health. Despite threats from land conversion and climate change, peatlands across the tropical biome remain poorly mapped, making it difficult to develop sustainable management solutions. Superimposed on this dearth of spatial data is poor knowledge of peatlands’ net carbon balance. In this Review, we synthesize information on the paleoecology, carbon dynamics, and distribution of the peatlands of the Caribbean. Though data limitations are substantial, this work contributes to further confirm peatland occurrence and further our understanding of their functioning. Caribbean peatlands are a critical ecosystem that remain poorly understood, according to a synthesis of paleoecology, carbon dynamics and mapping data: estimations of distribution and extent vary by more than 200% depending upon mapping technique","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01903-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142680014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-20DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01893-8
Christopher R. Hakkenberg, Matthew L. Clark, Tim Bailey, Patrick Burns, Scott J. Goetz
Drivers of forest wildfire severity include fuels, topography and weather. However, because only fuels can be actively managed, quantifying their effects on severity has become an urgent research priority. Here we employed GEDI spaceborne lidar to consistently assess how pre-fire forest fuel structure affected wildfire severity across 42 California wildfires between 2019–2021. Using a spatial-hierarchical modeling framework, we found a positive concave-down relationship between GEDI-derived fuel structure and wildfire severity, marked by increasing severity with greater fuel loads until a decline in severity in the tallest and most voluminous forest canopies. Critically, indicators of canopy fuel volumes (like biomass and height) became decoupled from severity patterns in extreme topographic and weather conditions (slopes >20°; winds > 9.3 m/s). On the other hand, vertical continuity metrics like layering and ladder fuels more consistently predicted severity in extreme conditions – especially ladder fuels, where sparse understories were uniformly associated with lower severity levels. These results confirm that GEDI-derived fuel estimates can overcome limitations of optical imagery and airborne lidar for quantifying the interactive drivers of wildfire severity. Furthermore, these findings have direct implications for designing treatment interventions that target ladder fuels versus entire canopies and for delineating wildfire risk across topographic and weather conditions. Wildfire severity is more consistently associated with vertical fuel continuity metrics such as ladder fuels rather than total canopy volumes across a range of topography and weather conditions, according to an analysis of GEDI spaceborne lidar data for 42 California fires between 2019–2021.
{"title":"Ladder fuels rather than canopy volumes consistently predict wildfire severity even in extreme topographic-weather conditions","authors":"Christopher R. Hakkenberg, Matthew L. Clark, Tim Bailey, Patrick Burns, Scott J. Goetz","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01893-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01893-8","url":null,"abstract":"Drivers of forest wildfire severity include fuels, topography and weather. However, because only fuels can be actively managed, quantifying their effects on severity has become an urgent research priority. Here we employed GEDI spaceborne lidar to consistently assess how pre-fire forest fuel structure affected wildfire severity across 42 California wildfires between 2019–2021. Using a spatial-hierarchical modeling framework, we found a positive concave-down relationship between GEDI-derived fuel structure and wildfire severity, marked by increasing severity with greater fuel loads until a decline in severity in the tallest and most voluminous forest canopies. Critically, indicators of canopy fuel volumes (like biomass and height) became decoupled from severity patterns in extreme topographic and weather conditions (slopes >20°; winds > 9.3 m/s). On the other hand, vertical continuity metrics like layering and ladder fuels more consistently predicted severity in extreme conditions – especially ladder fuels, where sparse understories were uniformly associated with lower severity levels. These results confirm that GEDI-derived fuel estimates can overcome limitations of optical imagery and airborne lidar for quantifying the interactive drivers of wildfire severity. Furthermore, these findings have direct implications for designing treatment interventions that target ladder fuels versus entire canopies and for delineating wildfire risk across topographic and weather conditions. Wildfire severity is more consistently associated with vertical fuel continuity metrics such as ladder fuels rather than total canopy volumes across a range of topography and weather conditions, according to an analysis of GEDI spaceborne lidar data for 42 California fires between 2019–2021.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01893-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142680016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-20DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01878-7
