Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2025.06.011
José María Serrano Romero , Antonio Sampedro Padilla , José Pablo Mazuelas Teatino , Javier Rodríguez-Granger , Juan Antonio Reguera , Fernando Cobo , José María Navarro Marí
Introduction
Rubella is a generally mild viral infection, but it carries the risk of potentially severe complications, especially during pregnancy. Immunity to rubella is determined using commercial chemiluminescent immunoassays, calibrated with international standards. Despite this, discrepancies have been observed in the results obtained by different methods.
Methods
This study evaluates the performance of two chemiluminescent immunoassays (CLIAs) (Alinity i® Rubella IgG and Atellica IM® Rubella IgG) in determining rubella immunity in patient sera with low levels of anti-rubella virus (RV) IgG, using immunoblot (IB) as the reference method.
Results
101 sera were analyzed, with 72 (71.3%) classified by IB as positive and 28 (27.7%) as negative. Both assays showed 100% specificity, with sensitivity ranging from 15% for Alinity i® to 66% for Atellica IM®. The concordance between IB and CLIA Atellica was 75% when equivocal results were considered negative and 95% when considered positive, whereas for CLIA Alinity, it was 39% and 66%, respectively.
Conclusions
The evaluated CLIA showed discrepancies in determining rubella immunity, highlight inadequate standardization in the quantification of specific IgG, which could lead to errors in patient management, incorrect classification of immune status, and unnecessary revaccinations in this patient population.
{"title":"Rendimiento de dos ensayos quimioluminiscentes en determinación de IgG frente a rubéola en sueros con bajos niveles de IgG específica","authors":"José María Serrano Romero , Antonio Sampedro Padilla , José Pablo Mazuelas Teatino , Javier Rodríguez-Granger , Juan Antonio Reguera , Fernando Cobo , José María Navarro Marí","doi":"10.1016/j.eimc.2025.06.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eimc.2025.06.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Rubella is a generally mild viral infection, but it carries the risk of potentially severe complications, especially during pregnancy. Immunity to rubella is determined using commercial chemiluminescent immunoassays, calibrated with international standards. Despite this, discrepancies have been observed in the results obtained by different methods.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study evaluates the performance of two chemiluminescent immunoassays (CLIAs) (Alinity i® Rubella IgG and Atellica IM® Rubella IgG) in determining rubella immunity in patient sera with low levels of anti-rubella virus (RV) IgG, using immunoblot (IB) as the reference method.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>101 sera were analyzed, with 72 (71.3%) classified by IB as positive and 28 (27.7%) as negative. Both assays showed 100% specificity, with sensitivity ranging from 15% for Alinity i® to 66% for Atellica IM®. The concordance between IB and CLIA Atellica was 75% when equivocal results were considered negative and 95% when considered positive, whereas for CLIA Alinity, it was 39% and 66%, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The evaluated CLIA showed discrepancies in determining rubella immunity, highlight inadequate standardization in the quantification of specific IgG, which could lead to errors in patient management, incorrect classification of immune status, and unnecessary revaccinations in this patient population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11608,"journal":{"name":"Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica","volume":"43 9","pages":"Pages 596-599"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145425688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2025.01.010
David Durand , Joaquim Ruíz , Theresa J. Ochoa
Introduction
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is a pathotype of diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) that causes acute and persistent diarrhea in children, HIV-infected patients and travelers. However, EAEC can also be isolated in people without diarrhea. The aim of this study was to evaluated if the EAEC bacterial load in stool samples is associated with diarrhea in comparison with asymptomatic infection.
Methods
We selected 165 stool samples (children with diarrhea: 80 and asymptomatic children: 85) that previously were identified as EAEC by Real-Time PCR for diagnostic of DEC from E. coli isolated from stool cultures. We extracted DNA from fecal samples using the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method and standardized a qPCR to evaluate the bacterial load using EAEC strain 042.
