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Soil physical characteristics predict sapling performance in recent afforestation projects in Flanders (northern Belgium) subjected to drought 土壤物理特性可预测比利时北部佛兰德近期干旱造林项目的树苗表现
IF 3.7 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122304
Kris Verheyen , Kiara Haegeman , Wim Cornelis
The aim of this study was to investigate the importance of soil characteristics on tree performance in recent afforestation projects in Flanders (northern Belgium) subjected to periods of severe drought. Using a robust sampling design, covering three tree species (oak, hornbeam, and linden), and spanning large gradients in soil physical and chemical characteristics, we found that the vitality of young saplings planted one to three years ago was mainly determined by the plant available water capacity (PAWC) of the soil, with increasing soil PAWC leading to higher fractions of vital trees. These effects were consistent across the three studied species, but were most pronounced for oak, a species for which typically larger stocking material is used than for hornbeam and linden. PAWC in turn was mostly determined by soil texture, with a sharp decline in PAWC when the % sand exceeded 70 %. Remarkably, higher soil organic matter concentrations did not increase the PAWC in the subset of most sandy soils. Of the studied soil chemical variables, only soil pH affected tree performance with height growth being limited when soil pH (H2O) exceeded a value of ∼6.5. We conclude that maintaining a favourable soil water status, by keeping soils covered via mulching or by creating a more sheltered microclimate for the saplings by appropriate ground cover management, are important measures to maintain tree vitality, especially in the most sandy soils. Our results also hint at the fact that, where possible, using small planting stock with a balanced root:shoot ratio may be as important as species’ ecological characteristics in the first years after planting to maintain sapling vitality under drought.
这项研究的目的是调查最近在比利时北部法兰德斯开展的植树造林项目中,土壤特性对树木表现的影响。我们采用了稳健的取样设计,涵盖了三种树种(橡树、黄杨和椴树),并跨越了土壤物理和化学特征的巨大梯度,结果发现,一至三年前种植的幼苗的生命力主要取决于土壤的植物可用水量(PAWC),土壤可用水量越大,生命力强的树木比例越高。这些影响在所研究的三个树种中都是一致的,但对橡树的影响最为明显,因为橡树通常比黄杨和椴树使用更多的育苗材料。果实表面活性系数主要取决于土壤质地,当含沙量超过 70% 时,果实表面活性系数会急剧下降。值得注意的是,在大多数沙质土壤子集中,较高的土壤有机质浓度并没有增加PAWC。在所研究的土壤化学变量中,只有土壤 pH 值会影响树木的表现,当土壤 pH 值(H2O)超过 6.5 时,树木的高度增长会受到限制。我们得出的结论是,通过地膜覆盖保持土壤水分状况良好,或通过适当的地面覆盖物管理为树苗创造更隐蔽的小气候,是保持树木活力的重要措施,尤其是在沙质土壤中。我们的研究结果还表明,在可能的情况下,在栽种后的头几年,使用根茎比例均衡的小植株对于在干旱条件下保持树苗的生命力可能与树种的生态特性同样重要。
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引用次数: 0
Population collapse of a common forest passerine in northern Europe as a consequence of habitat loss and decreased adult survival 栖息地丧失和成鸟存活率下降导致北欧一种常见森林雀形目鸟类种群崩溃
IF 3.7 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122283
Aleksi Lehikoinen , Veli-Matti Pakanen , Sonja Kivinen , Satu Kumpula , Valtteri Lehto , Seppo Rytkönen , Emma Vatka , Raimo Virkkala , Markku Orell
Understanding how anthropogenetic change affects populations of species is crucial to halt the loss of biodiversity. Although habitat loss and degradation are key drivers of population declines, the exact demographic mechanisms are seldom well understood. Here, we investigated how habitat availability and changes in habitat availability were related to large-scale changes in the breeding and winter populations of a rapidly declining forest species, the willow tit Poecile montanus, in Northern Europe. In addition, we examined the effects of potential competitors (the great tit Parus major and the blue tit Cyanistes caeruleus) and their predator (the great spotted woodpecker Dendrocopos major) on long-term population changes. We also investigated long-term trends in adult survival and recruitment. Changes in breeding numbers were positively associated with the availability of older forest and changes in great tit numbers, but not significantly associated to short-term changes in forest cover or the abundance of nest predator, great spotted woodpeckers. Site level population changes during winter – a proxy for survival rates – were positively associated with the amount of older forest, but were not affected by temperature. The capture-recapture study showed a strong decline in adult survival, but the per capita recruitment rate showed no clear trend. As adult survival has a large contribution to the population growth rate, our results suggest that the willow tit population decline is mainly caused by decreased adult survival rates during non-breeding season. Given that logging volumes have been increasing in recent decades in the area, the reduced habitat quality and loss of older forests are likely the key drivers of the overall population decline.
