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All laser direct writing process for temperature sensor based on graphene and silver. 基于石墨烯和银的温度传感器全激光直写工艺。
IF 5.4 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-02-05 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-024-00108-4
Qi Li, Ruijie Bai, Lianbo Guo, Yang Gao

A highly sensitive temperature sensing array is prepared by all laser direct writing (LDW) method, using laser induced silver (LIS) as electrodes and laser induced graphene (LIG) as temperature sensing layer. A finite element analysis (FEA) photothermal model incorporating a phase transition mechanism is developed to investigate the relationship between laser parameters and LIG properties, providing guidance for laser processing parameters selection with laser power of 1-5 W and laser scanning speed (greater than 50 mm/s). The deviation of simulation and experimental data for widths and thickness of LIG are less than 5% and 9%, respectively. The electrical properties and temperature responsiveness of LIG are also studied. By changing the laser process parameters, the thickness of the LIG ablation grooves can be in the range of 30-120 μm and the resistivity of LIG can be regulated within the range of 0.031-67.2 Ω·m. The percentage temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) is calculated as - 0.58%/°C. Furthermore, the FEA photothermal model is studied through experiments and simulations data regarding LIS, and the average deviation between experiment and simulation is less than 5%. The LIS sensing samples have a thickness of about 14 μm, an electrical resistivity of 0.0001-100 Ω·m is insensitive to temperature and pressure stimuli. Moreover, for a LIS-LIG based temperature sensing array, a correction factor is introduced to compensate for the LIG temperature sensing being disturbed by pressure stimuli, the temperature measurement difference is decreased from 11.2 to 2.6 °C, indicating good accuracy for temperature measurement.

利用激光诱导银(LIS)作为电极和激光诱导石墨烯(LIG)作为温度传感层,采用全激光直写(LDW)方法制备了高灵敏度温度传感阵列。建立了一个包含相变机制的有限元分析(FEA)光热模型,以研究激光参数与石墨烯特性之间的关系,为激光功率为 1-5 W、激光扫描速度(大于 50 mm/s)时的激光加工参数选择提供指导。LIG 宽度和厚度的模拟数据与实验数据的偏差分别小于 5%和 9%。此外,还研究了 LIG 的电气性能和温度响应性。通过改变激光工艺参数,LIG 烧蚀沟槽的厚度可在 30-120 μm 范围内调节,LIG 的电阻率可在 0.031-67.2 Ω-m 范围内调节。计算得出的电阻温度系数(TCR)百分比为-0.58%/°C。此外,还通过有关 LIS 的实验和模拟数据对有限元分析光热模型进行了研究,实验和模拟之间的平均偏差小于 5%。LIS 传感样品的厚度约为 14 μm,电阻率为 0.0001-100 Ω-m,对温度和压力刺激不敏感。此外,对于基于 LIS-LIG 的温度传感阵列,引入校正因子以补偿 LIG 温度传感受压力刺激的干扰,温度测量差值从 11.2 ℃ 降至 2.6 ℃,表明温度测量精度良好。
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引用次数: 0
Research on a multi-dimensional image information fusion algorithm based on NSCT transform. 基于 NSCT 变换的多维图像信息融合算法研究。
IF 4.1 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-01-23 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-023-00104-0
Yuxiang Su, Xi Liang, Danhua Cao, Zhenyu Yang, Yuanlong Peng, Ming Zhao

Traditional inspection cameras determine targets and detect defects by capturing images of their light intensity, but in complex environments, the accuracy of inspection may decrease. Information based on polarization of light can characterize various features of a material, such as the roughness, texture, and refractive index, thus improving classification and recognition of targets. This paper uses a method based on noise template threshold matching to denoise and preprocess polarized images. It also reports on design of an image fusion algorithm, based on NSCT transform, to fuse light intensity images and polarized images. The results show that the fused image improves both subjective and objective evaluation indicators, relative to the source image, and can better preserve edge information and help to improve the accuracy of target recognition. This study provides a reference for the comprehensive application of multi-dimensional optical information in power inspection.

