Erwerbs-Obstbau最新文献

A newly introduced peach clonal rootstock, ‘Rubira’, when multiplied through mound layering, the daughter stool shoots attain excessive diameter making it difficult to perform grafting in the next season. To overcome this problem, the present study aimed to conduct budding on daughter stool shoots of ‘Rubira’ peach rootstock produced through mound layering during the summer or rainy season of the same year, further accounting for production of saleable plants within 1 year. The experiment consisted of 15 treatment combinations of budding methods (chip, shield and patch) and timing of budding (22nd May, 6th June, 21st June, 6th July, and 21st July). The results revealed that chip and shield budding performed on 22nd May and 6th June had maximum bud take success (100.00%). The chip budding performed on 22nd May resulted in significantly higher scion height (139.42 cm), scion diameter (12.68 mm), fresh weight of shoots (127.33 g), root–shoot biomass (82.41 g dry weight) and saleable plants (99.96%). Moreover, chip budding performed on May 22nd demonstrated the highest levels of leaf carbohydrate (6.65%), total sugars (1.76%) and leaf nitrogen (3.82%). The bud-take success was significantly positively correlated with saleable plant, scion height, scion diameter, number of internodes, fresh weight of root, root–shoot biomass, leaf carbohydrate and leaf nitrogen, whereas significantly negatively correlated with fresh weight of shoot. The chip budding performed during the last week of May to the first week of June was found to be the best method and time for production of quality nursery plants of peach in stool beds of ‘Rubira’ rootstock under mound layering within 1 year.

Due to the soil nutrient distribution caused by complex mountain topography, it is difficult to achieve the precise fertilization. This study investigated variable-rate fertilization based on the spatial variability of soil nutrients in a custard apple orchard. Soil grid sampling was used to determine the variability of soil nutrients in a 1656‑m² orchard. The spatial variability of soil nutrients showed a moderate to high spatial dependency and variable-rate fertilization decision-making was made based on the nutrient distribution. The variable-rate fertilizer applicator controlled by code was assembled with a small self-propelled fertilizer applicator as the carrier to test its fertilizing effect in the field. Based on the results, variable-rate fertilization reduced nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilization by 42%, 46%, and 19%, respectively, compared with traditional fertilization, and custard apple yield increased by 22 and 34% in 2022 and 2023, respectively. In the 2‑year tracking experiment, the levels of soluble protein and vitamin C also increased significantly. The results showed that it was feasible to calculate fertilizer input at any location of the plot based on soil experiment data and to provide spatial data for the fertilizer operator control system for variable-rate fertilization, thereby improving fertilizer use efficiency and quality of custard apples.

Dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.), referred to as ’Kamalam’ in India, has gained popularity in recent times due to its unique appearance, nutritional benefits, and stress tolerance/resistance. Hylocereus undatus, H. monacanthus, and H. megalanthus are the major dragon fruit variants cultivated globally. India has embraced dragon fruit cultivation, expanding its area and production through several government initiatives and research institutes. Being introduced in the 1990s, there is a dearth of information about the production technology of dragon fruit cultivation. The present review highlights the advancements in cultivation techniques assessing various aspects such as planting techniques, propagation, training and pruning, irrigation, nutrient management, and harvesting practices of dragon fruit.

The critical stages of grapevine breeding projects involve the identification and exploration of drought-tolerant cultivars, as well as the optimization of plant material selection, to effectively maintain grape production under drought stress. The results of the present study revealed significant differences among all physiological, biochemical, and anatomical responses to moderate drought stress in 20 grapevine cultivars. Drought stress resulted in a significant decrease in relative water content (15%) and soluble proteins (47%), accompanied by alterations in stem and root anatomical parameters. Additionally, it led to elevated levels of ion leakage (70%), malondialdehyde (159%), hydrogen peroxide (75%), proline content (94%), soluble carbohydrates (53%), phenolic compounds (89%), and enzymatic antioxidants i.e. catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase by 108, 88%, 87, and 79, respectively. Moreover, significant associations were observed among these characteristics. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the six and four major components affecting traits explained 78.5 and 76.5% of the total variance in traits under control and drought conditions, respectively. PCA also identified the most suitable criteria for the identifying of cultivars under moderate drought conditions, encompassing traits such as water content, soluble proteins, proline, soluble carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, stem xylem area, stem phloem area, root cross-sectional area, and root xylem diameter variables. Furthermore, hierarchical cluster analysis with a heatmap categorized grapevine cultivars into three groups under drought conditions. Based on our comprehensive findings, it can be concluded that ‘Rashe’, ‘Khalili Sefid’, ‘Yaghuti’, and ‘Laal Ghermez’ exhibit the highest level of drought-tolerant cultivars.