了解人类活动对物种种群的影响对于阻止生物多样性的丧失至关重要。尽管栖息地丧失和退化是种群数量下降的主要驱动因素,但人们对其确切的人口机制却很少有深入的了解。在这里,我们研究了栖息地可用性和栖息地可用性的变化如何与北欧迅速减少的森林物种柳山雀(Poecile montanus)的繁殖和冬季种群的大规模变化相关。此外,我们还研究了潜在竞争者(大山雀 Parus major 和蓝山雀 Cyanistes caeruleus)及其捕食者(大斑啄木鸟 Dendrocopos major)对长期种群变化的影响。我们还调查了成鸟存活率和招募率的长期趋势。繁殖数量的变化与老林的可用性和大山雀数量的变化呈正相关,但与森林覆盖率或巢穴天敌大斑啄木鸟数量的短期变化无显著关联。冬季地点水平的种群数量变化(代表存活率)与老林数量呈正相关,但不受温度影响。捕获-再捕获研究表明,成鸟存活率大幅下降,但人均招募率却没有明显的下降趋势。由于成鸟存活率对种群增长率有很大的影响,我们的研究结果表明,柳山雀种群数量下降的主要原因是非繁殖季节成鸟存活率下降。鉴于近几十年来该地区的伐木量不断增加,栖息地质量的下降和老林的消失可能是导致种群总体数量下降的主要原因。
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引用次数: 0
Logging plus post-logging thinning may be enough to reduce cutting cycle of some Amazonian tree species 伐木加上伐木后的疏伐可能足以缩短亚马逊某些树种的砍伐周期
IF 3.7 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122295
Nathalia S. Braga , Hassan C. David , Ademir Ruschel , João O.P. Carvalho
This article brings new and refined results useful for the species-specific management in the Amazon Forest. The aim was twofold: (1) to evaluate the medium-term effect of post-logging thinning on the diameter growth of three commercial tree species (Protium apiculatum Swart., Tachigali chrysophylla (Poepp.) Zarucchi & Herend., Minquartia guianensis Aubl.); and (2) to propose species-specific minimum cutting diameters and cutting cycles. The experiment was conducted in the Tapajós National Forest, Brazilian Amazon, where two treatments were implemented: ‘T0’ – unmanaged forest, control; ‘T1’ – managed forest, harvesting of competitor trees with diameter ≥ 45 cm (average reduction of ∼ 30.18 % of the original basal area). Growth models without explicit age were fitted at the tree-species level to project diameter growth. As a result, T. chrysophylla exhibited the fastest growth and the most positive response to ‘T1’. This treatment successfully accelerated the growth rates and boosted the maximum diameter threshold of the three studied species. Extra periodic annual increments provided by ‘T1’ in relation to ‘T0’ varied among species and initial diameter size, reaching the highest value of 0.55 cm year−1 (i.e., 55 cm in 100 years) for M. guianensis. Species-specific minimum cutting diameters varied from 16–32 cm for 'T0' and 23–43 cm for 'T1'. Species-specific cutting cycles varied from 16–35 years for 'T0' and 13–28 years for 'T1', indicating that the generic cutting cycle of 35 years is safe for all species without post-logging thinning, and of 28 years if 'T1' is applied. We concluded that the growth rates vary among species submitted to a same treatment, indicating that the minimum cutting diameter and cutting cycle are sensitive to thinning effects. Our model suggests that the species T. chrysophylla and M. guianensis attain their optimal production volume within the period of 25 years, but this period is insufficient for the species P. apiculatum, although more research is needed to confirm these results in different locations in the Amazon. Our study also demonstrates that wood productivity and sustainability of forest ecosystems in the Amazon can be better linked through a species-specific approach.