传统的检测相机通过捕捉光强图像来确定目标和检测缺陷,但在复杂的环境中,检测精度可能会降低。基于光偏振的信息可以表征材料的各种特征,如粗糙度、纹理和折射率,从而改进目标的分类和识别。本文采用基于噪声模板阈值匹配的方法对偏振图像进行去噪和预处理。本文还报告了基于 NSCT 变换的图像融合算法的设计情况,该算法用于融合光强图像和偏振图像。结果表明,相对于源图像,融合后的图像在主观和客观评价指标上都有所改善,能更好地保留边缘信息,有助于提高目标识别的准确性。该研究为多维光学信息在电力检测中的综合应用提供了参考。
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引用次数: 0
260 fs, 403 W coherently combined fiber laser with precise high-order dispersion management. 260 fs、403 W 相干组合光纤激光器,具有精确的高阶色散管理功能。
IF 4.1 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-01-22 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-024-00107-5
Shuangxi Peng, Zhihao Wang, Feilong Hu, Zhengyan Li, Qingbin Zhang, Peixiang Lu

An ultrafast fiber laser system comprising two coherently combined amplifier channels is reported. Within this system, each channel incorporates a rod-type fiber power amplifier, with individual operations reaching approximately 233 W. The active-locking of these coherently combined channels, followed by compression using gratings, yields an output with a pulse energy of 504 μJ and an average power of 403 W. Exceptional stability is maintained, with a 0.3% root mean square (RMS) deviation and a beam quality factor M2 < 1.2. Notably, precise dispersion management of the front-end seed light effectively compensates for the accumulated high-order dispersion in subsequent amplification stages. This strategic approach results in a significant reduction in the final output pulse duration for the coherently combined laser beam, reducing it from 488 to 260 fs after the gratings compressor, while concurrently enhancing the energy of the primary peak from 65% to 92%.

本报告介绍了一种由两个相干组合放大器通道组成的超快光纤激光系统。在该系统中,每个通道都集成了一个棒状光纤功率放大器,单个功率可达约 233 W。这些相干组合通道的主动锁定以及随后使用光栅的压缩产生了一个脉冲能量为 504 μJ 和平均功率为 403 W 的输出。
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引用次数: 0
Transient breathing dynamics during extinction of dissipative solitons in mode-locked fiber lasers. 模式锁定光纤激光器中耗散孤子消亡过程中的瞬态呼吸动力学。
IF 5.4 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-01-19 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-024-00106-6
Zichuan Yuan, Si Luo, Ke Dai, Xiankun Yao, Chenning Tao, Qiang Ling, Yusheng Zhang, Zuguang Guan, Daru Chen, Yudong Cui

The utilization of the dispersive Fourier transformation approach has enabled comprehensive observation of the birth process of dissipative solitons in fiber lasers. However, there is still a dearth of deep understanding regarding the extinction process of dissipative solitons. In this study, we have utilized a combination of experimental and numerical techniques to thoroughly examine the breathing dynamics of dissipative solitons during the extinction process in an Er-doped mode-locked fiber laser. The results demonstrate that the transient breathing dynamics have a substantial impact on the extinction stage of both steady-state and breathing-state dissipative solitons. The duration of transient breathing exhibits a high degree of sensitivity to variations in pump power. Numerical simulations are utilized to produce analogous breathing dynamics within the framework of a model that integrates equations characterizing the population inversion in a mode-locked laser. These results corroborate the role of Q-switching instability in the onset of breathing oscillations. Furthermore, these findings offer new possibilities for the advancement of various operational frameworks for ultrafast lasers.