The agricultural sector is one of the major sectors that have an impact on environmental dynamics through carbon emissions from sectoral processes. Since energy is consumed directly by agricultural sector through the cultivation of fields with machinery, sustainable production activities are among the practices that need to be promoted in order to combat climate change. The aim of this research is to determine energy efficiency, cost analysis, and carbon emissions of sweet cherry cultivation. This research was conducted during the 2019–2020 period in Ulukışla district of Niğde province/Türkiye. Based on face-to-face survey data on farmers, this study analysed the influence of the energy equivalent of each stage of agricultural mechanization level on sweet cherry production. Within the methodology of the study, the energy values per unit area of the inputs in sweet cherry production period, including soil tillage, irrigation, fertilization, spraying, pruning and harvesting, were computed. The energy yield of the product and the total cost and profit values and the amount of CO₂ emissions were also computed. All dynamics in the production process such as tractor implements, fuel consumption, and human labour costs were evaluated. The energy embodied in production process was classified into direct and indirect, and their shares in total energy consumption were additionally determined. According to the findings of the current research, total energy input (EI) and energy output (EO) were computed as 54,292.66 MJ/ha and 81,352.65 MJ/ha, and the energy ratio value calculated as 1.50. As a result of the cost (expense) analysis, the profit value was calculated as 42,436.61 TL/ha. The results showed that the most energy consuming input, at a rate of 12,862.13 kgCO₂/ha, was nitrogen fertilization.

Nitrogen (N) fertilization is one of the necessary elements in the production of hazelnuts. Therefore, the excessive introduction of nitrogen into the soil at once, in order to satisfy this requirement, causes it to leach easily from the soil. The aim of this research was to ensure that nitrogen fertilization applied to hazelnut production is washed off the soil to a minimum level. It was also a matter of developing methods to obtain the highest yield with optimal N fertilization in order to provide a high level of availability to the plant. For this reason, the urea fertilizer was studied with two applications and methods. According to the results of the research, it was concluded that the subsurface application of urea fertilizer at the rate of 50% twice enhanced the effect on the quantitative and qualitative properties of hazelnut. As a result, protein levels, kernel ratio, nutrients concentration in the leaf and yield in hazelnut statistically increased.

An experiment was conducted to determine the contribution of Azospirillum brasilense and vermicompost to improving plant growth characteristics, yield variables, physical characteristics and maintaining sustainable agriculture in custard apple cultivar “Balanagar” during 2018–19 and 2019–20 at the Fruit Instructional Farm, Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Jhalawar, India. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with 16 Azospirillum brasilense and vermicompost treatments. During the first weeks of July 2018 and July 2019, the 16 various Azospirillum and vermicompost treatment combinations were administered to the soil canopy and rhizosphere of black vertisols in custard apple cultivar (cv.) “Balanagar” plants. Among the various treatments, the treatment T₁₀, which consisted of (Azospirillum (AZS) @ 50 g + Vermicompost (V.C.) @ 10 kg/plant) was found to be significantly superior to all other treatment combinations in terms of promoting plant height (3.46 m), plant spread E–W (2.45 m), plant spread N–S (2.40 m), number of leaves/shoot (19.83), chlorophyll content (2.32 mg/g), number of female flowers/branch (197.50), fruit set (47.08%), number of fruits/plant (92.83), yield/plant (18.60 kg), yield/ha (74.39 q), fruit weight (199.77 g), pulp weight (99.21 g), pulp (49.69%), pulp texture (creamy), horizontal fruit diameter (87.65 mm) and vertical fruit diameter (92.59 mm), the majority of plant growth characteristics, including yield variables and physical characteristics of custard apple cultivar “Balanagar”.

