Forest Ecology and Management最新文献_第9页

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2026-01-01

引用次数: 0

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2026-01-01

引用次数: 0

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2026-01-01

引用次数: 0

An ecologically significant trophic cascade in Yellowstone: Response to MacNulty, et al. (2026) 黄石公园生态意义重大的营养级联：对MacNulty等人的回应（2026）

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123449

Luke E. Painter, Robert L. Beschta, William J. Ripple

In a recent paper (Painter et al., 2025) we reported results from northern Yellowstone National Park, where quaking aspen recruitment was suppressed by intensive Rocky Mountain elk herbivory during the 20th century. Restoration of large carnivores, including gray wolf reintroduction in 1995–96, resulted in sustained reduction of elk density and elk browsing, benefitting aspen. We reported changes in aspen recruitment between our initial random sampling of aspen in 1997–98 and subsequent sampling in 2012 and 2020–21. Density of young aspen (>2 m tall) increased and new young trees (>5 cm dbh) were documented for the first time since the 1940s. About 30 % of stands had many new saplings, while 38 % continued to be suppressed with few or no saplings, and the remaining 32 % had patches of saplings. In their comment, MacNulty et al. (2026) identified an error in our calculation of log ratio effect strength. The corrected result (log_e ratio 2.9, corrected from 5.0) still indicates a strong trophic cascade compared to published examples, and likely underestimates the amount of change. We compared other ways of calculating log ratio effect strength, and these also indicated a strong effect, but this should not be confused with a total reversal of the factors affecting aspen. MacNulty et al. further challenged our general interpretation of our results with arguments we addressed previously, and we address them again here. The Yellowstone aspen trophic cascade is not a complete restoration of all aspen stands, but it is a strong and ecologically significant effect.

在最近的一篇论文（Painter et al., 2025）中，我们报告了黄石国家公园北部的结果，在20世纪，落基山麋鹿的密集食草性抑制了颤杨的增加。大型食肉动物的恢复，包括1995-96年灰狼的重新引入，导致驼鹿密度和驼鹿觅食的持续减少，这对白杨有利。我们报告了1997-98年最初的白杨随机抽样与2012年和2020-21年的后续抽样之间白杨采伐的变化。幼杨树（2 m高）密度增加，新树（5 cm dbh）为20世纪40年代以来首次记录。约30 %的林分新苗较多，38 %的林分新苗较少或无苗木，其余32 %的林分有小片苗木。在他们的评论中，MacNulty等人（2026）在对数比效应强度的计算中发现了一个错误。修正后的结果（loge ratio 2.9，从5.0修正）仍然表明与已发表的例子相比，存在强烈的营养级联，并且可能低估了变化的量。我们比较了其他计算对数比效应强度的方法，这些方法也表明了很强的效应，但不应将其与影响白杨的因素完全逆转混淆。MacNulty等人用我们之前讨论过的论点进一步挑战了我们对结果的一般解释，我们在这里再次讨论它们。黄石白杨林的营养级联不是所有白杨林的完全恢复，但它是一个强大的生态显著效应。

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引用次数: 0

Decline in regeneration capacity in mature forests across Great Britain 英国成熟森林的再生能力下降

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123468

Bruno B.L. Cintra , Rodrigo S. Bergamin , Rachel Mailes , Roel Brienen , Estrella Luna , Angus Rob MacKenzie , Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert

Mature forests are key for climate change mitigation, preserving biodiversity and providing ecosystem services. The future of these services depends on the forest structure and composition which in turn largely depend on the continuity of the regeneration of new trees. However, long-term data on regeneration are rare in European temperate mature forests, hampering our ability to assess trends in regeneration and inform forest-management policies. Here we assess changes in the dynamics of saplings and small trees in 16 permanent plots located in 9 sites of semi-natural mature forests across Great Britain. All plots were measured at least three times, with the most recent census conducted in 2022. We use long term records of individual trees, analysed with Generalised Mixed-Effects Models, to test for temporal trends and drivers of change in recruitment and mortality rates of saplings and small trees over widely spaced censuses across of 30–63 years of forest monitoring. We observed failure of forest regeneration in 8 of the 9 sites monitored with a 46 % decrease in small tree recruitment rates and a 90 % increase in sapling mortality rates during the past 3–4 decades. Generalized regeneration declines were observed for most dominant species across different forest types and climate conditions in Great Britain, suggesting that it is likely caused by multiple drivers. Our results point to recovery from past management, droughts and rising winter temperatures as potential contributors to the regeneration failure. Although not formally tested, other plausible drivers may include the climatic aggravation of tree pathogens and widespread presence of uncontrolled population of herbivores. While more data will be necessary to confirm the drivers of these trends, our study raises concerns about the resilience of these temperate forests and their adaptability to future climate conditions.