利用色散傅立叶变换方法,可以全面观测光纤激光器中耗散孤子的产生过程。然而,人们对耗散孤子的消亡过程仍缺乏深入了解。在本研究中,我们结合实验和数值技术,深入研究了耗散孤子在掺铒模式锁定光纤激光器中消亡过程中的呼吸动力学。结果表明,瞬态呼吸动力学对稳态和呼吸态耗散孤子的消光阶段都有很大影响。瞬态呼吸的持续时间对泵浦功率的变化具有高度敏感性。我们利用数值模拟在一个模型的框架内产生了类似的呼吸动力学,该模型整合了模式锁定激光器中的种群反转特征方程。这些结果证实了 Q 开关不稳定性在呼吸振荡发生中的作用。此外,这些发现为推进超快激光器的各种运行框架提供了新的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
High power tunable Raman fiber laser at 1.2 μm waveband. 1.2 μm 波段的高功率可调谐拉曼光纤激光器。
IF 5.4 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-01-15 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-024-00105-7
Yang Zhang, Jiangming Xu, Junrui Liang, Jun Ye, Sicheng Li, Xiaoya Ma, Zhiyong Pan, Jinyong Leng, Pu Zhou

Development of a high power fiber laser at special waveband, which is difficult to achieve by conventional rare-earth-doped fibers, is a significant challenge. One of the most common methods for achieving lasing at special wavelength is Raman conversion. Phosphorus-doped fiber (PDF), due to the phosphorus-related large frequency shift Raman peak at 40 THz, is a great choice for large frequency shift Raman conversion. Here, by adopting 150 m large mode area triple-clad PDF as Raman gain medium, and a novel wavelength-selective feedback mechanism to suppress the silica-related Raman emission, we build a high power cladding-pumped Raman fiber laser at 1.2 μm waveband. A Raman signal with power up to 735.8 W at 1252.7 nm is obtained. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest output power ever reported for fiber lasers at 1.2 μm waveband. Moreover, by tuning the wavelength of the pump source, a tunable Raman output of more than 450 W over a wavelength range of 1240.6-1252.7 nm is demonstrated. This work proves PDF's advantage in high power large frequency shift Raman conversion with a cladding pump scheme, thus providing a good solution for a high power laser source at special waveband.

传统的掺稀土光纤很难实现特殊波段的高功率光纤激光器,因此开发这种激光器是一项重大挑战。实现特殊波长激光的最常见方法之一是拉曼转换。掺磷光纤(PDF)由于在 40 THz 处具有与磷相关的大频移拉曼峰,是大频移拉曼转换的最佳选择。在这里,我们采用 150 m 大模面积三包层 PDF 作为拉曼增益介质,并采用新型波长选择性反馈机制来抑制与二氧化硅相关的拉曼发射,从而构建了 1.2 μm 波段的高功率包层泵浦拉曼光纤激光器。在 1252.7 nm 波长处获得了功率高达 735.8 W 的拉曼信号。据我们所知,这是迄今所报道的 1.2 μm 波段光纤激光器的最高输出功率。此外,通过调整泵浦源的波长,在 1240.6-1252.7 纳米的波长范围内,可调拉曼输出功率超过了 450 W。这项工作证明了 PDF 在使用包层泵浦方案进行高功率大频移拉曼转换方面的优势,从而为特殊波段的高功率激光源提供了良好的解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
Efficient and accurate numerical-projection of electromagnetic multipoles for scattering objects. 对散射物体的电磁多极进行高效、精确的数值投影。
IF 5.4 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-12-29 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-023-00102-2
Wenfei Guo, Zizhe Cai, Zhongfei Xiong, Weijin Chen, Yuntian Chen

In this paper, we develop an efficient and accurate procedure of electromagnetic multipole decomposition by using the Lebedev and Gaussian quadrature methods to perform the numerical integration. Firstly, we briefly review the principles of multipole decomposition, highlighting two numerical projection methods including surface and volume integration. Secondly, we discuss the Lebedev and Gaussian quadrature methods, provide a detailed recipe to select the quadrature points and the corresponding weighting factor, and illustrate the integration accuracy and numerical efficiency (that is, with very few sampling points) using a unit sphere surface and regular tetrahedron. In the demonstrations of an isotropic dielectric nanosphere, a symmetric scatterer, and an anisotropic nanosphere, we perform multipole decomposition and validate our numerical projection procedure. The obtained results from our procedure are all consistent with those from Mie theory, symmetry constraints, and finite element simulations.