Results
The detection limit of the qPCR was 10 copies of aggR gene (5 bacterias)/mg stool and the reaction efficiency was ≥93%. We found a higher bacterial load in patients with diarrhea (2.781, 95% CI: 688-6875) bacteria/mg feces] than in asymptomatic children (138, 95% CI: 75-306) bacteria/mg feces], including samples with single pathogen infection and co-infections. Among diarrheal samples, the bacterial load was higher in boys than girls and in children older than 18 months than younger.
Conclusions
EAEC load in stool samples are higher in children with diarrhea than in asymptomatic infection. This qPCR could be useful for studying the role of colonization in children living in endemic areas where the isolation of this pathogen is similar in both groups.
{"title":"Comparación de la carga bacteriana de Escherichia coli enteroagregativa (EAEC) mediante un PCR en tiempo real (qPCR) en niños con diarrea e infección asintomática","authors":"David Durand , Joaquim Ruíz , Theresa J. Ochoa","doi":"10.1016/j.eimc.2025.01.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eimc.2025.01.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Enteroaggregative <em>Escherichia coli</em> (EAEC) is a pathotype of diarrheagenic <em>E. coli</em> (DEC) that causes acute and persistent diarrhea in children, HIV-infected patients and travelers. However, EAEC can also be isolated in people without diarrhea. The aim of this study was to evaluated if the EAEC bacterial load in stool samples is associated with diarrhea in comparison with asymptomatic infection.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We selected 165 stool samples (children with diarrhea: 80 and asymptomatic children: 85) that previously were identified as EAEC by Real-Time PCR for diagnostic of DEC from <em>E. coli</em> isolated from stool cultures. We extracted DNA from fecal samples using the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method and standardized a qPCR to evaluate the bacterial load using EAEC strain 042.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The detection limit of the qPCR was 10 copies of <em>aggR</em> gene (5 bacterias)/mg stool and the reaction efficiency was ≥93%. We found a higher bacterial load in patients with diarrhea (2.781, 95% CI: 688-6875) bacteria/mg feces] than in asymptomatic children (138, 95% CI: 75-306) bacteria/mg feces], including samples with single pathogen infection and co-infections. Among diarrheal samples, the bacterial load was higher in boys than girls and in children older than 18 months than younger.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>EAEC load in stool samples are higher in children with diarrhea than in asymptomatic infection. This qPCR could be useful for studying the role of colonization in children living in endemic areas where the isolation of this pathogen is similar in both groups.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11608,"journal":{"name":"Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica","volume":"43 9","pages":"Pages 563-570"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145425739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2025.02.003
Marta Santos , Jesica Martín Carmona , Anais Corma-Gómez , Margarita Pérez-García , Carmen Martín-Sierra , Pilar Rincón-Mayo , Juan Antonio Pineda , Luis Miguel Real , Juan Macías
Introduction
The WHO proposed to achieve hepatitis B virus (HBV) elimination by 2030, but this goal is very difficult to attain. People living with HIV (PLWH) may represent a subset where microelimination can be reached sooner. This study aimed to assess the incidence of HBV infections and changes in the prevalence of active HBV infection among PLWH in Spain.
Methods
A prospective cohort study, including all PLWH attending a university hospital in Southern Spain from January 2011 to December 2022, was conducted. Serum HBV markers (HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc) were tested at baseline and at least yearly afterwards. Incident cases were identified by anti-HBc seroconversion.
Results
Nine hundred and eighty PLWH were included. At the beginning of the study, 26 (2.7% [95% CI: 1.7–3.8%]) tested positive for HBsAg, 428 (43.7% [95% CI: 42.8–49.4%]) for anti-HBc and 386 (39.4% [95% CI: 39.8–46.3%]) for anti-HBs. After a median (Q1–Q3) follow-up of 115 (35–143) months, two new infections were documented, yielding an incidence rate of 2.24 (95% CI: 0.27–8.1)/100,000 person-years. The prevalence of active HBV infection declined from 3.4% [95% CI: 2.0–5.0%] in 2011 to 2% [95% CI: 1.0–3.0%] in 2022 (p for linear trend = 0.027). At the end of the study, 167 (24%) PLWH still were susceptible to HBV.
