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Evaluation of Aflatoxins Occurrence and Exposure in Cereal-Based Baby Foods: An Update Review. 评估谷类婴儿食品中黄曲霉毒素的发生率和暴露量:最新回顾。
IF 4.9 3区 医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-29 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00519-x
Yasemin Açar, Gamze Akbulut

Purpose of review: The first stages of human life, which include the fetal period, infancy, and early childhood, are the most critical for human growth and development. This is the most vulnerable phase to health challenges due to the immature immune system and rapid development. Mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, patulin, fumonisins, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol are secondary metabolites secreted by various fungal species, primarily Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Alternaria. Aflatoxins are one of the major mycotoxins produced in cereals and cereal-based foods by several species of Aspergillus, mainly Aspergillus flavus. In this context, this review provides a brief overview of the occurrence, exposure, legal regulations, and health effects of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2, and M1) in cereal-based baby foods and breast milk.

Recent findings: Human aflatoxin exposure in utero and through breast milk, infant formulas, cereals, and cereal-based foods has been linked to various health consequences, including adverse birth outcomes, impaired growth and development, immune system suppression, and hepatic dysfunction. Recent evidence suggests that especially infants and children are more susceptible to aflatoxins due to their lower body weight, lowered capacity to detoxify harmful substances, more restrictive diet, immature metabolism and elimination, and faster rates of growth and development. It is essential for both food safety and infant and child health that aflatoxins in cereal and cereal-based products are precisely detected, detoxified, and managed.

回顾的目的:人类生命的最初阶段,包括胎儿期、婴儿期和幼儿期,是人类生长和发育的最关键时期。由于免疫系统不成熟和发育迅速,这一阶段最容易受到健康挑战的影响。黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素 A、棒曲霉素、伏马菌素、玉米赤霉烯酮和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇等霉菌毒素是各种真菌(主要是曲霉、镰刀菌、青霉和交替孢霉)分泌的次级代谢产物。黄曲霉毒素是谷物和谷物食品中的主要霉菌毒素之一,由多种曲霉菌(主要是黄曲霉)产生。在这种情况下,本综述简要概述了谷类婴儿食品和母乳中黄曲霉毒素(B1、B2、G1、G2 和 M1)的发生、接触、法律规定和对健康的影响:人类在子宫内以及通过母乳、婴儿配方奶粉、谷物和谷类食品摄入黄曲霉毒素与各种健康后果有关,包括不良的出生结果、生长发育受损、免疫系统抑制和肝功能障碍。最近的证据表明,由于婴幼儿体重较轻、对有害物质的解毒能力较弱、饮食限制较多、新陈代谢和排泄功能不成熟以及生长发育速度较快,他们更容易受到黄曲霉毒素的影响。为了食品安全和婴幼儿健康,必须对谷物和谷物类产品中的黄曲霉毒素进行精确检测、解毒和管理。
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引用次数: 0
A Therapeutic Approach in the Management of Chronic Kidney Disease: Plant-Based Dietary Models and Associated Parameters. 慢性肾病的治疗方法:以植物为基础的饮食模式及相关参数。
IF 4.9 3区 医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-03 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00515-7
Kezban Sahin, Hilal Yıldıran

Purpose of review: Chronic kidney disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide today. Nutrition and nutrition-related factors have a very important role in both the prevention and management of the disease. Plant-based dietary practices are one of the promising approaches to chronic kidney disease. This review aims to examine the potential benefits and risks of plant-based diet models on symptoms and indices used in diet quality in chronic kidney disease.

Recent findings: Recently, a growing body of evidence has shown that, unlike animal-based diets, diets rich in plant-based nutrients may play an active role in the incidence of chronic kidney disease in many ways and the management of common symptoms, such as metabolic acidosis, uremic toxicity, and hyperphosphatemia. Implementation of existing plant-based dietary patterns in patients with chronic kidney disease may increase the efficacy of the diet and improve patients' quality of life by expanding their food choices. While there are concerns about creatine deficiency, dietary adequacy, and accessibility regarding plant-based diets, available information is limited.