在本文中,我们利用列别杰夫正交法和高斯正交法进行数值积分,开发了一种高效、精确的电磁多极分解程序。首先,我们简要回顾了多极分解的原理,重点介绍了两种数值投影方法,包括曲面积分和体积积分。其次,我们讨论了列别杰夫正交法和高斯正交法,提供了选择正交点和相应加权因子的详细配方,并使用单位球面和正四面体说明了积分精度和数值效率(即使用极少的采样点)。在演示各向同性介质纳米球、对称散射体和各向异性纳米球时,我们进行了多极分解,并验证了我们的数值投影程序。我们的程序得到的结果与米氏理论、对称约束和有限元模拟得到的结果一致。
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引用次数: 0
Suppression of deep-level traps via semicarbazide hydrochloride additives for high-performance tin-based perovskite solar cells. 通过盐酸缩氨基脲添加剂抑制深电平陷阱,实现高性能锡基过氧化物太阳能电池。
IF 5.4 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-12-29 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-023-00103-1
Wenbo Jia, Yi Jing, Han Zhang, Baoyan Tian, Huabo Huang, Changlei Wang, Ligang Xu

Tin perovskites with exemplary optoelectronic properties offer potential application in lead-free perovskite solar cells. However, Sn vacancies and undercoordinated Sn ions on the tin perovskite surfaces can create deep-level traps, leading to non-radiative recombination and absorption of nucleophilic O2 molecules, impeding further device efficiency and stability. Here, in this study, a new additive of semicarbazide hydrochloride (SEM-HCl) with a N-C=O functional group was introduced into the perovskite precursor to fabricate high-quality films with a low concentration of deep-level trap densities. This, in turn, serves to prevent undesirable interaction between photogenerated carriers and adsorbed oxygen molecules in the device's operational environment, ultimately reducing the proliferation of superoxide entities. As the result, the SEM-HCl-derived devices show a peak efficiency of 10.9% with improved device stability. These unencapsulated devices maintain almost 100% of their initial efficiencies after working for 100 h under continuous AM1.5 illumination conditions.

锡包晶石具有出色的光电特性,有望应用于无铅包晶石太阳能电池。然而,锡包晶石表面的锡空位和配位不足的锡离子会产生深层陷阱,导致非辐射性重组和吸收亲核的 O2 分子,从而阻碍设备效率和稳定性的进一步提高。在本研究中,我们在过氧化物前驱体中引入了一种带有 N-C=O 官能团的盐酸缩氨基脲(SEM-HCl)新添加剂,以制造出具有低浓度深层陷阱密度的高质量薄膜。这反过来又可防止光生载流子与器件工作环境中吸附的氧分子之间发生不良相互作用,最终减少超氧化物实体的扩散。因此,SEM-HCl 衍生器件的峰值效率达到了 10.9%,器件稳定性也得到了提高。这些未封装的器件在 AM1.5 连续照明条件下工作 100 小时后,仍能保持几乎 100% 的初始效率。
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引用次数: 0
Blue emitting exciplex for yellow and white organic light-emitting diodes. 用于黄色和白色有机发光二极管的蓝色发光复合物。
IF 5.4 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-023-00101-3
Kavya Rajeev, C K Vipin, Anjali K Sajeev, Atul Shukla, Sarah K M McGregor, Shih-Chun Lo, Ebinazar B Namdas, K N Narayanan Unni

White organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) have several desirable features, but their commercialization is hindered by the poor stability of blue light emitters and high production costs due to complicated device structures. Herein, we investigate a standard blue emitting hole transporting material (HTM) N,N'-bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N'-bis(phenyl)benzidine (NPB) and its exciplex emission upon combining with a suitable electron transporting material (ETM), 3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (TAZ). Blue and yellow OLEDs with simple device structures are developed by using a blend layer, NPB:TAZ, as a blue emitter as well as a host for yellow phosphorescent dopant iridium (III) bis(4-phenylthieno[3,2-c]pyridinato-N,C2')acetylacetonate (PO-01). Strategic device design then exploits the ambipolar charge transport properties of tetracene as a spacer layer to connect these blue and yellow emitting units. The tetracene-linked device demonstrates more promising results compared to those using a conventional charge generation layer (CGL). Judicious choice of the spacer prevents exciton diffusion from the blue emitter unit, yet facilitates charge carrier transport to the yellow emitter unit to enable additional exciplex formation. This complementary behavior of the spacer improves the blue emission properties concomitantly yielding reasonable yellow emission. The overall white light emission properties are enhanced, achieving CIE coordinates (0.36, 0.39) and color temperature (4643 K) similar to daylight. Employing intermolecular exciplex emission in OLEDs simplifies the device architecture via its dual functionality as a host and as an emitter.

