Fiber nonlinearity is the bottleneck of optical communication systems and is commonly addressed by applying various nonlinearity mitigation and compensation techniques. In general, nonlinearity mitigation techniques offer modest improvements with minimal computational complexity, while nonlinearity compensation techniques provide significant performance gains at the expense of higher computational complexity. This motivates us to propose a joint nonlinearity mitigation and compensation approach in which the nonlinear effects during signal propagation are reduced to compensate for the residual nonlinearity at a lower complexity. Specifically, in this paper, we study the combination of symbol rate optimization (SRO) and perturbation-based nonlinearity compensation (PB-NLC) for a pre-chromatic dispersion compensated (pre-CDC) transmission of polarization multiplexing, digital sub-carrier multiplexing, and wavelength division multiplexing (PM-DSCM-WDM) optical communication system. We highlight the interplay between SRO and PB-NLC and demonstrate that joint SRO and PB-NLC provides considerable performance gain, significant complexity reduction, and an additional degree of freedom to balance performance-complexity trade-offs when compared to applying only PB-NLC in a conventional PM-WDM system. We observe that the pre-CDC transmission manifests a unique property that enables the distribution of PB-NLC computational complexity between transmitter and receiver. Leveraging the distinctive property, we propose a split PB-NLC technique for the PM-DSCM-WDM system. This technique combines the benefits of both pre-PB-NLC and post-PB-NLC, resulting in a modest performance improvement while maintaining the same computational complexity as post-PB-NLC.
{"title":"Joint Fiber Nonlinearity Mitigation and Compensation for Digital Sub-Carrier Multiplexing System","authors":"Selvakumar Tharranetharan;Sunish Kumar Orappanpara Soman;Lutz Lampe","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3429381","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3429381","url":null,"abstract":"Fiber nonlinearity is the bottleneck of optical communication systems and is commonly addressed by applying various nonlinearity mitigation and compensation techniques. In general, nonlinearity mitigation techniques offer modest improvements with minimal computational complexity, while nonlinearity compensation techniques provide significant performance gains at the expense of higher computational complexity. This motivates us to propose a joint nonlinearity mitigation and compensation approach in which the nonlinear effects during signal propagation are reduced to compensate for the residual nonlinearity at a lower complexity. Specifically, in this paper, we study the combination of symbol rate optimization (SRO) and perturbation-based nonlinearity compensation (PB-NLC) for a pre-chromatic dispersion compensated (pre-CDC) transmission of polarization multiplexing, digital sub-carrier multiplexing, and wavelength division multiplexing (PM-DSCM-WDM) optical communication system. We highlight the interplay between SRO and PB-NLC and demonstrate that joint SRO and PB-NLC provides considerable performance gain, significant complexity reduction, and an additional degree of freedom to balance performance-complexity trade-offs when compared to applying only PB-NLC in a conventional PM-WDM system. We observe that the pre-CDC transmission manifests a unique property that enables the distribution of PB-NLC computational complexity between transmitter and receiver. Leveraging the distinctive property, we propose a split PB-NLC technique for the PM-DSCM-WDM system. This technique combines the benefits of both pre-PB-NLC and post-PB-NLC, resulting in a modest performance improvement while maintaining the same computational complexity as post-PB-NLC.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"16 4","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10599783","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141722121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3428932
Zihao Wang;Chao Peng;Tong Zhang;Xiang Liu;Qiang Wang;Shunfa Liu;Yuankang Wang;Yongmei Huang;Dong He
Vehicular quantum communication terminals (VQCTs) are crucial for establishing global-scale quantum networks. High-precision line-of-sight (LOS) pointing is essential for fast and reliable acquisition in satellite-based quantum key distribution (QKD). The pointing accuracy of VQCTs is affected by attitude measurement errors, mechanical structure errors, and structural instability errors resulting from platform movement. By mounting attitude sensors on the LOS of VQCTs, we directly measure the LOS attitude. This completely eliminates the impact of mechanical structure errors and structural instability errors on pointing accuracy. Furthermore, we propose a line-of-pointing calibration method and a pointing model for VQCTs based on LOS attitude measurement. The pointing accuracy of this model is primarily reliant on the accuracy of attitude sensors. Two experiments were conducted to validate the effectiveness of our model. One is the star pointing experiment, comparing with the existing pointing model for VQCTs, our model significantly reduces the pointing errors by 93%, from 1296″ to 87.8″. This substantiates that our model eliminates mechanical structure errors and structural instability errors. Another is the successful acquisition of a quantum communication satellite, which demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed model for implementing the satellite-to-motion platform QKD and global-scale quantum networks.