这篇文章带来了新的和完善的结果,对亚马逊森林的特定物种管理很有帮助。目的有二:(1)评估伐木后疏伐对三种商品树种(Protium apiculatum Swart.、Tachigali chrysophylla (Poepp.) Zarucchi & Herend.、Minquartia guianensis Aubl.)直径增长的中期影响;(2)提出针对特定树种的最小伐木直径和伐木周期。实验在巴西亚马逊的塔帕约斯国家森林进行,采用两种处理方法:"T0"--无管理森林,对照;"T1"--管理森林,采伐直径≥ 45 厘米的竞争树(平均减少原基部面积的 30.18%)。在树种层面拟合了无明确树龄的生长模型,以预测直径的增长。结果,T. chrysophylla 的生长速度最快,对 "T1 "的反应也最积极。这种处理方法成功地加快了三个研究树种的生长速度,并提高了最大直径阈值。与 "T0 "相比,"T1 "提供的额外周期性年增量因物种和初始直径大小而异,M. guianensis的最高值为每年0.55厘米(即100年55厘米)。特定物种的最小切割直径在 "T0 "和 "T1 "之间变化,"T0 "为 16-32 厘米,"T1 "为 23-43 厘米。物种特定的砍伐周期在 "T0 "和 "T1 "之间变化,"T0 "为 16-35 年,"T1 "为 13-28 年,这表明在没有伐后疏伐的情况下,35 年的通用砍伐周期对所有物种都是安全的,如果采用 "T1",则为 28 年。我们得出的结论是,在相同处理条件下,不同树种的生长率各不相同,这表明最小伐木直径和伐木周期对疏伐效果很敏感。我们的模型表明,T. chrysophylla 和 M. guianensis 可在 25 年内达到最佳生产量,但对于 P. apiculatum 而言,这一期限是不够的。我们的研究还表明,通过针对具体物种的方法,可以更好地将木材生产力与亚马逊森林生态系统的可持续性联系起来。
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引用次数: 0
Long-term sensitivity of ponderosa pine axial resin ducts to harvesting and prescribed burning 松柏轴向树脂导管对采伐和规定燃烧的长期敏感性
IF 3.7 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122301
Lena Vilà-Vilardell , Alan J. Tepley , Anna Sala , Pere Casals , Sharon M. Hood
Forest restoration treatments primarily aimed at reducing fuel load and preventing high-severity wildfires can also influence resilience to other disturbances. Many pine forests in temperate regions are subject to tree-killing bark beetle outbreaks (e.g., Dendroctonus, Ips), whose frequency and intensity are expected to increase with future climatic changes. Restoration treatments have the potential to increase resistance to bark beetle attacks, yet the underlying mechanisms of this response are still unclear. While the effect of forest restoration treatments on tree growth has been studied, less is known about their impact on resin-based defenses. We measured axial resin ducts in the earlywood and latewood of ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa) in western Montana, USA, 20 years before and after the implementation of restoration treatments, with the aim to elucidate changes in the yearly and interannual investment in resin duct defenses following treatments and their sensitivity to climate. Two experiments were established in 1992: a moderate thinning and a retention shelterwood, with 35 % and 57 % basal area reduction, respectively. Each experiment comprised four treatments with three replicates per treatment: cutting only, cutting followed by prescribed burning in either spring or fall or under wet or dry duff moisture conditions, and an untreated control. Cutting treatments stimulated a long-term, sustained increase in resin duct production, more pronounced in the earlywood, which we attribute to a higher availability of resources due to reduced tree density. Prescribed burning following cutting induced a short-term increase in resin ducts, likely aiding in the compartmentalization of fire-killed cambium and enhancing the resistance of fire-injured trees to bark beetle attack. However, the fire-induced spike in duct production was not related to the degree of crown scorch. Treatments had little effect on climate-defense relationships, as ducts remained positively correlated to winter precipitation and, though less significantly, negatively correlated to spring maximum temperature. Our findings show that by reducing stand density, forest restoration treatments induce the synthesis of resin ducts, which are key in mitigating vulnerability of ponderosa pine to mountain pine beetle (D. ponderosae) attacks, thus promoting forest resilience to multiple disturbances.
以减少燃料负荷和防止严重野火为主要目的的森林恢复措施也会影响对其他干扰的恢复能力。温带地区的许多松树林都会受到杀死树木的树皮甲虫(如 Dendroctonus、Ips)的侵袭,随着未来气候的变化,预计这种侵袭的频率和强度都会增加。恢复处理有可能增强对树皮甲虫攻击的抵抗力,但这种反应的基本机制仍不清楚。虽然人们已经研究了森林恢复处理对树木生长的影响,但对其对基于树脂的防御系统的影响却知之甚少。我们测量了美国蒙大拿州西部松柏(Pinus ponderosa)早材和晚材中的轴向树脂导管,这些树脂导管在实施恢复处理前后各20年的变化情况,目的是阐明恢复处理后树脂导管防御能力的年度和年际投资变化及其对气候的敏感性。1992 年进行了两项实验:中度疏伐和保留防护林,基部面积分别减少 35% 和 57%。每个实验包括四个处理,每个处理有三个重复:只砍伐、砍伐后在春季或秋季、潮湿或干燥的凝灰岩湿度条件下进行规定的焚烧,以及未处理的对照。砍伐处理刺激了树脂管产量的长期、持续增长,这在早材中更为明显,我们将其归因于树木密度降低导致资源供应增加。砍伐后的人工焚烧会引起树脂导管的短期增加,这可能有助于将被火烧死的骨架分隔开来,并增强被火烧伤的树木对树皮甲虫攻击的抵抗力。然而,火烧引起的导管产量激增与树冠烧焦程度无关。处理对气候-防御关系的影响很小,因为导管仍与冬季降水量呈正相关,与春季最高气温呈负相关(虽然不那么显著)。我们的研究结果表明,通过降低林分密度,森林恢复处理可以诱导树脂导管的合成,而树脂导管是减轻松柏易受山松甲虫(D. ponderosae)攻击的关键,从而促进森林对多种干扰的恢复能力。
