Advanced Materials最新文献

The design of high-sensitivity stretchable piezoelectric sensors remains challenging due to the inherent trade-off between the ability to achieve high levels of mechanical deformation while maintaining efficient stress transduction. Here, we propose a new topology-optimization strategy to construct stretchable piezoelectric sensors that efficiently utilize the spatial stress distribution and are able to adapt to a range of anisotropic mechanical stress states. By exploiting computer-aided topology optimization, the distribution of piezoelectric ceramic units within the sensor was tailored to maximize the degree of stress transfer, resulting in an increase of 103.5% and 59.7% in the maximum piezoelectric potential when subject to tension and torsion, respectively. To ensure structural stretchability and adaptability of the topology optimized sensors when subject to complex loading environments, a direct ink writing process was developed to create stretchable eutectic gallium-indium liquid alloy (EGaIn) electrodes. Based on a shear-driven mechanism of printing, new predictive theoretical equations governing printing performance were developed that could predict the printed state (with 94.7% accuracy) and enable trace width control (relative error < 15%). The final optimized sensor exhibited excellent sensitivity, achieving 14.0 V per strain and 0.10 V per degree when subject to tensile and torsional loads, exceeding the unoptimized device by 59.2% and 92.4%, respectively. Finally, inspired by the morphological characteristics of butterflies and guided by the topology-optimized layout, a multi-channel sensor was constructed to accurately identify the pattern and amplitude of a complex range of neck movements, demonstrating the significant potential of the new design and manufacturing approach for wearable electronics.

Owing to the increasing requirement for robotic systems to interact intelligently in unstructured and dynamic environments, multimodal perception has become an essential and challenging task. In this study, we introduce a multifunctional robotic hand that can distinguish the shape and material properties of objects using a dual-mode electronic skin (e-skin) capable of non-contact and contact sensing. The e-skin is composed of a polarized expanded polytetrafluoroethylene electret embedded in Ecoflex, thus enabling non-contact sensing via the electrostatic-field effect and contact sensing based on the triboelectric effect. The embedded electret architecture facilitates a high internal charge density, thereby significantly enhancing the intensity and range of non-contact sensing, an advantage not achievable using conventional approaches. Integrating the dual-mode e-skin into a robotic arm endows it with multifunctional capabilities; furthermore, with the assistance of a long short-term memory neural network, the robotic hand achieves 100% and 97.35% accuracies in object-shape and object-material recognition, respectively. This study demonstrates the potential of the proposed e-skin as a versatile multimodal sensing interface for robotic platforms, thereby advancing autonomous and intelligent robotic interactions.

High-temperature flexible luminescent materials-enabling information transmission, safety monitoring, and operational reliability at extreme temperatures-have great potential for demanding applications such as metallurgy, petrochemical engineering, and fire protection. However, developing luminescent materials that integrate multicolor emission, high color purity, and mechanical flexibility at high temperatures remains an appealing yet formidable challenge. Herein, inspired by the multilevel architecture protecting pigments in the vividly colored butterfly's wing, we present a multiscale self-confinement strategy to fabricate flexible perovskite luminescent nanofibrous meta-aerogels with bioinspired thermal armor. Benefiting from multidimensional encapsulation to shield perovskite from extrinsic environmental perturbations and directional confinement to suppress ion migration and particle agglomeration, the biomimetic flexible meta-aerogels achieve stable luminescence up to 600 K. The resulting meta-aerogels exhibit tunable emission from blue to red and narrow-band emission (full width at half maximum < 45 nm). Furthermore, the meta-aerogels demonstrate excellent recovery after 500 compression cycles and temperature-invariant superelasticity. These advancements highlight the significant potential of these materials for next-generation flexible lighting and display applications under extreme conditions.