审查目的:慢性肾脏病是当今全球死亡的主要原因之一。营养和营养相关因素在疾病的预防和管理方面都具有非常重要的作用。以植物为基础的饮食实践是治疗慢性肾脏病的有效方法之一。本综述旨在研究植物性饮食模式对慢性肾脏病症状和饮食质量指标的潜在益处和风险:最近,越来越多的证据表明,与动物性膳食不同,富含植物性营养素的膳食可在许多方面对慢性肾脏病的发病率以及代谢性酸中毒、尿毒症和高磷血症等常见症状的控制发挥积极作用。在慢性肾脏病患者中推行现有的植物性饮食模式可提高饮食效果,并通过扩大患者的食物选择范围来改善其生活质量。虽然人们对肌酸缺乏症、膳食充足性和植物性膳食的可及性表示担忧,但现有的信息还很有限。
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引用次数: 0
Functional Food Chemical Ingredient Strategies for Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Hepatic Fibrosis: Chemical Properties, Health Benefits, Action, and Application. 治疗非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)和肝纤维化的功能性食品化学成分策略:化学特性、健康益处、作用和应用。
IF 4.9 3区 医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-03 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00514-8
Chong Yu, Xiaohe Guo, Xiaohang Cui, Guangyue Su, Haifeng Wang

Purpose of review: The liver is an important digestive gland in the body. Lifestyle and dietary habits are increasingly damaging our liver, leading to various diseases and health problems. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become one of the most serious liver disease problems in the world. Diet is one of the important factors in maintaining liver health. Functional foods and their components have been identified as novel sources of potential preventive agents in the prevention and treatment of liver disease in daily life. However, the effects of functional components derived from small molecules in food on different types of liver diseases have not been systematically summarized.

Recent findings: The components and related mechanisms in functional foods play a significant role in the development and progression of NAFLD and liver fibrosis. A variety of structural components are found to treat and prevent NAFLD and liver fibrosis through different mechanisms, including flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, polysaccharides, unsaturated fatty acids, and peptides. On the other hand, the relevant mechanisms include oxidative stress, inflammation, and immune regulation, and a large number of literature studies have confirmed a close relationship between the mechanisms. The purpose of this article is to examine the current literature related to functional foods and functional components used for the treatment and protection against NAFLD and hepatic fibrosis, focusing on chemical properties, health benefits, mechanisms of action, and application in vitro and in vivo. The roles of different components in the biological processes of NAFLD and liver fibrosis were also discussed.

回顾的目的:肝脏是人体重要的消化腺。生活方式和饮食习惯正日益损害我们的肝脏,导致各种疾病和健康问题。非酒精性脂肪肝已成为全球最严重的肝病问题之一。饮食是维持肝脏健康的重要因素之一。功能食品及其成分已被确定为日常生活中预防和治疗肝病的潜在预防剂的新来源。然而,人们尚未系统地总结食品中由小分子衍生的功能成分对不同类型肝病的影响:最新发现:功能性食品中的成分和相关机制在非酒精性脂肪肝和肝纤维化的发生和发展过程中发挥着重要作用。研究发现,黄酮类化合物、生物碱、多酚、多糖、不饱和脂肪酸和多肽等多种结构成分可通过不同机制治疗和预防非酒精性脂肪肝和肝纤维化。另一方面,相关机制包括氧化应激、炎症和免疫调节,大量文献研究证实了这些机制之间的密切关系。本文旨在研究目前与用于治疗和预防非酒精性脂肪肝和肝纤维化的功能食品和功能成分相关的文献,重点关注化学特性、健康益处、作用机制以及在体外和体内的应用。此外,还讨论了不同成分在非酒精性脂肪肝和肝纤维化生物过程中的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Ultra-processed Food and Obesity: What Is the Evidence? 超加工食品与肥胖症:证据是什么?
IF 4.9 3区 医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00517-z
Samuel J Dicken, Rachel L Batterham

Purpose of review: Obesity is a growing global healthcare concern. A proposed driver is the recent increase in ultra-processed food (UPF) intake. However, disagreement surrounds the concept of UPF, the strength of evidence, and suggested mechanisms. Therefore, this review aimed to critically appraise the evidence on UPF and obesity.