{"title":"Long-term sensitivity of ponderosa pine axial resin ducts to harvesting and prescribed burning","authors":"Lena Vilà-Vilardell ,&nbsp;Alan J. Tepley ,&nbsp;Anna Sala ,&nbsp;Pere Casals ,&nbsp;Sharon M. Hood","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122301","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122301","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forest restoration treatments primarily aimed at reducing fuel load and preventing high-severity wildfires can also influence resilience to other disturbances. Many pine forests in temperate regions are subject to tree-killing bark beetle outbreaks (e.g., <em>Dendroctonus</em>, <em>Ips</em>), whose frequency and intensity are expected to increase with future climatic changes. Restoration treatments have the potential to increase resistance to bark beetle attacks, yet the underlying mechanisms of this response are still unclear. While the effect of forest restoration treatments on tree growth has been studied, less is known about their impact on resin-based defenses. We measured axial resin ducts in the earlywood and latewood of ponderosa pines (<em>Pinus ponderosa</em>) in western Montana, USA, 20 years before and after the implementation of restoration treatments, with the aim to elucidate changes in the yearly and interannual investment in resin duct defenses following treatments and their sensitivity to climate. Two experiments were established in 1992: a moderate thinning and a retention shelterwood, with 35 % and 57 % basal area reduction, respectively. Each experiment comprised four treatments with three replicates per treatment: cutting only, cutting followed by prescribed burning in either spring or fall or under wet or dry duff moisture conditions, and an untreated control. Cutting treatments stimulated a long-term, sustained increase in resin duct production, more pronounced in the earlywood, which we attribute to a higher availability of resources due to reduced tree density. Prescribed burning following cutting induced a short-term increase in resin ducts, likely aiding in the compartmentalization of fire-killed cambium and enhancing the resistance of fire-injured trees to bark beetle attack. However, the fire-induced spike in duct production was not related to the degree of crown scorch. Treatments had little effect on climate-defense relationships, as ducts remained positively correlated to winter precipitation and, though less significantly, negatively correlated to spring maximum temperature. Our findings show that by reducing stand density, forest restoration treatments induce the synthesis of resin ducts, which are key in mitigating vulnerability of ponderosa pine to mountain pine beetle (<em>D. ponderosae</em>) attacks, thus promoting forest resilience to multiple disturbances.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"572 ","pages":"Article 122301"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142312661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Forest composition and density shaped long-term fire regimes and catchment-lake interactions in the temperate-mixed mountain forests of Central Europe 森林组成和密度决定了中欧温带混交山林的长期火灾机制和集水湖相互作用
IF 3.7 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122267
Gabriela Florescu , Willy Tinner , Angelica Feurdean , Walter Finsinger , Petr Kuneš , Daniel Vondrák , Marco Heurich , Willem O. van der Knaap , Veronika Brychová , Gunther Kletetschka , Vachel Carter
<div><div>The projected rise in fire activity due to climate change challenges forest conservation efforts worldwide. Current non-intervention approaches, which rely on natural processes for ecosystem conservation, often overlook palaeoecological data depicting long-term, local interactions between fire regime components, forest structure and composition, soil, aquatic environment and anthropogenic disturbance. To explore whether palaeoecological information supports non-intervention strategies in the <em>Picea abies</em> – <em>Fagus sylvatica</em> – <em>Abies alba</em> closed temperate mountain forest under future fire risks, we conducted a multi-proxy, retrospective analysis (charcoal morphology, pollen, plant macro-remains, sedimentology, palaeoclimate models) on a Holocene lacustrine archive located in the Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany. Results show that climate shifts directly induced vegetation reorganizations and fire regime changes around 11.1, 9.3 and 7–6 ka BP, and gradually allowed the expansion of closed mixed forests dominated by the late successional <em>Picea abies</em> – <em>Fagus sylvatica</em> - <em>Abies alba</em> under a remarkably stable, low-fire environment. We emphasize the possible role of shade-related traits of these species as key bottom-up drivers of biomass burning over the past 6000 years likely due to their effects on microclimate, offsetting the species-specific fire traits. Although these forests tolerate low-severity surface fire, more subtle impacts