Shortwave infrared (SWIR) photodetectors are in high demand in modern applications, including night surveillance, biological imaging, and optical communication. Emerging organic semiconductors, featuring a tailorable spectral response and solution processability, open new avenues for SWIR light detection. However, SWIR organic photodetectors (OPDs) suffer from a scarcity of ultralow-bandgap organic semiconductors and low responsivity above 1000 nm. Here, we report a new electron-rich building block, thieno[3',2':4,5]cyclopenta[1,2-b]thieno[2,3-d]pyrrole (SNCS), that exhibits strong electron-donating ability. By applying acceptor-donor-acceptor and acceptor-quinoidal-donor-quinoidal-acceptor strategy, we developed two new nonfullerene acceptors: SNCS-4F and SNCSTT-4F. The latter, with thieno[3,4-b]thiophene moiety, exhibits strong SWIR absorption up to 1400 nm in thin films. The best-performing PTB7-Th:SNCSTT-4F-based OPD exhibits a record external quantum efficiency of 50.2%, a responsivity of 0.49 A W^-1 and remarkable specific detectivity of 4.47 × 10¹² Jones at 1200 nm under zero bias. This is the highest performance among reported SWIR organic photodiodes and is comparable with commercial InGaAs photodetectors. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectra, Mott-Schottky analysis and trap density of states analysis were applied to evaluate the OPDs' performances. Finally, we demonstrate that the OPDs can detect SWIR light with high sensitivity in photoplethysmography measurements and infrared audio communication applications.

Harnessing solar energy to produce value-added chemicals simultaneously requires the critical step of spatially separating redox processes. However, conventional photocatalysts remain fundamentally constrained by sluggish charge dynamics and irreversible recombination. Here, we propose an atomic-level interfacial shuttle mechanism in sub-nanometer gold cluster-anchored nickel manganite (H-NiMn₂O_4-β/Au_0.5 NCs), which couples dynamic electron-hole separation with Ni³⁺/Ni²⁺ redox cycling. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy indicates electron transfer occurring within 3.06 ps, mediated by an Au-O-Ni coordination interface. In this system, Ni³⁺ functions as a transient electron trap, undergoing rapid reduction to Ni²⁺ and subsequently transferring electrons to adjacent Au clusters, accelerating charge kinetics by 22.16-fold. This atomic-scale electron relay selectively steers 2e^- oxygen reduction by balancing *OOH intermediate stabilization and desorption, yielding H₂O₂ at 1.00 mmol g^-1 h^-1. Simultaneously, hole accumulation on lattice oxygen drives α-H abstraction, enabling photooxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde (14.59 mmol g^-1 h^-1). This work presents a dynamic dual-site catalysis model, offering atomic-level insight into interfacial charge management for solar-driven redox transformations.

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) combine mixed ionic-electronic transport with bulk electrochemical doping to enable high transconductance and low-voltage operation in aqueous environments, making them attractive for bioelectronics and neuromorphic computing. Vertical OECTs (vOECTs), with channel lengths reduced to tens of nanometers, offer high current densities and compact device footprints, but their performance is fundamentally constrained by ion-impermeable metal top electrodes that restrict ion injection to slow lateral diffusion pathways. Here, we show that electrochemically stable, ion-permeable conductive polymers such as poly(benzodifurandione) (PBFDO) offer a powerful alternative to metal top electrodes in vOECTs. By enabling direct vertical ion injection into poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) channels, PBFDO yields devices with high current densities (>400 A cm^-2), large on/off ratios (>10⁶), and ultrafast switching down to 28 µs, nearly two orders of magnitude faster than equivalent gold-based vOECTs and among the fastest accumulation-mode OECTs reported to date. These results establish a new benchmark for OECT speed and underscore the role of ion-permeable electrodes in overcoming the coupling between electronic and ionic transport in vertical architectures.

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have precipitated a paradigm shift in the design of hole transport layers (HTLs) for p-i-n perovskite solar cells, emerging as the cornerstone of modern, high-efficiency devices. This review comprehensively charts the evolution of SAM-based HTLs from fundamental molecular-level insights to their pivotal role in commercial-scale applications and record-breaking perovskite/silicon tandem cells. We delve into the intricate structure-property-performance relationships that govern SAMs' function, examining how meticulous engineering of anchoring groups, π-bridges, and functional headgroups dictates critical features such as energy level alignment, interfacial defect passivation, and perovskite crystallization control. The discussion extends beyond champion efficiencies to critically assess the scalability of deposition techniques, the limitations of operational stability under real-world conditions, and the pathways for integration into tandem architectures. Furthermore, we highlight the transformative potential of machine learning in accelerating the discovery and optimization of next-generation SAM materials. Finally, we provide a forward-looking perspective on molecular design strategies required to overcome existing challenges and fully unlock SAM potential for stable, high-performance photovoltaics.