Recent findings: Observational studies demonstrate positive associations between UPF intake, weight gain, and overweight/obesity, more clearly in adults than children/adolescents. This is supported by high-quality clinical data. Several mechanisms are proposed, but current understanding is inconclusive. Greater UPF consumption has been a key driver of obesity. There is a need to change the obesogenic environment to support individuals to reduce their UPF intake. The UPF concept is a novel approach that is not explained with existing nutrient- and food-based frameworks. Critical analysis of methodologies provides confidence, but future observational and experimental research outputs with greater methodological rigor will strengthen findings, which are outlined.

审查目的:肥胖症是全球日益关注的健康问题。近来超加工食品(UPF)摄入量的增加是导致肥胖的一个原因。然而,关于超加工食品的概念、证据的强度和建议的机制存在分歧。因此,本综述旨在批判性地评估有关 UPF 与肥胖的证据:观察性研究表明,UPF摄入量、体重增加和超重/肥胖之间存在正相关关系,这一点在成人中比在儿童/青少年中更为明显。这一点得到了高质量临床数据的支持。提出了几种机制,但目前尚无定论。摄入更多的 UPF 是导致肥胖的关键因素。有必要改变导致肥胖的环境,以支持个人减少其 UPF 摄入量。UPF 概念是一种新颖的方法,无法用现有的营养素和食物框架来解释。对研究方法的批判性分析为我们提供了信心,但未来的观察性和实验性研究成果如果在方法上更加严谨,将会加强研究结果。
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引用次数: 0
Diet in Prevention and Treatment of Endometriosis: Current State of Knowledge. 预防和治疗子宫内膜异位症的饮食:知识现状。
IF 4.9 3区 医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-07 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00518-y
Katarzyna Oszajca, Adrianna Adamus

Purpose of review: Endometriosis (EM) is a chronic gynecological disease that affects about 10% of women worldwide. It is characterized by the implantation of endometrial cells at ectopic sites. The most common symptom of EM is painful menstruation, which can often lead to chronic pelvic pain that significantly worsens the quality of life. Because some disease-related processes, such as inflammation, hormonal activity, menstrual cycle, or prostaglandin metabolism, can be modified by diet, nutrition may have a significant impact on development and treatment of EM. The purpose of this article was to overview the current knowledge regarding the dietary management of endometriosis.

Recent findings: The attention of researchers has so far concentrated mainly on the role of nutrition in the risk of developing EM, while less attention has been paid to examining the use of diet in the treatment of the disease. Current studies focus primarily on various dietary components that have antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, and estrogen-lowering properties. Exploring different ways of coping with endometriosis can make a significant contribution to improving the quality of life of women at risk or diagnosed with EM.

审查目的:子宫内膜异位症(EM)是一种慢性妇科疾病,全世界约有 10%的妇女患有此病。其特征是子宫内膜细胞在异位部位种植。EM 最常见的症状是痛经,通常会导致慢性盆腔疼痛,严重影响生活质量。由于一些与疾病相关的过程,如炎症、荷尔蒙活动、月经周期或前列腺素代谢,可以通过饮食来改变,因此营养可能对EM的发展和治疗有重大影响。本文旨在概述目前有关子宫内膜异位症饮食治疗的知识:迄今为止,研究人员的注意力主要集中在营养在子宫内膜异位症发病风险中的作用,而较少关注研究饮食在治疗该疾病中的应用。目前的研究主要集中在各种具有抗增殖、抗炎、抗氧化、镇痛和降低雌激素特性的饮食成分上。探索应对子宫内膜异位症的不同方法,可以为改善高危妇女或确诊为子宫内膜异位症妇女的生活质量做出重要贡献。
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引用次数: 0
The Effect of Dietary Patterns on Reducing Falls and Falls Risk in Adults: A Systematic Review. 膳食模式对降低成人跌倒和跌倒风险的影响:系统回顾
IF 4.6 3区 医学 Q1 NUTRITION & DIETETICS Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00516-6
Hoa H Nguyen, Dung V Do, Kien G To, Han T N Doan, Wendy H Oddy