成熟森林是减缓气候变化、保护生物多样性和提供生态系统服务的关键。这些服务的未来取决于森林的结构和组成，而森林的结构和组成又在很大程度上取决于新树再生的连续性。然而，关于欧洲温带成熟森林更新的长期数据很少，这妨碍了我们评估更新趋势和为森林管理政策提供信息的能力。在这里，我们评估了位于英国9个半自然成熟森林地点的16个永久样地的树苗和小树的动态变化。所有地块都至少测量了三次，最近一次人口普查是在2022年进行的。我们使用单株树木的长期记录，用广义混合效应模型进行分析，以测试在30-63年的森林监测中广泛间隔的树苗和小树的招募和死亡率变化的时间趋势和驱动因素。在过去的3-4年里，我们观察到9个监测地点中的8个森林更新失败，小树补充率下降了46% %，树苗死亡率增加了90% %。在英国不同的森林类型和气候条件下，大多数优势物种的再生能力普遍下降，这表明这可能是由多种驱动因素引起的。我们的研究结果表明，从过去的管理、干旱和冬季气温上升中恢复是导致再生失败的潜在因素。虽然没有经过正式测试，但其他可能的驱动因素可能包括树木病原体的气候恶化和草食动物种群不受控制的广泛存在。虽然需要更多的数据来确认这些趋势的驱动因素，但我们的研究引起了人们对这些温带森林的恢复能力及其对未来气候条件的适应性的关注。

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引用次数: 0

Summer aridity modulates tree growth response to thinning in Mediterranean pines 夏季干旱调节地中海松树生长对间伐的反应

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123485

Daniel Moreno-Fernández, Miren del Río, Ricardo Ruiz-Peinado, Isabel Cañellas

Forest management offers a proven tool for adapting forests to changing climatic conditions and mitigating their impacts. However, the interaction between forest management practices and climatic conditions in Mediterranean forests warrants further investigation. The primary objective of this study is to assess the combined impact of climate and thinning on secondary tree growth in Mediterranean pines. For the purposes of this study, we leveraged long-term forest information from nine thinning trials established in four Mediterranean pine stands, comprising two subspecies of Pinus nigra Arn. (Black pine subsp nigra and salzmannii), Pinus pinaster Ait. (Maritime pine), Pinus pinea L. (Stone pine) and Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine). We found a significant, positive association between growth and thinning intensity and a negative relationship with summer aridity. Interestingly, our results revealed that the interaction between thinning and climate is species-specific but also site-specific for Scots pine. Overall, we concluded that thinning is a powerful tool for adapting forests to harsher climatic conditions in the Mediterranean Basin. However, the reduction in density may not be sufficient for forests to adapt when climatic conditions become extremely harsh.

森林管理是使森林适应不断变化的气候条件和减轻其影响的行之有效的工具。然而，地中海森林的森林管理做法与气候条件之间的相互作用值得进一步调查。本研究的主要目的是评估气候和间伐对地中海松树次生树生长的综合影响。为了本研究的目的，我们利用了在四个地中海松林中建立的九个间伐试验的长期森林信息，其中包括两个黑松亚种。（黑松subsp nigra和salzmannii）；（海松）、松木松（石松）和苏格兰松（苏格兰松）。我们发现生长和间伐强度之间存在显著的正相关关系，而与夏季干旱呈负相关关系。有趣的是，我们的研究结果表明，对苏格兰松来说，间伐和气候之间的相互作用是物种特异性的，也是地点特异性的。总的来说，我们得出结论，在地中海盆地，疏林是使森林适应更恶劣气候条件的有力工具。然而，当气候条件变得极其恶劣时，密度的减少可能不足以使森林适应。

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引用次数: 0

Advancing fire regime assessment in the Indian Himalayan forests using GEDI LiDAR 利用GEDI激光雷达推进印度喜马拉雅森林火情评估