Daniel Toledo, Pascal Rannou, Victor Apéstigue, Raul Rodriguez-Veloso, Ignacio Arruego, German Martínez, Leslie Tamppari, Asier Munguira, Ralph Lorenz, Aurélien Stcherbinine, Franck Montmessin, Agustin Sanchez-Lavega, Priya Patel, Michael Smith, Mark Lemmon, Alvaro Vicente-Retortillo, Claire Newman, Daniel Viudez-Moreiras, Ricardo Hueso, Tanguy Bertrand, Jorge Pla-Garcia, Margarita Yela, Manuel de la Torre Juarez, Jose Antonio Rodriguez-Manfredi
The formation of water ice clouds or hazes on Mars imposes substantial limitations on the vertical transport of water into the middle-upper atmosphere, impacting the planet’s hydrogen loss. Recent observations made by the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer instrument onboard Mars 2020 Perseverance rover have shown a marked decline in water ice abundance within the mesosphere (above 35-40 km) when Mars is near its aphelion (near the northern summer solstice), notably occurring during solar longitudes (Ls) between Ls 70∘ and 80∘. Orbital observations around the same latitudes indicate that temperatures between ~ 30-40 km reach a minimum during the same period. Using cloud microphysics simulations, we demonstrate that this decrease in temperature effectively increases the amount of water cold-trapped at those altitudes, confining water ice condensation to lower altitudes. Similarly, the reinforcement of the cold trap induced by the lower temperatures results in significant reductions in the water vapor mixing ratio above 35–40 km, explaining the confinement of water vapor observed around aphelion from orbiters. Low atmospheric temperatures during the Martian aphelion freeze water ice in the troposphere which is then cold trapped and unable to transit up into the mesosphere, according to a radiative transfer model and cloud microphysics simulations
{"title":"Drying of the Martian mesosphere during aphelion induced by lower temperatures","authors":"Daniel Toledo, Pascal Rannou, Victor Apéstigue, Raul Rodriguez-Veloso, Ignacio Arruego, German Martínez, Leslie Tamppari, Asier Munguira, Ralph Lorenz, Aurélien Stcherbinine, Franck Montmessin, Agustin Sanchez-Lavega, Priya Patel, Michael Smith, Mark Lemmon, Alvaro Vicente-Retortillo, Claire Newman, Daniel Viudez-Moreiras, Ricardo Hueso, Tanguy Bertrand, Jorge Pla-Garcia, Margarita Yela, Manuel de la Torre Juarez, Jose Antonio Rodriguez-Manfredi","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01878-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01878-7","url":null,"abstract":"The formation of water ice clouds or hazes on Mars imposes substantial limitations on the vertical transport of water into the middle-upper atmosphere, impacting the planet’s hydrogen loss. Recent observations made by the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer instrument onboard Mars 2020 Perseverance rover have shown a marked decline in water ice abundance within the mesosphere (above 35-40 km) when Mars is near its aphelion (near the northern summer solstice), notably occurring during solar longitudes (Ls) between Ls 70∘ and 80∘. Orbital observations around the same latitudes indicate that temperatures between ~ 30-40 km reach a minimum during the same period. Using cloud microphysics simulations, we demonstrate that this decrease in temperature effectively increases the amount of water cold-trapped at those altitudes, confining water ice condensation to lower altitudes. Similarly, the reinforcement of the cold trap induced by the lower temperatures results in significant reductions in the water vapor mixing ratio above 35–40 km, explaining the confinement of water vapor observed around aphelion from orbiters. Low atmospheric temperatures during the Martian aphelion freeze water ice in the troposphere which is then cold trapped and unable to transit up into the mesosphere, according to a radiative transfer model and cloud microphysics simulations","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01878-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142679969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-20DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01861-2
Alexander Roth, Carlos Gaete-Morales, Dana Kirchem, Wolf-Peter Schill
Heat pumps play a major role in decreasing fossil fuel use in heating. They increase electricity demand, but could also foster the system integration of variable renewable energy sources. We analyze three scenarios for expanding decentralized heat pumps in Germany by 2030, focusing on the role of buffer heat storage. Using an open-source power sector model, we assess costs, capacity investments, and emissions effects. We find that investments in solar photovoltaics can cost-effectively accompany the roll-out of heat pumps in case wind power expansion potentials are limited. Results further show that short-duration heat storage substantially reduces the need for firm capacity and battery storage. Larger heat storage sizes do not substantially change the results. Increasing the number of heat pumps from 1.7 to 10 million units could annually save more than half of Germany’s private and commercial natural gas consumption and around half of households’ building-related CO2 emissions. Investments in solar photovoltaics could cost-effectively support the expansion of heat pumps by 2030, and small thermal storage of heat pumps could reduce the additional need for firm capacity and battery storage, according to an analysis that uses an open-source power sector model.