Conclusions
The incidence of HBV infection among PLWH in Spain is close to the WHO target. The prevalence of active HBV infection has decreased substantially during the last 12 years. These data suggest that micro-elimination of HBV/HIV infection is on the track in Spain.
{"title":"Progression towards microelimination of hepatitis B virus infection among people living with HIV in Spain","authors":"Marta Santos , Jesica Martín Carmona , Anais Corma-Gómez , Margarita Pérez-García , Carmen Martín-Sierra , Pilar Rincón-Mayo , Juan Antonio Pineda , Luis Miguel Real , Juan Macías","doi":"10.1016/j.eimc.2025.02.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eimc.2025.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The WHO proposed to achieve hepatitis B virus (HBV) elimination by 2030, but this goal is very difficult to attain. People living with HIV (PLWH) may represent a subset where microelimination can be reached sooner. This study aimed to assess the incidence of HBV infections and changes in the prevalence of active HBV infection among PLWH in Spain.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A prospective cohort study, including all PLWH attending a university hospital in Southern Spain from January 2011 to December 2022, was conducted. Serum HBV markers (HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc) were tested at baseline and at least yearly afterwards. Incident cases were identified by anti-HBc seroconversion.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Nine hundred and eighty PLWH were included. At the beginning of the study, 26 (2.7% [95% CI: 1.7–3.8%]) tested positive for HBsAg, 428 (43.7% [95% CI: 42.8–49.4%]) for anti-HBc and 386 (39.4% [95% CI: 39.8–46.3%]) for anti-HBs. After a median (Q1–Q3) follow-up of 115 (35–143) months, two new infections were documented, yielding an incidence rate of 2.24 (95% CI: 0.27–8.1)/100,000 person-years. The prevalence of active HBV infection declined from 3.4% [95% CI: 2.0–5.0%] in 2011 to 2% [95% CI: 1.0–3.0%] in 2022 (<em>p</em> for linear trend<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.027). At the end of the study, 167 (24%) PLWH still were susceptible to HBV.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The incidence of HBV infection among PLWH in Spain is close to the WHO target. The prevalence of active HBV infection has decreased substantially during the last 12 years. These data suggest that micro-elimination of HBV/HIV infection is on the track in Spain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11608,"journal":{"name":"Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica","volume":"43 9","pages":"Pages 577-584"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145425743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2025.06.006
Hinpetch Daungsupawong , Viroj Wiwanitkit
{"title":"Emergence of Oropouche virus among international travelers: Correspondence","authors":"Hinpetch Daungsupawong , Viroj Wiwanitkit","doi":"10.1016/j.eimc.2025.06.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eimc.2025.06.006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11608,"journal":{"name":"Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica","volume":"43 9","pages":"Page 628"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145425735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2025.09.001
Fabrizio Maggi , Daniele Focosi
{"title":"Anelloviruses as a marker of immunosuppression and inflammation in different clinical settings","authors":"Fabrizio Maggi , Daniele Focosi","doi":"10.1016/j.eimc.2025.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eimc.2025.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11608,"journal":{"name":"Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica","volume":"43 9","pages":"Pages 552-554"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145425738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2025.06.007
Carlos Iniesta , Victoria Hernando , Inma Jarrín , Santiago Pérez de la Cámara , Javier De la Torre-Lima , Vicent Villanueva , Mª Isabel Mayorga , Josefina Belda , Maribel Soteras , Álvaro Torres Lana , Aitziber Echeverria , Olga Monteagudo-Piqueras , Henar Marcos , Wafa Ben Cheikh , Julián-Alexander Portocarrero-Núñez , Débora Álvarez-del Arco , Asunción Diaz , Julia del Amo , SIPrEP
Objectives
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been available in Spain since November 2019 and implemented nationally in 2021. Monitoring the implementation process is essential to optimize the strategy. This manuscript describes the Spanish PrEP Programme Information System (SIPrEP), its methodology, and characteristics of PrEP users from November 2019 to May 2024.