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123475

Konica Bhandari, Gulab Singh

Wildfires are the leading cause of forest degradation and reduce the carbon sequestration capacity of forest ecosystems. As climate change intensifies fire regimes, accurately mapping burn severity and biomass loss remains difficult, particularly in complex mountainous terrain. Traditional remote sensing approaches based on optical data often fail to capture sub-canopy and structural variations, while field-based methods are constrained by scale, access, and logistical complexity. To address these limitations, this study utilises NASA’s Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) LiDAR data to capture three-dimensional forest structure and monitor changes in aboveground biomass. Focusing on the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR), we utilised GEDI structural metrics for fire severity classifications derived from NASA’s Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS) data. Spatial fire density mapping revealed that Evergreen Needleleaf (ENL), Evergreen Broadleaf (EBL), and Deciduous Broadleaf (DBL) plant functional types (PFTs) are particularly vulnerable to recurring fires. The GEDI Level 4 A AGBD product, when tested in the IHR, showed a tendency to underestimate biomass relative to regional field studies, indicating the need for localised calibration in rugged terrain. We found that the pre-monsoon fire season resulted in a biomass loss of 14.33 Mg/ha for the ENL PFT, while the EBL PFT showed a biomass gain of 3.15 Mg/ha. A Random Forest model utilising GEDI structural inputs for fire severity classification achieved an overall accuracy of 85 %. We found that vegetation structural complexity, rather than canopy height, is a more important predictor of high fire severity. We also evaluated the Waveform Structural Complexity Index (WSCI), a novel GEDI metric that effectively characterised fire severity across the under-storey vegetation. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating 3D vegetation structure into fire impact assessments, moving beyond the limitations of conventional two-dimensional optical datasets.

野火是森林退化的主要原因，降低了森林生态系统的固碳能力。由于气候变化加剧了火灾状况，准确绘制烧伤严重程度和生物量损失的地图仍然很困难，特别是在复杂的山区地形。传统的基于光学数据的遥感方法往往无法捕获亚冠层和结构变化，而基于实地的方法则受到规模、获取和后勤复杂性的限制。为了解决这些限制，本研究利用NASA的全球生态系统动力学调查（GEDI）激光雷达数据来捕获三维森林结构并监测地上生物量的变化。以印度喜马拉雅地区（IHR）为重点，我们利用GEDI结构指标进行火灾严重程度分类，这些指标来源于NASA的火灾信息资源管理系统（FIRMS）数据。空间火灾密度图显示，常绿针叶（ENL）、常绿阔叶（EBL）和落叶阔叶（DBL）植物功能类型（PFTs）特别容易发生火灾。GEDI 4级 A AGBD产品在《国际卫生条例》中进行测试时，显示出相对于区域实地研究低估生物量的趋势，这表明需要在崎岖地形中进行局部校准。研究发现，季风前火灾导致ENL PFT的生物量损失为14.33 Mg/ha，而EBL PFT的生物量增加为3.15 Mg/ha。随机森林模型利用GEDI结构输入进行火灾严重程度分类，总体准确率达到85% %。我们发现植被结构复杂性，而不是冠层高度，是高火灾严重程度的更重要预测因子。我们还评估了波形结构复杂性指数（WSCI），这是一种新的GEDI指标，可以有效地表征下层植被的火灾严重程度。这些发现强调了将三维植被结构纳入火灾影响评估的重要性，超越了传统二维光学数据集的局限性。

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引用次数: 0

Plant functional trait shifts and biodiversity patterns across urban embedding gradients in karst remnant mountain forests 喀斯特残山林城市埋置梯度植物功能性状变化与生物多样性格局