{"title":"Power sector benefits of flexible heat pumps in 2030 scenarios","authors":"Alexander Roth, Carlos Gaete-Morales, Dana Kirchem, Wolf-Peter Schill","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01861-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01861-2","url":null,"abstract":"Heat pumps play a major role in decreasing fossil fuel use in heating. They increase electricity demand, but could also foster the system integration of variable renewable energy sources. We analyze three scenarios for expanding decentralized heat pumps in Germany by 2030, focusing on the role of buffer heat storage. Using an open-source power sector model, we assess costs, capacity investments, and emissions effects. We find that investments in solar photovoltaics can cost-effectively accompany the roll-out of heat pumps in case wind power expansion potentials are limited. Results further show that short-duration heat storage substantially reduces the need for firm capacity and battery storage. Larger heat storage sizes do not substantially change the results. Increasing the number of heat pumps from 1.7 to 10 million units could annually save more than half of Germany’s private and commercial natural gas consumption and around half of households’ building-related CO2 emissions. Investments in solar photovoltaics could cost-effectively support the expansion of heat pumps by 2030, and small thermal storage of heat pumps could reduce the additional need for firm capacity and battery storage, according to an analysis that uses an open-source power sector model.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01861-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142679967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-20DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01806-9
Antonietta Capotondi, Regina R. Rodrigues, Alex Sen Gupta, Jessica A. Benthuysen, Clara Deser, Thomas L. Frölicher, Nicole S. Lovenduski, Dillon J. Amaya, Natacha Le Grix, Tongtong Xu, Juliet Hermes, Neil J. Holbrook, Cristian Martinez-Villalobos, Simona Masina, Mathew Koll Roxy, Amandine Schaeffer, Robert W. Schlegel, Kathryn E. Smith, Chunzai Wang
Marine heatwaves have profoundly impacted marine ecosystems over large areas of the world oceans, calling for improved understanding of their dynamics and predictability. Here, we critically review the recent substantial advances in this active area of research, including the exploration of the three-dimensional structure and evolution of these extremes, their drivers, their connection with other extremes in the ocean and over land, future projections, and assessment of their predictability and current prediction skill. To make progress on predicting and projecting marine heatwaves and their impacts, a more complete mechanistic understanding of these extremes over the full ocean depth and at the relevant spatial and temporal scales is needed, together with models that can realistically capture the leading mechanisms at those scales. Sustained observing systems, as well as measuring platforms that can be rapidly deployed, are essential to achieve comprehensive event characterizations while also chronicling the evolving nature of these extremes and their impacts in our changing climate. Improved understanding of marine heatwave predictability and impacts requires analysis of these extremes at full ocean depth, using models and observations capturing their key drivers at the relevant scales, according to a broad literature review.
{"title":"A global overview of marine heatwaves in a changing climate","authors":"Antonietta Capotondi, Regina R. Rodrigues, Alex Sen Gupta, Jessica A. Benthuysen, Clara Deser, Thomas L. Frölicher, Nicole S. Lovenduski, Dillon J. Amaya, Natacha Le Grix, Tongtong Xu, Juliet Hermes, Neil J. Holbrook, Cristian Martinez-Villalobos, Simona Masina, Mathew Koll Roxy, Amandine Schaeffer, Robert W. Schlegel, Kathryn E. Smith, Chunzai Wang","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01806-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-024-01806-9","url":null,"abstract":"Marine heatwaves have profoundly impacted marine ecosystems over large areas of the world oceans, calling for improved understanding of their dynamics and predictability. Here, we critically review the recent substantial advances in this active area of research, including the exploration of the three-dimensional structure and evolution of these extremes, their drivers, their connection with other extremes in the ocean and over land, future projections, and assessment of their predictability and current prediction skill. To make progress on predicting and projecting marine heatwaves and their impacts, a more complete mechanistic understanding of these extremes over the full ocean depth and at the relevant spatial and temporal scales is needed, together with models that can realistically capture the leading mechanisms at those scales. Sustained observing systems, as well as measuring platforms that can be rapidly deployed, are essential to achieve comprehensive event characterizations while also chronicling the evolving nature of these extremes and their impacts in our changing climate. Improved understanding of marine heatwave predictability and impacts requires analysis of these extremes at full ocean depth, using models and observations capturing their key drivers at the relevant scales, according to a broad literature review.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01806-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142679940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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