Purpose of review: Falls are a major global public health issue and the second cause of unintentional injury death. Nutrition may be an important factor for falls prevention in adults, but most previous studies examined the associations between single nutrients and falls. The use of dietary patterns is an alternative method to measure whole diet and its relationship with health outcomes. Therefore, we aimed to systematically review all evidence relating to dietary pattern impacts on falls and/or falls risk in adults.

Recent findings: This systematic review was registered on the PROSPERO (CRD42020171987). Four databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL Complete) were used for searching potential articles on 18th December 2021 and updated the search on 10th July 2023. We included any quantitative study reporting associations between dietary patterns and falls and/or falls risk in healthy adults ≥ 18 years and publishing in English as full text and peer-reviewed. Of 2866 potential articles, five studies (two cross-sectional, three cohorts) were included for the evidence synthesis. The risk of bias was low in cohort studies. Dietary patterns were derived using both "a priori" or "empirical" approaches, and self-report questionnaires used for falls/falls risk in most studies. Associations between dietary patterns and falls/falls risk were inconsistent results by sex and study design. The effect of dietary patterns on reducing falls/falls risk is not clear in the included studies, so this association needs to be confirmed in future research.

审查目的:跌倒是一个重大的全球性公共卫生问题,也是意外伤害死亡的第二大原因。营养可能是预防成人跌倒的一个重要因素,但以往的大多数研究都是研究单一营养素与跌倒之间的关系。使用膳食模式是衡量整个膳食及其与健康结果关系的另一种方法。因此,我们旨在系统回顾与膳食模式对成人跌倒和/或跌倒风险的影响有关的所有证据:本系统综述已在 PROSPERO(CRD42020171987)上注册。2021 年 12 月 18 日,我们使用四个数据库(Medline、Embase、Cochrane Library、CINAHL Complete)搜索潜在文章,并于 2023 年 7 月 10 日更新了搜索结果。我们纳入了所有报道膳食模式与跌倒和/或跌倒风险之间关系的定量研究,研究对象为年龄≥ 18 岁的健康成年人,研究报告以英文全文发表,并经过同行评审。在 2866 篇潜在文章中,有 5 项研究(2 项横断面研究,3 项队列研究)被纳入证据综述。队列研究的偏倚风险较低。膳食模式是通过 "先验 "或 "经验 "方法得出的,大多数研究使用自我报告问卷调查跌倒/坠落风险。膳食模式与跌倒/坠落风险之间的关系因性别和研究设计的不同而结果不一致。在纳入的研究中,膳食模式对降低跌倒/坠落风险的效果并不明确,因此这种关联需要在未来的研究中加以证实。
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引用次数: 0
A Scoping Review of Studies Evaluating the Healthiness of Street Food Vendors 评估街头小贩健康状况研究的范围界定审查
IF 4.9 3区 医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-08 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00510-y
Sadika Akhter, Adrian J. Cameron
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引用次数: 0
Precision Nutrition to Improve Risk Factors of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. 精准营养改善肥胖和 2 型糖尿病的风险因素。
IF 4.9 3区 医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-23 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00491-y
Janet Antwi