车载量子通信终端（VQCT）对于建立全球规模的量子网络至关重要。在基于卫星的量子密钥分发（QKD）中，高精度的视线（LOS）指向对于快速可靠地获取信息至关重要。VQCT 的指向精度受到姿态测量误差、机械结构误差以及平台移动导致的结构不稳定性误差的影响。通过在 VQCT 的 LOS 上安装姿态传感器，我们可以直接测量 LOS 的姿态。这就完全消除了机械结构误差和结构不稳定性误差对指向精度的影响。此外，我们还提出了一种指向线校准方法和基于 LOS 姿态测量的 VQCT 指向模型。该模型的指向精度主要取决于姿态传感器的精度。为了验证模型的有效性，我们进行了两项实验。其一是恒星指向实验，与现有的 VQCT 指向模型相比，我们的模型显著降低了 93% 的指向误差，从 1296″ 降至 87.8″。这证明我们的模型消除了机械结构误差和结构不稳定性误差。另一个例子是成功获取了一颗量子通信卫星，这证明了所提出的模型在实现卫星对运动平台 QKD 和全球尺度量子网络方面的可行性。
{"title":"Pointing Model for Vehicular Quantum Communication Terminals Based on Line-of-Sight Attitude Measurement","authors":"Zihao Wang;Chao Peng;Tong Zhang;Xiang Liu;Qiang Wang;Shunfa Liu;Yuankang Wang;Yongmei Huang;Dong He","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3428932","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3428932","url":null,"abstract":"Vehicular quantum communication terminals (VQCTs) are crucial for establishing global-scale quantum networks. High-precision line-of-sight (LOS) pointing is essential for fast and reliable acquisition in satellite-based quantum key distribution (QKD). The pointing accuracy of VQCTs is affected by attitude measurement errors, mechanical structure errors, and structural instability errors resulting from platform movement. By mounting attitude sensors on the LOS of VQCTs, we directly measure the LOS attitude. This completely eliminates the impact of mechanical structure errors and structural instability errors on pointing accuracy. Furthermore, we propose a line-of-pointing calibration method and a pointing model for VQCTs based on LOS attitude measurement. The pointing accuracy of this model is primarily reliant on the accuracy of attitude sensors. Two experiments were conducted to validate the effectiveness of our model. One is the star pointing experiment, comparing with the existing pointing model for VQCTs, our model significantly reduces the pointing errors by 93%, from 1296″ to 87.8″. This substantiates that our model eliminates mechanical structure errors and structural instability errors. Another is the successful acquisition of a quantum communication satellite, which demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed model for implementing the satellite-to-motion platform QKD and global-scale quantum networks.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"16 4","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10599795","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141718899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3429187
Xin-Yu Zhang;Jian Zhang;Qi Wu
The application of liquid crystal (LC)-based reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted transmitters in visible light communication (VLC) systems can guide and amplify the light emitted by light emitting diodes (LEDs). In this paper, we investigate the VLC system employing the RIS-assisted transmitter, where user fairness is maximized by optimizing the refractive index of the RIS module. To address the non-convex problem, we adopt the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Simulation results illustrate that equipping the RIS-assisted transmitter in the system and using the proposed algorithm can significantly improve user fairness.
{"title":"Fairness Optimization for VLC Systems With Liquid Crystal-Based RIS-Enabled Transmitters","authors":"Xin-Yu Zhang;Jian Zhang;Qi Wu","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3429187","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3429187","url":null,"abstract":"The application of liquid crystal (LC)-based reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted transmitters in visible light communication (VLC) systems can guide and amplify the light emitted by light emitting diodes (LEDs). In this paper, we investigate the VLC system employing the RIS-assisted transmitter, where user fairness is maximized by optimizing the refractive index of the RIS module. To address the non-convex problem, we adopt the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Simulation results illustrate that equipping the RIS-assisted transmitter in the system and using the proposed algorithm can significantly improve user fairness.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"16 4","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10599796","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141718898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The t-rail electrode is an effective method to enhance the silicon optoelectronic modulator's performance. To design and optimize T-rail electrodes, engineers often rely on finite-element numerical simulations that require complex device modeling and enormous computing resources. In this paper, we present an equivalent circuit model for carrier-depletion-based push-pull silicon modulators with T-rail electrodes. The analytical solution for the bandwidth of the modulator can be derived from the equivalent circuit. The utilization of the analytical solution offers advantages in terms of memory conservation and flexibility. The values calculated by the equivalent circuit model are in excellent agreement with the numerical full-wave HFSS simulations. Hence, the proposed model can accurately and efficiently develop silicon optical modulators.