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123486

Gilbert Kumilamba, Shujun Liu, Zhijie Wang , Jinghao Li, Jian Huang

Urbanization increasingly fragments natural habitats, creating remnant ecosystems embedded within dense urban environments. However, how urban embedding and internal environmental heterogeneity jointly shape biodiversity across vegetation strata remains poorly understood. This study investigated twelve karst remnant mountains in Guiyang City, China, stratified into four embedding levels (no, low, moderate, high) using spatial kernel density analysis. Across tree, shrub, and herb layers, species diversity (richness, Shannon, Simpson, Pielou) and functional diversity (functional richness (FRic), evenness (FEve), divergence (FDiv), dispersion (FDis), and Rao’s quadratic entropy (RaoQ)) were quantified, based on plant height, diameter at breast height (DBH), and coverage traits alongside topographic variables. Tree diversity declined with increasing embedding, with reduced FRic and FDiv indicating trait convergence toward fewer, competitively dominant species. Shrubs exhibited marked losses of functional richness and divergence, suggesting niche homogenization. In contrast, herbs displayed greater FRic under higher embedding, reflecting colonization by disturbance-tolerant species, though declines in FEve and RaoQ indicated uneven trait distribution and reduced stability. Across all strata, species, and functional diversity weakened along the embedding gradient, signaling a decoupling of taxonomic and functional dimensions. Redundancy analysis and PLS-SEM revealed altitude, slope, and rock exposure as the strongest drivers of both species and functional diversity, acting through environmental filtering on trait expression. This study reveals that urban embedding reduces biodiversity and alters functional trait strategies in karst remnant ecosystems. The findings highlight the importance of habitat heterogeneity in buffering urban stress and provide a trait-based framework to guide biodiversity conservation in fragmented urban landscapes.

城市化日益破坏自然栖息地，在密集的城市环境中形成残留的生态系统。然而，城市嵌入和内部环境异质性如何共同影响植被层的生物多样性仍然知之甚少。以贵阳市12座喀斯特残山为研究对象，采用空间核密度分析方法，将其划分为无、低、中、高4个包埋等级。基于植物高度、胸径（DBH）和覆盖度特征以及地形变量，对乔木、灌木和草本层的物种多样性（丰富度，Shannon, Simpson, Pielou）和功能多样性（功能丰富度（FRic）、均匀度（FEve）、散度（FDiv）、离散度（FDis）和Rao’s二次熵（RaoQ））进行了量化。树木多样性随着嵌入的增加而下降，FRic和FDiv的减少表明性状向较少的竞争优势物种趋同。灌木的功能丰富度和多样性明显减少，表明生态位同质化。相比之下，在较高的嵌入下，草本植物显示出更高的FRic，这反映了耐扰动物种的定植，尽管FEve和RaoQ的下降表明性状分布不均匀，稳定性降低。在所有地层中，物种和功能多样性沿嵌入梯度减弱，标志着分类和功能维度的脱钩。冗余分析和PLS-SEM显示，海拔、坡度和岩石暴露是物种和功能多样性的最大驱动因素，通过环境过滤对性状表达起作用。研究表明，城市嵌入降低了喀斯特生态系统的生物多样性，改变了喀斯特生态系统的功能性状策略。研究结果强调了生境异质性在缓冲城市压力方面的重要性，并为指导碎片化城市景观中生物多样性保护提供了一个基于特征的框架。

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引用次数: 0

Support vector machine and artificial neural network in site index estimation for Eucalyptus plantations in MG state, Brazil 支持向量机与人工神经网络在巴西MG州桉树人工林立地指数评价中的应用

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123476

Maike Vieira Drosdosky , Gabriela Cristina Costa Silva , Lucas Sérgio de Sousa Lopes , Evandro Ferreira da Silva , Deivison Venicio Souza , Helio Garcia Leite

In view of the expansion of planted forest areas, it is essential to adopt accurate methods for assessing productive capacity. The guide curve method is the most widely used technique for this purpose. However, other approaches have been introduced, such as Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). This study analyzed the effectiveness of SVM and ANN in predicting the site index (S) of Eucalyptus forest stands in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Thirteen input variable combinations were defined, including climatic and dendrometric data. Four kernel functions and two loss functions were evaluated for SVM, and five activation functions with variations in the number of hidden layer neurons were tested for ANN. The output variable for both SVM and ANN was the site index determined using the guide curve method. ANN yielded the highest correlations between predicted and observed values (r_ŷ.y > 0.9) and the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) in ten out of thirteen combinations. Including the height of dominant and codominant trees in the models resulted in higher accuracy for both SVM and ANN. The final classification of stands by SVM and ANN was identical to that obtained using the guide curve method. Therefore, it was concluded that both techniques are effective in estimating the site index and classifying site productivity. Thus, it was possible to conclude that although both techniques are efficient in estimating the site index and classifying productive capacity, ANN is a more suitable tool due to its flexibility and accuracy.