were identified at the level of soil cover and lacustrine environment. First, our data demonstrate that lake browning processes developed naturally since the Early Holocene with the progression of chemical weathering and podzol formation, but an ecological threshold due to browning intensification was crossed ca. 6000 years ago, under maximum forest density and in the absence of fire disturbance. Second, fire likely reduced lake water browning and soil podzolisation processes by mineral erosion and the decrease in litter and soil organic matter due to direct burning or indirect aeration. Soil and aquatic ecosystem components appeared highly interconnected and responded even to low disturbance severities. Consequently, these components may react more sensitively to the predicted increase in fire frequency and severity, with yet unknown ripple effects on the forest ecosystem resilience. Given the critical role of the <em>Picea abies - Fagus sylvatica</em> - <em>Abies alba</em> closed-canopy forests in shaping the microclimate and catchment-lake interactions, our study suggests that non-intervention strategies are suitable for preserving ecosystem stability in these types of forests. By promoting natural recovery of shade-tolerant tree species and minimizing direct anthropogenic impacts, this approach would protect the soil, regulate erosion and delivery of soil organic substances, and potentially mitigate the effects of climate change on fire hazard and on in
由于气候变化,预计火灾活动将会增加,这对全世界的森林保护工作提出了挑战。目前的非干预方法依赖于自然过程来保护生态系统,但往往忽视了描述火灾机制成分、森林结构和组成、土壤、水生环境和人为干扰之间长期、局部相互作用的古生态学数据。为了探究古生态学信息是否支持在未来火灾风险下对杉木-椑木-白桤木郁闭温带山地森林采取不干预策略,我们对位于德国巴伐利亚森林国家公园的全新世湖沼档案进行了多代理回顾性分析(木炭形态学、花粉、植物大残留、沉积学、古气候模型)。研究结果表明,在公元前 11.1、9.3 和 7-6 ka 前后,气候变化直接诱发了植被重组和火灾机制的变化,并逐渐使以晚演替云杉-西洋杉-白云杉为主的闭合混交林在极为稳定的低火灾环境下得以扩展。我们强调,在过去的 6000 年中,这些物种与遮荫相关的特性可能是生物量燃烧的自下而上的关键驱动因素,这可能是由于它们对小气候的影响,抵消了物种特有的火特性。虽然这些森林可以忍受低强度的地表火灾,但在土壤覆盖和湖沼环境层面上,我们发现了更微妙的影响。首先,我们的数据表明,自全新世早期以来,随着化学风化和荚果砾石的形成,湖泊褐化过程自然发展,但大约 6000 年前,在森林密度最大且没有火灾干扰的情况下,褐化加剧导致的生态阈值被跨越。其次,由于矿物质侵蚀以及直接燃烧或间接通气导致的枯落物和土壤有机物的减少,火灾很可能减少了湖水褐化和土壤荚果化过程。土壤和水生生态系统的各个组成部分似乎高度相互关联,甚至对低强度的干扰也有反应。因此,这些成分可能会对预测的火灾频率和严重程度的增加做出更敏感的反应,从而对森林生态系统的恢复能力产生未知的连锁反应。鉴于黑松-法桐-白松闭合冠层林在塑造小气候和集水湖相互作用方面的关键作用,我们的研究表明,非干预策略适合于保护这些类型森林的生态系统稳定性。通过促进耐阴树种的自然恢复和最大限度地减少直接的人为影响,这种方法可以保护土壤、调节侵蚀和土壤有机物质的输送,并有可能减轻气候变化对火灾危险和个别森林树种的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Patch size, isolation and forest cover variably shape the beta diversity of dung beetle assemblages in the eastern Amazon 亚马逊东部的斑块大小、隔离度和森林覆盖率不同程度地影响了蜣螂群的贝塔多样性
IF 3.7 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122303
Karoline L. Nicasio , Mateus M. Pires , Kaires M.A. da Silva , Francisco M. Barbosa-Santos , Reinaldo L. Cajaiba , Eduardo Périco
Deforestation is a growing issue in the Amazon because it leads to loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Dung beetles (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) are vital to forest ecosystem dynamics, and thus understanding the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on dung beetle distribution is crucial to evaluate the consequences of anthropogenic impacts on tropical forests. However, the outcomes and mechanisms through which deforestation reshapes the biodiversity of many Amazon taxa remain poorly understood, and few studies addressed the roles (and extent) that landscape structure attributes play in shaping dung beetle distribution in the Amazon. We assessed β-diversity patterns and assemblage structure of dung beetles in forest patches of different sizes and with surrounding land uses in a fragmented landscape in the eastern Amazon. We specifically investigated the extent to which dung beetle β-diversity replacement and nestedness vary in relation to patch size, isolation, forest cover and matrix composition. Beetles were collected using pitfall traps in Maranhão state (northern Brazil). Dung beetle β-diversity decreased in pasture-dominated matrices and more isolated patches, and was structured by a gradient of taxa turnover from forest- to pasture-dominated matrices (and by nestedness from smaller- to larger-sized patches). Our findings show that forest loss and landscape encroachment lead to homogenization of dung beetle assemblages, while forest loss at the patch level induce environmental changes which eventually modify dung beetle diversity in the eastern Amazon. This study helps untangle the mechanisms structuring dung beetle distribution along gradients of forest loss and fragmentation. Our findings can inform conservation strategies and land management practices aimed at preserving tropical forest biodiversity and ecosystem functions.