T 型轨道电极是提高硅光电调制器性能的有效方法。为了设计和优化 T 型轨电极，工程师通常依赖有限元数值模拟，这需要复杂的器件建模和巨大的计算资源。本文介绍了基于载流子耗尽的推挽式硅调制器的等效电路模型。从等效电路中可以得出调制器带宽的解析解。利用该分析解法在节省内存和灵活性方面具有优势。等效电路模型计算出的值与全波 HFSS 数值模拟结果非常吻合。因此，所提出的模型可以准确、高效地开发硅光学调制器。
{"title":"Equivalent Circuit Model of the Carrier-Depletion-Based Push-Pull Silicon Optical Modulators With T-Rail Slow Wave Electrodes","authors":"Dongwei Zhuang;Quanxin Na;Qijie Xie;Nan Zhang;Lanxuan Zhang;Xin Li;Guomeng Zuo;Hao Zhang;Lei Wang;Li Qin;Junfeng Song","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3427830","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3427830","url":null,"abstract":"The t-rail electrode is an effective method to enhance the silicon optoelectronic modulator's performance. To design and optimize T-rail electrodes, engineers often rely on finite-element numerical simulations that require complex device modeling and enormous computing resources. In this paper, we present an equivalent circuit model for carrier-depletion-based push-pull silicon modulators with T-rail electrodes. The analytical solution for the bandwidth of the modulator can be derived from the equivalent circuit. The utilization of the analytical solution offers advantages in terms of memory conservation and flexibility. The values calculated by the equivalent circuit model are in excellent agreement with the numerical full-wave HFSS simulations. Hence, the proposed model can accurately and efficiently develop silicon optical modulators.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"16 4","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10598304","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141718901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in photovoltaic detectors based on mercury cadmium telluride (Hg 1-x Cd x Te), owing to their exceptional photoelectric properties. To provide the physical insights into the modulation effects of Cd composition x on Hg 1-x Cd x Te under strong injection conditions, specifically for MWIR HgCdTe detectors, we conduct the numerical simulations to investigate the coupling effects of optical and electrical fields on detector performance. The Hg 1-x Cd x Te detectors based on three kinds of coupling directions, namely inverse field (IF), vertical field (VF), and parallel field (PF), are compared in terms of responsivity and saturation threshold to account for the electric field contributions deriving from the compositional gradient and the applied bias voltage under front illumination (FI) and back illumination (BI). The simulations considering the modulation effects suggest that the detector exhibits better photoelectric response characteristics under FI and a higher saturation threshold for the BI case. The IF structure has the best current response at illumination intensities below 20 W/cm 2 , with the peak responsivity of the nonlinear model exceeding 2.8 A/W. The VF structure has the best current response at illumination intensities above 20 W/cm 2 and exhibits the best saturation characteristics, with its saturation threshold consistently above 15 W/cm 2 , while the PF structure with nonlinear increasing (nInc) compositional gradient exhibits excellent linearity of response under conditions of high illumination intensity. The simulation methods help design and optimize the detectors with the physical understanding according to the specific requirements.