鉴于人工林面积的扩大，必须采用准确的评估生产能力的方法。导曲线法是这方面应用最广泛的技术。然而，其他方法也被引入，如支持向量机（SVM）和人工神经网络（ANN）。本研究分析了支持向量机和人工神经网络预测巴西米纳斯吉拉斯州桉树林分立地指数(S)的有效性。定义了13个输入变量组合，包括气候和树木测量数据。对支持向量机评估了4个核函数和2个损失函数，对人工神经网络测试了5个随隐层神经元数量变化的激活函数。支持向量机和人工神经网络的输出变量均为采用导向曲线法确定的站点指数。人工神经网络在预测值和实测值之间产生了最高的相关性。y > 0.9)， 13种组合中有10种的均方根误差（RMSE）最低。在模型中加入优势树和共优势树的高度可以提高SVM和ANN的准确率。支持向量机和人工神经网络的最终分类结果与导曲线法的分类结果一致。结果表明，这两种方法都能有效地估算立地指数和分类立地生产力。因此，可以得出结论，尽管这两种技术在估计场地指数和分类生产能力方面都是有效的，但由于其灵活性和准确性，人工神经网络是更合适的工具。

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引用次数: 0

Overstating trophic cascade strength following large carnivore restoration in Yellowstone: A comment on Painter et al. (2025) 夸大黄石大型食肉动物恢复后的营养级联强度：对Painter等人（2025）的评论

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123448

Daniel R. MacNulty, Elaine M. Brice, Nicholas J. Bergeron, Eric J. Larsen

Painter et al. (2025) claim that large-carnivore recovery in Yellowstone National Park has produced a strong trophic cascade compared to other systems, citing a 152-fold increase in aspen sapling density and widespread recruitment of new trees. We show that these conclusions substantially overstate the cascade’s strength because of key methodological and interpretive flaws. First, Painter et al. miscalculated the baseline density in their dataset, inflating the reported log response ratio from a true 17.5-fold increase to 152-fold. Second, they analyzed repeated measurements of the same stands as if they were independent samples, overstating standardized effect sizes by 30–40 %. Third, because sapling densities are highly zero-inflated and right-skewed, mean-based metrics (log response ratios and standardized differences) are disproportionately influenced by a small minority of plots, while most plots showed little or no change. Fourth, Painter et al. conflated stand-level occurrence with magnitude, treating the presence of one or a few tall stems (“43 % of stands contained small trees”) as evidence of widespread recruitment. Finally, their assumptions that stems ≥ 2 m have escaped browsing and that reduced browsing alone drives height growth are contradicted by long-term data showing substantial browsing through 2–2.5 m and strong height–browsing feedbacks. Taken together, these shortcomings exaggerate the magnitude and pace of aspen recovery. The evidence supports the occurrence of a trophic cascade in Yellowstone, but not the magnitude of strength claimed. Accurate assessment of trophic cascade strength in Yellowstone is vital to ensure that this iconic system reliably informs ecological understanding and restoration practice.

Painter等人（2025）声称，与其他系统相比，黄石国家公园的大型食肉动物的恢复产生了强大的营养级联，理由是白杨幼树密度增加了152倍，新树的广泛补充。我们表明，由于关键的方法和解释缺陷，这些结论实质上夸大了级联的强度。首先，Painter等人错误地计算了他们数据集中的基线密度，将报告的日志响应比从17.5倍增加到152倍。其次，他们分析了对同一展台的重复测量，就好像它们是独立的样本一样，将标准化效应大小夸大了30 - 40% %。第三，由于树苗密度高度零膨胀且右偏，基于均值的指标（对数响应比和标准化差异）不成比例地受到少数地块的影响，而大多数地块几乎没有变化。第四，Painter等人将林分发生与量级混为一谈，将一个或几个高茎的存在（“43% %的林分包含小树”）视为广泛招募的证据。最后，他们的假设是树干≥ 2 m已经逃脱了浏览，而减少的浏览单独推动了身高的增长，这与长期数据显示的2 - 2.5 m的大量浏览和强烈的高度浏览反馈相矛盾。综上所述，这些缺点夸大了白杨复苏的规模和速度。有证据表明黄石公园发生了营养级联，但强度并不像声称的那么大。准确评估黄石公园的营养级联强度对于确保这一标志性系统可靠地为生态理解和恢复实践提供信息至关重要。

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引用次数: 0