白色有机发光二极管(WOLED)具有多种理想特性,但由于蓝光发射器的稳定性差以及器件结构复杂导致生产成本高昂,其商业化受到阻碍。在此,我们研究了一种标准的蓝色发射空穴传输材料(HTM)N,N'-双(萘-1-基)-N,N'-双(苯基)联苯胺(NPB)及其与合适的电子传输材料(ETM)3-(联苯-4-基)-5-(4-叔丁基苯基)-4-苯基-4H-1,2,4-三唑(TAZ)结合后的复合发射。通过使用 NPB:TAZ 混合层作为蓝色发光体以及黄色磷光掺杂剂双(4-苯基噻吩并[3,2-c]吡啶-N,C2')乙酰丙酮铱(III)(PO-01)的宿主,开发出器件结构简单的蓝色和黄色有机发光二极管。然后,战略性的器件设计利用廿四碳烯作为间隔层的极性电荷传输特性,将这些蓝色和黄色发光单元连接起来。与使用传统电荷发生层(CGL)的器件相比,廿四碳烯连接器件的效果更佳。对间隔层的明智选择既能防止激子从蓝色发射单元扩散,又能促进电荷载流子向黄色发射单元传输,从而形成更多的簇合物。间隔物的这种互补行为改善了蓝光发射特性,同时也产生了合理的黄光发射。整体白光发射特性得到增强,实现了与日光相似的 CIE 坐标(0.36, 0.39)和色温(4643 K)。在有机发光二极管中采用分子间复合发射,通过其作为宿主和发射器的双重功能简化了器件结构。
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引用次数: 0
Photostimulation of lymphatic clearance of β-amyloid from mouse brain: a new strategy for the therapy of Alzheimer's disease. 光刺激小鼠大脑中β-淀粉样蛋白的淋巴清除:治疗阿尔茨海默病的新策略。
IF 5.4 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-023-00099-8
Dongyu Li, Hao Lin, Silin Sun, Shaojun Liu, Zhang Liu, Yuening He, Jingtan Zhu, Jianyi Xu, Oxana Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya, Tingting Yu, Dan Zhu

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder that poses a significant burden on socio-economic and healthcare systems worldwide. However, the currently available therapy of AD is limited, and new strategies are needed to enhance the clearance of β-amyloid (Aβ) protein and improve cognitive function. Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a non-invasive and effective therapeutic method that has shown promise in treating various brain diseases. Here, we demonstrate that 1267-nm PBM significantly alleviates cognitive decline in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD and is safe as it does not induce a significant increase in cortical temperature. Moreover, with the combination of 3D tissue optical clearing imaging and automatic brain region segmentation, we show that PBM-mediated reductions of Aβ plaques in different subregions of prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus are different. The PBM-induced lymphatic clearance of Aβ from the brain is associated with improvement of memory and cognitive functions in 5xFAD mice. Our results suggest that the modulation of meningeal lymphatic vessels (MLVs) should play an important role in promoting Aβ clearance. Collectively, this pilot study demonstrates that PBM can safely accelerate lymphatic clearance of Aβ from the brain of 5xFAD mice, promoting improvement of neurocognitive status of AD animals suggesting that PBM can be an effective and bedside therapy for AD.