森林砍伐是亚马逊地区一个日益严重的问题,因为它会导致生物多样性和生态系统服务的丧失。蜣螂(猩红甲科:Scarabaeinae)对森林生态系统的动态变化至关重要,因此了解栖息地丧失和破碎化对蜣螂分布的影响对于评估人类活动对热带森林造成的影响至关重要。然而,人们对森林砍伐重塑亚马逊许多类群生物多样性的结果和机制仍然知之甚少,很少有研究探讨景观结构属性在塑造亚马逊蜣螂分布中的作用(及程度)。我们评估了亚马逊东部破碎景观中不同大小的森林斑块中蜣螂的β多样性模式和集合结构,以及周围土地的使用情况。我们特别研究了蜣螂的β多样性替换和嵌套程度与斑块大小、隔离度、森林覆盖率和基质组成的关系。我们在马拉尼昂州(巴西北部)使用坑式陷阱收集甲虫。蜣螂的β多样性在以牧草为主的基质和较为孤立的斑块中有所减少,并通过从森林到牧草为主的基质(以及从较小斑块到较大斑块的嵌套性)的分类群梯度更替而形成。我们的研究结果表明,森林消失和地貌侵蚀导致了蜣螂群的同质化,而森林消失在斑块水平上引起的环境变化最终改变了亚马逊东部的蜣螂多样性。这项研究有助于解开蜣螂在森林丧失和破碎化梯度上的分布结构机制。我们的研究结果可为旨在保护热带森林生物多样性和生态系统功能的保护策略和土地管理实践提供参考。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of silvicultural practices on the genetic variations between sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) stands in the Northern Forest, U.S.A 造林措施对美国北部森林糖枫(Acer saccharum Marsh.)
IF 3.7 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122302
Danilo D. Fernando , Seona Yun , Namjoo Heo , Diane H. Kiernan
Tree harvesting practices that enhance genetic diversity are essential for the long-term sustainability of our forests. Using eSSRs, which are markers within expressed genes and thus, potentially subjected to natural selection and reveal adaptive potential, this study examines the effects of selection (SE) and shelterwood (SW) management systems using unmanaged (UM) stands as reference on the genetic diversity of sugar maples in the Northern Forest, USA. Comparison between management types shows no difference between SE and SW, but compared to UM, both have lower allelic richness (AR) while only SE has lower expected heterozygosity (HE). Size class comparison shows that seedlings have higher AR and HE than poles and mature trees. Two-way interactions between management types, size classes, and study stands from each of the four states that comprise the Northern Forest region (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont and New York) were also examined. Results show that seedlings in UM and SW have higher AR compared to all size classes in SE and poles and mature trees in SW, while only seedlings from SW have higher HE compared to poles and mature trees in SE and SW. Only in Maine was there a difference in AR between SW and SE stands per state. Seedlings in New Hampshire and Maine have higher HE, as well as seedlings and mature trees in New York compared to the poles in New Hampshire and mature trees in Maine. Overall, the results indicate genetic erosion in sugar maple stands in the Northern Forest region. This genetic impact may be due to several factors including the intensity of cutting associated with SE and SW systems and size of the canopy gaps created. Higher seedling genetic diversity in SW compared to SE may be due to their more open stand structure that facilitates gene flow and seedling recruitment. When using SE, longer cutting cycle paired with lower level of residual basal area is recommended. This approach allows for a more open stand structure that could facilitate pollen and seed exchanges from the stands, improving their genetic diversity. In both SE and SW systems, leaving high-quality growing stocks will enhance their genetic diversity and ensure their sustainability. This study increases our awareness of the potential genetic impacts of forest harvesting practices and guides the development of recommendations to alleviate genetic erosion in sugar maple stands.
提高遗传多样性的树木采伐方法对森林的长期可持续性至关重要。eSSR 是表达基因中的标记,因此可能会受到自然选择的影响,并揭示适应潜力。本研究利用 eSSR,以无人管理林分(UM)为参照,研究了选择(SE)和防护林(SW)管理系统对美国北部森林糖槭遗传多样性的影响。管理类型之间的比较表明,SE 和 SW 之间没有差异,但与 UM 相比,两者的等位基因丰富度(AR)都较低,而只有 SE 的预期杂合度(HE)较低。大小等级比较显示,幼苗的等位基因丰富度(AR)和等位基因杂合度(HE)高于树杆和成龄树。研究还考察了北部森林地区四个州(缅因州、新罕布什尔州、佛蒙特州和纽约州)的管理类型、大小等级和研究林分之间的双向交互作用。结果表明,与东南部的所有大小等级以及西南部的树杆和成龄树相比,缅因州和西南部的幼苗具有更高的AR,而与东南部和西南部的树杆和成龄树相比,只有西南部的幼苗具有更高的HE。只有缅因州的西南部和东南部林分的 AR 值存在差异。与新罕布什尔州的树杆和缅因州的成龄树相比,新罕布什尔州和缅因州的幼苗以及纽约州的幼苗和成龄树的 HE 值更高。总体而言,研究结果表明,北部森林地区的糖槭树种受到了遗传侵蚀。造成这种遗传影响的因素有很多,包括东南部和西南部系统的砍伐强度以及树冠间隙的大小。与 SE 系统相比,SW 系统的幼苗遗传多样性更高,这可能是由于它们的林分结构更开阔,有利于基因流动和幼苗招募。在使用 SE 系统时,建议采用较长的砍伐周期和较低的剩余基部面积。这种方法可使林分结构更加开阔,从而促进林分中花粉和种子的交换,提高遗传多样性。在东南部和西南部系统中,留下高质量的生长种群将提高其遗传多样性,确保其可持续性。这项研究提高了我们对森林采伐方法可能造成的遗传影响的认识,并为制定减轻糖槭林遗传侵蚀的建议提供了指导。
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引用次数: 0
Post-fire management and biocrust development interact in mid-term soil recovery after a wildfire 野火后的中期土壤恢复过程中,火后管理和生物群落发展相互作用