Purpose of review: Existing dietary and lifestyle interventions and recommendations, to improve the risk factors of obesity and type 2 diabetes with the target to mitigate this double global epidemic, have produced inconsistent results due to interpersonal variabilities in response to these conventional approaches, and inaccuracies in dietary assessment methods. Precision nutrition, an emerging strategy, tailors an individual's key characteristics such as diet, phenotype, genotype, metabolic biomarkers, and gut microbiome for personalized dietary recommendations to optimize dietary response and health. Precision nutrition is suggested to be an alternative and potentially more effective strategy to improve dietary intake and prevention of obesity and chronic diseases. The purpose of this narrative review is to synthesize the current research and examine the state of the science regarding the effect of precision nutrition in improving the risk factors of obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Recent findings: The results of the research review indicate to a large extent significant evidence supporting the effectiveness of precision nutrition in improving the risk factors of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Deeper insights and further rigorous research into the diet-phenotype-genotype and interactions of other components of precision nutrition may enable this innovative approach to be adapted in health care and public health to the special needs of individuals. Precision nutrition provides the strategy to make individualized dietary recommendations by integrating genetic, phenotypic, nutritional, lifestyle, medical, social, and other pertinent characteristics about individuals, as a means to address the challenges of generalized dietary recommendations. The evidence presented in this review shows that precision nutrition markedly improves risk factors of obesity and type 2 diabetes, particularly behavior change.

审查目的:现有的膳食和生活方式干预措施和建议旨在改善肥胖和 2 型糖尿病的风险因素,以缓解这一全球性的双重流行病,但由于人际间对这些传统方法的反应存在差异,以及膳食评估方法不准确,因此产生了不一致的结果。精准营养是一项新兴战略,它根据个人的关键特征,如饮食、表型、基因型、代谢生物标志物和肠道微生物组等,量身定制个性化饮食建议,以优化饮食反应和健康。精准营养被认为是改善膳食摄入、预防肥胖和慢性疾病的另一种可能更有效的策略。这篇叙述性综述的目的是综合当前的研究,考察精准营养对改善肥胖和 2 型糖尿病风险因素的影响的科学现状:研究综述的结果表明,在很大程度上有大量证据支持精准营养在改善肥胖和 2 型糖尿病风险因素方面的效果。对膳食-表型-基因型以及精准营养其他组成部分的相互作用的深入了解和进一步的严格研究,可能会使这一创新方法在医疗保健和公共卫生中适应个人的特殊需要。精准营养提供了一种策略,通过整合个人的基因、表型、营养、生活方式、医疗、社会和其他相关特征,提出个性化的膳食建议,以此应对通用膳食建议所带来的挑战。本综述提供的证据表明,精准营养能明显改善肥胖和 2 型糖尿病的风险因素,尤其是行为改变。
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引用次数: 0
Betalains Alleviate Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Fatigue and Improve Sports Performance: an Update on Recent Advancement. Betalains缓解运动引起的氧化应激、炎症和疲劳,提高运动成绩:最新进展。
IF 4.9 3区 医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-12 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00500-0
Siriwan Nirmal, Oladipupo Odunayo Olatunde, Seema Medhe, Steven Vitti, Chutimon Khemtong, Nilesh Prakash Nirmal

Purpose of review: Beetroot juice is a popular natural food supplement commonly consumed for its health and ergogenic benefits. It contains an abundance of phytochemical compounds, which have been shown to enhance sports endurance and recovery. Among them, nitrate is well-studied and known for improving performance during exercise. On the other hand, betalains, the bioactive pigment, have shown various biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hypertensive, which may improve exercise performance and post-exercise recovery. Additionally, free radical scavenging activities of betalains could increase nitric oxide availability in the blood, thereby improving blood flow and oxygen supply during strenuous exercise. This review article provides a critical discussion of the non-pathological conditions induced by prolonged or strenuous exercise and betalains' potential in reducing such conditions including muscle damage, inflammation, and fatigue. Additionally, the real-time application of betalains as an ergogenic compound in competitive athletes has been discussed. Finally, future directions and conclusions on the potential of betalains as a natural ergogenic aid in sport endurance are outlined.