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一种与年龄相关的神经退行性疾病,给全世界的社会经济和医疗保健系统带来了沉重负担。然而,目前治疗阿尔茨海默病的方法有限,需要新的策略来提高β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)的清除率并改善认知功能。光生物调节(PBM)是一种非侵入性的有效治疗方法,在治疗各种脑部疾病方面已显示出前景。在这里,我们证明了 1267 波长的光生物调控能明显缓解 5xFAD AD 小鼠模型的认知功能衰退,而且不会引起皮层温度显著升高,因此是安全的。此外,结合三维组织光学清除成像和自动脑区分割,我们发现 PBM 介导的 Aβ 斑块在前额叶皮层和海马的不同亚区的减少是不同的。PBM 诱导的脑内 Aβ 淋巴清除与 5xFAD 小鼠记忆和认知功能的改善有关。我们的研究结果表明,脑膜淋巴管(MLV)的调节在促进 Aβ 清除方面应发挥重要作用。总之,这项试验性研究表明,PBM 可以安全地加速 5xFAD 小鼠大脑中 Aβ 的淋巴清除,促进 AD 动物神经认知状态的改善,这表明 PBM 可以成为一种有效的 AD 床边疗法。
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引用次数: 0
Local measurement of terahertz field-induced second harmonic generation in plasma filaments. 等离子体丝中太赫兹场诱导二次谐波生成的局部测量。
IF 5.4 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-12-13 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-023-00095-y
Kareem J Garriga Francis, Xi-Cheng Zhang

The concept of Terahertz Field-Induced Second Harmonic (TFISH) Generation is revisited to introduce a single-shot detection scheme based on third order nonlinearities. Focused specifically on the further development of THz plasma-based sources, we begin our research by reimagining the TFISH system to serve as a direct plasma diagnostic. In this work, an optical probe beam is used to mix directly with the strong ponderomotive current associated with laser-induced ionization. A four-wave mixing (FWM) process then generates a strong second-harmonic optical wave because of the mixing of the probe beam with the nonlinear current components oscillating at THz frequencies. The observed conversion efficiency is high enough that for the first time, the TFISH signal appears visible to the human eye. We perform spectral, spatial, and temporal analysis on the detected second-harmonic frequency and show its direct relationship to the nonlinear current. Further, a method to detect incoherent and coherent THz inside plasma filaments is devised using spatio-temporal couplings. The single-shot detection configurations are theoretically described using a combination of expanded FWM models with Kostenbauder and Gaussian Q-matrices. We show that the retrieved temporal traces for THz radiation from single- and two-color laser-induced air-plasma sources match theoretical descriptions very well. High temporal resolution is shown with a detection bandwidth limited only by the spatial extent of the probe laser beam. Large detection bandwidth and temporal characterization is shown for THz radiation confined to under-dense plasma filaments induced by < 100 fs lasers below the relativistic intensity limit.

我们重新审视了太赫兹场致二次谐波(TFISH)发生的概念,引入了基于三阶非线性的单次检测方案。我们将研究重点特别放在太赫兹等离子体源的进一步发展上,首先对 TFISH 系统进行了重新设计,使其成为一种直接的等离子体诊断方法。在这项工作中,光学探针光束直接与激光诱导电离相关的强思索动电流混合。由于探针光束与太赫兹频率振荡的非线性电流分量混合,四波混合(FWM)过程随后产生了强烈的二次谐波光波。观察到的转换效率非常高,TFISH 信号首次出现在人眼可见的范围内。我们对检测到的二次谐波频率进行了光谱、空间和时间分析,并显示了它与非线性电流的直接关系。此外,我们还设计了一种利用时空耦合探测等离子体丝内非相干和相干太赫兹的方法。单次探测配置是通过将扩展 FWM 模型与 Kostenbauder 和高斯 Q 矩阵相结合来进行理论描述的。我们表明,从单色和双色激光诱导空气等离子体源获取的太赫兹辐射时间轨迹与理论描述非常吻合。探测带宽仅受探测激光束的空间范围限制,显示了高时间分辨率。由以下因素诱导的局限于欠密集等离子体丝的太赫兹辐射显示了较大的探测带宽和时间特征
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引用次数: 0
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