IF 3.7 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122293
M. García-Carmona , A. Girona-García , Jan Jacob Keizer , Bruna R.F. Oliveira , Fuensanta García-Orenes , Jorge Mataix-Solera

Understanding the role of biocrust-forming mosses in soil recovery after wildfires is necessary for assessing the resilience of managed ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mid-term impacts of two contrasting post-fire management strategies on soil recovery in eucalypt plantations in north-central Portugal, where a high cover of biocrust-forming mosses developed post-fire, contributing to erosion control. Six years after a wildfire, we examined the legacy effects of salvage logging and two rates of mulch application using logging residues (a standard rate of 8.0 Mg ha-1 and a reduced rate of 2.6 Mg ha-1) on soil properties, and explored the interaction between moss biocrusts and forest management practices on soils. Our findings reveal the resilience of soils to physical disturbance after logging operations, with no persistent negative effects on their physicochemical properties. Although forest residue mulches showed minimal influence on soils after six years, an interesting interaction with moss biocrusts was observed. In the absence of moss cover, direct contact of wood residues with soil at the standard mulch rate promoted higher nutrient content and biochemical activity, potentially attributed to accelerated decomposition processes. Regardless of the management applied, our study highlights the role of moss biocrusts in improving soil aggregation and biochemical processes in the mid-term. However, the severe water repellency observed in these soils may have impeded further biocrust expansion. Understanding the implications of forest management practices on soil recovery after wildfires is imperative for guiding strategies aimed at promoting ecosystem recovery and resilience in fire-prone managed forest ecosystems.

了解生物结壳苔藓在野火后土壤恢复中的作用对于评估受管理生态系统的恢复能力非常必要。本研究的目的是调查葡萄牙中北部桉树种植园两种截然不同的火后管理策略对土壤恢复的中期影响。野火发生六年后,我们研究了抢救性采伐和使用采伐残留物的两种覆盖率(标准覆盖率为 8.0 兆克/公顷-1,降低覆盖率为 2.6 兆克/公顷-1)对土壤特性的遗留影响,并探讨了苔藓生物簇与森林管理措施对土壤的相互作用。我们的研究结果表明,伐木作业后,土壤对物理干扰的恢复能力很强,对其理化性质没有持续的负面影响。虽然森林残留物覆盖物在六年后对土壤的影响微乎其微,但我们观察到了与苔藓生物簇之间有趣的相互作用。在没有苔藓覆盖的情况下,以标准覆盖率将木质残留物与土壤直接接触可提高养分含量和生化活性,这可能是由于加速了分解过程。无论采用哪种管理方式,我们的研究都强调了苔藓生物簇在中期改善土壤团聚和生化过程中的作用。然而,在这些土壤中观察到的严重憎水性可能阻碍了生物簇的进一步扩展。了解森林管理方法对野火后土壤恢复的影响,对于指导旨在促进易发生火灾的森林生态系统恢复和复原的战略至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Legacy of traditional forest management: The impact of historical charcoal burning on soil biodiversity after centuries 传统森林管理的遗产:几百年后历史性烧炭对土壤生物多样性的影响
IF 3.7 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122299
Jakub Horák , Ivan H. Tuf , Andrej Mock , Patrik Rada , Václav Tejnecký , Markéta Marečková

European forests have been influenced by human interventions for millennia. Many formerly traditional forest management practices have been lost due to changes in technology and attitudes. One commonly used practice was charcoal burning, remnants of which have remained in the forests for hundreds of years. We aimed to evaluate the differences between abandoned remnants of charcoal mounds and their surroundings in terms of soil-dwelling fauna and to compare them with old-growth forests in reserves of the Czech Republic. Our primary focus was on four macroarthropod taxa: centipedes, millipedes, terrestrial woodlice and symphylans. We discovered that charcoal mounds did not significantly differ from control forest patches regarding species richness and rigidity but varied in species composition and functional traits. In comparison, forest reserves were significantly richer in species, hosted less adaptable taxa, higher functional traits and exhibited different species compositions with the same number of shared species with charcoal mounds and controls. We found that the addition of charcoal residuals from traditional forest management can enrich pedobiodiversity – old, abandoned charcoal mounds within forests can enhance the biodiversity of relatively species-poor soils. Nevertheless, these residuals cannot match the biodiversity found in undisturbed old-growth forests. However, stand-scale biochar application in plantation forests could be a promising biodiversity strategy that mimics this traditional forest management practice.