Methods
Nationwide open cohort that collects data on persons ≥16 years who were prescribed PrEP in Spain. The study included participants with public program PrEP prescriptions since November 1, 2019. The project was piloted and fully implemented in July 2020.
Results
By May 2024, 28,798 people received public program PrEP in Spain, and 4159 users were included in SIPrEP. Most were men (99%, n = 4117), primarily gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) (97%, n = 4005), with a median age of 36 years (IQR: 30–43). Most were born in Spain (74%, n = 3075), and 36% (n = 1503) had university education. Referrals came from STI centers (19%, n = 805) and primary care (20%, n = 820). At entry, 8% (n = 348) had syphilis, 7% chlamydia (n = 270) and 7% (n = 300) had gonococcal infection. Among users, 15% (n = 642) discontinued PrEP, and 34% (n = 216) of them restarted later. There were four HIV seroconversions (incidence 0.12/100 person-years [95% CI: 0.05–0.33]).
Conclusions
SIPrEP provides valuable real-world data for optimizing interventions but requires improved national coverage.
{"title":"SIPrEP: A tool to monitor HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in Spain","authors":"Carlos Iniesta , Victoria Hernando , Inma Jarrín , Santiago Pérez de la Cámara , Javier De la Torre-Lima , Vicent Villanueva , Mª Isabel Mayorga , Josefina Belda , Maribel Soteras , Álvaro Torres Lana , Aitziber Echeverria , Olga Monteagudo-Piqueras , Henar Marcos , Wafa Ben Cheikh , Julián-Alexander Portocarrero-Núñez , Débora Álvarez-del Arco , Asunción Diaz , Julia del Amo , SIPrEP","doi":"10.1016/j.eimc.2025.06.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eimc.2025.06.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been available in Spain since November 2019 and implemented nationally in 2021. Monitoring the implementation process is essential to optimize the strategy. This manuscript describes the Spanish PrEP Programme Information System (SIPrEP), its methodology, and characteristics of PrEP users from November 2019 to May 2024.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Nationwide open cohort that collects data on persons ≥16 years who were prescribed PrEP in Spain. The study included participants with public program PrEP prescriptions since November 1, 2019. The project was piloted and fully implemented in July 2020.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>By May 2024, 28,798 people received public program PrEP in Spain, and 4159 users were included in SIPrEP. Most were men (99%, <em>n</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->4117), primarily gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) (97%, <em>n</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->4005), with a median age of 36 years (IQR: 30–43). Most were born in Spain (74%, <em>n</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->3075), and 36% (<em>n</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->1503) had university education. Referrals came from STI centers (19%, <em>n</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->805) and primary care (20%, <em>n</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->820). At entry, 8% (<em>n</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->348) had syphilis, 7% chlamydia (<em>n</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->270) and 7% (<em>n</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->300) had gonococcal infection. Among users, 15% (<em>n</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->642) discontinued PrEP, and 34% (<em>n</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->216) of them restarted later. There were four HIV seroconversions (incidence 0.12/100 person-years [95% CI: 0.05–0.33]).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>SIPrEP provides valuable real-world data for optimizing interventions but requires improved national coverage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11608,"journal":{"name":"Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica","volume":"43 8","pages":"Pages 515-522"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145190354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2025.06.015
Daniel N. Marco , Julie Castiaux , Sara Fernández , Eric Mariotte
{"title":"Hairy cell leukemia, Legionella and ibrutinib: Old friends and a new foe","authors":"Daniel N. Marco , Julie Castiaux , Sara Fernández , Eric Mariotte","doi":"10.1016/j.eimc.2025.06.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eimc.2025.06.015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11608,"journal":{"name":"Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica","volume":"43 8","pages":"Pages 537-539"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145189927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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