Recent findings: Betalains in beetroot are the major water-soluble nitrogen-containing pigment possessing high antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fatigue activities. Betalain supplementation could alleviate exercise-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and fatigue in competitive athletes. Betalains have the potential to become a natural ergogenic aid or nutraceutical compound for sports people during exercise and competitive performance.

综述目的:甜菜根汁是一种受欢迎的天然食品补充剂,通常因其对健康和人体工程学的益处而食用。它含有丰富的植物化学化合物,已被证明可以增强运动耐力和恢复能力。其中,硝酸盐被广泛研究,并以改善运动表现而闻名。另一方面,β赖氨酸,一种具有生物活性的色素,显示出多种生物活性,包括抗氧化、抗炎和抗高血压,可以改善运动表现和运动后恢复。此外,β赖氨酸的自由基清除活性可以增加血液中一氧化氮的可用性,从而改善剧烈运动期间的血流量和氧气供应。这篇综述文章对长时间或剧烈运动引起的非病理性疾病以及β赖氨酸在减少肌肉损伤、炎症和疲劳等疾病方面的潜力进行了批判性的讨论。此外,还讨论了β赖氨酸作为一种麦角酸化合物在竞技运动员中的实时应用。最后,概述了β赖氨酸作为运动耐力的天然工效学辅助剂的潜力的未来方向和结论。甜菜根中的Betalains是一种主要的水溶性含氮色素,具有较高的抗氧化、抗炎和抗疲劳活性。补充Betalain可以缓解竞技运动员运动诱发的氧化应激、炎症和疲劳。Betalains有可能成为运动人群在锻炼和比赛中的天然麦角酸辅助剂或营养品化合物。
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引用次数: 0
Severe Acute Malnutrition: The Potential of Non-Peanut, Non-Milk Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Foods. 严重急性营养不良:非花生、非牛奶即食治疗食品的潜力。
IF 4.9 3区 医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-28 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00505-9
Oluwaseun F Akinmoladun, Oluwaseun P Bamidele, Victoria A Jideani, Cebisa N Nesamvuni

Purpose of review: This review provides information on the prospect and effectiveness of ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTFs) produced locally without the addition of milk and peanut.

Recent findings: The foods used in fighting malnutrition in the past decades contributed little to the success of the alleviation program due to their non-effectiveness. Hence, RUTFs are introduced to fight malnutrition. The peanut allergies, the high cost of milk, and the high production cost of peanut RUTF have made its distribution, treatment spread, and accessibility very slow, especially in areas where it is highly needed. There is a need, therefore, for a low-cost RUTF that is acceptable and effective in treating severe acute malnutrition among under-5 children. This review shows both the success and failure of reported studies on the use of non-peanut and non-milk RUTF, including their cost of production as compared to the standard milk and peanut-based RUTF. It was hypothesised that replacing the milk ingredient component with legumes like soybeans can reduce the cost of production of RUTFs while also delivering an effective product in managing and treating severe acute malnutrition (SAM). Consumers generally accept them better because of their familiarity with the raw materials.

综述目的:本综述提供了关于本地生产的不添加牛奶和花生的即用治疗食品(RUTF)的前景和有效性的信息。最近的发现:过去几十年中用于对抗营养不良的食物由于无效,对缓解计划的成功几乎没有贡献。因此,引入RUTF是为了对抗营养不良。花生过敏、牛奶的高成本和花生RUTF的高生产成本使其分发、治疗传播和可及性非常缓慢,尤其是在高度需要的地区。因此,需要一种低成本、可接受且有效治疗5岁以下儿童严重急性营养不良的RUTF。这篇综述显示了关于使用非花生和非牛奶RUTF的研究的成功和失败,包括与标准牛奶和花生基RUTF相比的生产成本。据推测,用大豆等豆类代替牛奶成分可以降低RUTF的生产成本,同时也可以提供有效的产品来管理和治疗严重急性营养不良(SAM)。消费者通常会因为熟悉原材料而更好地接受它们。
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引用次数: 0
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