Climate change poses a significant threat to sustainable agricultural production globally. In Türkiye, the agricultural sector holds paramount importance for the economy, but it faces substantial risks due to climate change. Cherry production is particularly vulnerable to these impacts, with Türkiye leading the world in both production amounts (690 thousand metric tonnes) and cultivation areas (82 thousand hectares) as of 2021. This study’s primary objective is to assess the influence of climate change on cherry production in ten Turkish provinces from 2004 to 2021, including İzmir, Bursa, Isparta, Afyon, Konya, Kütahya, Çanakkale, Manisa, Denizli, and Amasya. A panel cointegration approach employing the AMG estimator confirmed the presence of cointegration relationships among the variables. The analysis revealed that climatic dynamics (rising rainfall and temperature) had detrimental long-run impacts on the primary cherry-producing regions. Temperature increases led to substantial decreases in cherry production, with a factor of 52, while higher rainfall levels reduced production by nearly 0.20 times. Among individual cities, temperature negatively impacted cherry production in Amasya (86 times), Kütahya (92 times), Manisa (74 times), and İzmir (189 times). Bursa, Isparta, Konya, and Çanakkale exhibited negative coefficients for temperature but lacked statistical significance. In terms of rainfall, eight out of ten cities experienced negative effects, with statistical significance observed in only Bursa (0.43), Isparta (0.50), and İzmir (0.44). However, Afyon and Denizli displayed positive coefficients without statistical significance.

Lemon growing in the Mediterranean region of Türkiye faces various challenges that pose significant difficulties for growers. Türkiye’s diverse climate and geographical conditions provide favorable conditions for lemon cultivation. However, the lemon growing in Türkiye is plagued by various problems such as climate change, increasing plant disease, pests, storage problems, irrigation, rootstock, and cultivars. To analyze the problems experienced in lemon production in Türkiye in detail and to determine possible solutions, a survey was conducted in Adana, Mersin, Antalya, Muğla, and Hatay provinces of Türkiye. The survey was conducted online and 91 producers participated. In the survey, questions were asked about the producer, lemon orchards, maintenance and yield, harvest and storage, marketing, agricultural training, and expert support. As a result, all the problems mentioned above were examined in detail, problems were identified, and suggestions were made to solve these problems.

In the research, a total of 12 olive varieties, three foreigner and nine local, were used. In 2021, the beginning of inflorescence was determined between the 27 March (‘Memecik’) and 19 April (‘Domat’), while the beginning of black (harvest) maturity was determined between 30 September (‘Gemlik-21’) and 28 November (‘Domat’). In 2022, the beginning of inflorescence was determined between 2 April (‘Memecik’) and 17 April (‘Domat’), while the beginning of black (harvest) maturity was determined between 4 October (‘Ayvalık’) and 30 November (‘Domat’). In 2021, the effective temperature total duration between the beginning of inflorescence and the beginning of black (harvest) maturity varied between 2300 (‘Edincik Su’) and 2736 degree-days (‘As Topakaşı’), while in 2022 this period varied between 2403 (‘Ayvalık’) and 2685 degree-days (‘As Topakaşı’). In 2021, the passing time between the beginning of inflorescence and the beginning of black (harvest) maturity was determined to vary between 182 (‘Gemlik-21’) and 224 days (‘Domat’), while in 2022, this period was determined to vary between 183 (‘Ayvalık’) and 228 days (‘Domat’). According to the correlation analysis, a positive correlation was found between the beginning of inflorescence and the beginning of black (harvest) maturity effective temperature sum and the beginning of inflorescence and the beginning of black (harvest) maturity passing time (r = 0.91, p < 0.001); the beginning of flowering to the beginning of black (harvest) maturity effective temperature sum and beginning of flowering to the beginning of black (harvest) maturity passing time (r = 0.92, p < 0.001). According to principal component analysis, the first three principal components account for 78.50% of total variation. This study, which will be recorded as the first detailed research in the literature in terms of olive cultivation, will greatly assist those concerned in planning the basin-based plant production model.