千百年来,欧洲森林一直受到人类干预的影响。由于技术和观念的改变,许多以前传统的森林管理方法已经失传。其中一种常用的做法是烧炭,其残余物已在森林中保留了数百年。我们的目的是评估被遗弃的残余炭堆及其周围土壤中栖息动物的差异,并将其与捷克共和国保护区内的原始森林进行比较。我们主要关注四个大型节肢动物类群:蜈蚣、千足类、陆生木虱和鞘翅目。我们发现,木炭堆在物种丰富度和刚性方面与对照森林斑块没有明显差异,但在物种组成和功能特征方面存在差异。相比之下,森林保护区的物种丰富度明显更高,所容纳的类群适应性更差,功能特征更高,物种组成也不同,但与木炭堆和对照组的共有物种数量相同。我们发现,在传统森林管理中添加木炭残留物可以丰富植物生物多样性--森林中废弃的旧木炭堆可以提高物种相对贫乏的土壤的生物多样性。尽管如此,这些残炭仍无法与未受干扰的古老森林中的生物多样性相媲美。不过,在人工林中大规模施用生物炭可以模仿这种传统的森林管理方法,是一种很有前景的生物多样性战略。
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引用次数: 0
Spatial patterns of damage and tree mortality in a selectively logged Atlantic Forest 有选择性采伐的大西洋森林中损害和树木死亡的空间模式
IF 3.7 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122294
Natalia A. Bedrij , Patricio M. Mac Donagh , Francis E. Putz , Santiago J.E. Velazco , M. Genoveva Gatti

Selective logging, a common disturbance in mixed-species and uneven-aged forests, can cause substantial collateral stand damage and tree mortality. Here we explore damage patterns and some mechanisms that increase post-harvest tree mortality in a selectively logged subtropical Atlantic Forest in Argentina. We investigate the spatial relations of felled and damaged trees through spatial point pattern analysis and evaluate the relationships between mortality and different endogenous (size - diameter at breast height: DBH; and wood density: WD) and exogenous (damage and neighboring basal area: NBA) factors. The permanent plots were logged in 1999, and the fates of all pre-logging live trees ≥10 cm DBH were evaluated 20 years later. Of the monitored 3973 trees, 381 with damaged concentrated within 10.5 m of felled tree stumps. Over the next twenty years mean mortality was higher and more variable for damaged than undamaged trees (47 % ± 10 % SE and 39 % ± 2 % SE, respectively), and the presence of damage interacted with the other analyzed factors. For undamaged trees, the probability of mortality declined with DBH and NBA but not with WD. For damaged trees, instead, the probability of mortality was related to an interaction between DBH, WD, and NBA. For damaged trees <30 cm DBH, mortality increased with WD and NBA, whereas for damaged trees ≥30 cm DBH, mortality peaked at both extremes of the WD range. For these large trees with low WD, the probability of mortality decreased with NBA, whereas for trees with high WD, the opposite was observed. Our findings suggest that selective logging affects the dynamics of forests by spatially concentrating damage and may alter subsequent tree deaths. This could have, long-term effects on forest structure. Increases in logging intensity would increase overall damage and spatially isolate trees (i.e., lower NBA), rendering them more vulnerable to wind damage and other external factors. Increased tree mortality will reduce forest carbon stocks and thereby jeopardize global efforts to mitigate climate change.

选择性采伐是混交林和不均匀年龄森林中的一种常见干扰,可造成大量的附带林分破坏和树木死亡。在这里,我们探讨了阿根廷亚热带大西洋森林中选择性采伐造成的损害模式以及增加采伐后树木死亡率的一些机制。我们通过空间点模式分析研究了被砍伐树木和受损树木的空间关系,并评估了死亡率与不同内源因素(大小--胸径:DBH;木材密度:WD)和外源因素(受损和邻近基部面积:NBA)之间的关系。永久性地块于 1999 年采伐,20 年后对采伐前所有 DBH ≥10 厘米的活树的命运进行了评估。在监测的 3973 棵树木中,381 棵受损树木集中在伐倒树桩 10.5 米范围内。在接下来的 20 年中,受损树木的平均死亡率高于未受损树木,且变化更大(分别为 47 % ± 10 % SE 和 39 % ± 2 % SE)。对于未受损树木,死亡概率随 DBH 和 NBA 的增加而降低,但不随 WD 的增加而降低。相反,受损树木的死亡概率与 DBH、WD 和 NBA 之间的交互作用有关。对于 DBH <30 cm 的受损树木,死亡率随 WD 和 NBA 的增加而增加,而对于 DBH ≥30 cm 的受损树木,死亡率在 WD 范围的两个极端达到峰值。对于这些WD较低的大树,死亡概率随NBA的增加而降低,而对于WD较高的大树,则相反。我们的研究结果表明,选择性采伐通过在空间上集中损害来影响森林的动态,并可能改变随后的树木死亡。这可能会对森林结构产生长期影响。采伐强度的增加会增加总体损害,并在空间上隔离树木(即降低 NBA),使其更容易受到风害和其他外部因素的影响。树木死亡率的增加将减少森林碳储量,从而危及全球减缓气候变化的努力。
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引用次数: 0
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Forest Ecology and Management
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