{"title":"Multi-Physics Field Based Simulation on the Response and Saturation Properties of Hg1-xCdxTe Based Photovoltaic Detectors With Composition Gradients","authors":"Jiahui Chen;Wangyong Chen;Linlin Cai;Haifeng Chen;Pengling Yang;Dahui Wang;Manling Shen;Xiangyang Li;Hui Qiao","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3427322","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3427322","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, there has been a growing interest in photovoltaic detectors based on mercury cadmium telluride (Hg\u0000<sub>1-x</sub>\u0000Cd\u0000<sub>x</sub>\u0000Te), owing to their exceptional photoelectric properties. To provide the physical insights into the modulation effects of Cd composition \u0000<italic>x</i>\u0000 on Hg\u0000<sub>1-x</sub>\u0000Cd\u0000<sub>x</sub>\u0000Te under strong injection conditions, specifically for MWIR HgCdTe detectors, we conduct the numerical simulations to investigate the coupling effects of optical and electrical fields on detector performance. The Hg\u0000<sub>1-x</sub>\u0000Cd\u0000<sub>x</sub>\u0000Te detectors based on three kinds of coupling directions, namely inverse field (IF), vertical field (VF), and parallel field (PF), are compared in terms of responsivity and saturation threshold to account for the electric field contributions deriving from the compositional gradient and the applied bias voltage under front illumination (FI) and back illumination (BI). The simulations considering the modulation effects suggest that the detector exhibits better photoelectric response characteristics under FI and a higher saturation threshold for the BI case. The IF structure has the best current response at illumination intensities below 20 W/cm\u0000<sup>2</sup>\u0000, with the peak responsivity of the nonlinear model exceeding 2.8 A/W. The VF structure has the best current response at illumination intensities above 20 W/cm\u0000<sup>2</sup>\u0000 and exhibits the best saturation characteristics, with its saturation threshold consistently above 15 W/cm\u0000<sup>2</sup>\u0000, while the PF structure with nonlinear increasing (nInc) compositional gradient exhibits excellent linearity of response under conditions of high illumination intensity. The simulation methods help design and optimize the detectors with the physical understanding according to the specific requirements.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"16 4","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10596694","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141610406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-12DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3427393
Shadi A. Alboon;Qing Huo Liu;Ibrahim Mahariq
The interaction of light with micro-scale dielectric structures has garnered significant attention in recent years due to its potential applications in various fields ranging from photonics to biomedical imaging. In this context, this study investigates the generation of twin photonic jets from a dielectric micro-cylinder illuminated by two point-sources. The effect of different parameters on the jet's shape profile and length was analyzed. Those parameters include the cylinder's refractive index and radius, the source distance from the cylinder, and the vertical displacement between the sources. Innovatively, this study introduces the concept of ‘Horn Jets' to characterize the twin photonic jets resulting from the illuminated dielectric micro-cylinder, marking a significant conceptual advancement in the field. Moreover, the generation of whispering gallery modes (WGMs) is investigated. The outcomes obtained through the spectral element method highlight the possibility of generating WGMs by meticulously selecting the cylinder's radius and refractive index, under the scenario of two-point-source illuminations. The results show that the magnitude of the WGMs resonance significantly lies on the vertical displacement due to the resulting interference pattern's dark and bright fringes with the cylinder edges.
{"title":"Photonic Horn Jets and Whispering Gallery Modes in Dielectric Micro-Cylinders With Two Point-Source Illumination","authors":"Shadi A. Alboon;Qing Huo Liu;Ibrahim Mahariq","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3427393","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3427393","url":null,"abstract":"The interaction of light with micro-scale dielectric structures has garnered significant attention in recent years due to its potential applications in various fields ranging from photonics to biomedical imaging. In this context, this study investigates the generation of twin photonic jets from a dielectric micro-cylinder illuminated by two point-sources. The effect of different parameters on the jet's shape profile and length was analyzed. Those parameters include the cylinder's refractive index and radius, the source distance from the cylinder, and the vertical displacement between the sources. Innovatively, this study introduces the concept of ‘Horn Jets' to characterize the twin photonic jets resulting from the illuminated dielectric micro-cylinder, marking a significant conceptual advancement in the field. Moreover, the generation of whispering gallery modes (WGMs) is investigated. The outcomes obtained through the spectral element method highlight the possibility of generating WGMs by meticulously selecting the cylinder's radius and refractive index, under the scenario of two-point-source illuminations. The results show that the magnitude of the WGMs resonance significantly lies on the vertical displacement due to the resulting interference pattern's dark and bright fringes with the cylinder edges.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"16 4","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10596663","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141610317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The identification and categorization of pills constitute critical tasks within a contemporary hospital, particularly for avoiding medication errors. Conventional approaches to visual recognition and classification predominantly rely on visible light imagery, proving inadequate for discerning white pills with similar visual characteristics. However, white pills exhibit distinctive infrared properties across various spectral bands. Building upon these observations, this paper introduces the MCIR-YOLO algorithm, a multi-band infrared image object detection system, which enhances the YOLOv5s model through multimodal fusion techniques. This study presents a novel dataset comprising IR images of white round pills captured across six channels, with peak wavelengths ranging from approximately 1400 nm to 1650 nm. Furthermore, a multimodal fusion strategy is proposed, facilitating multi-level feature integration across the six IR channels. This fusion technique exploits the scale features inherent to each IR modality, thereby enabling comprehensive information fusion across multiple modalities. Additionally, the model incorporates an auxiliary detection branch, independent of the backbone, which utilizes fused feature information to calculate a distinct loss, effectively mitigating overall loss. Attention mechanism modules are integrated after two distinct fusion points to enhance feature precision. Leveraging mean and scaling of IR features, these attention mechanisms significantly boost detection accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate that the improved model outperforms the baseline YOLOv5s model, particularly evident in a self-constructed dataset of white round pill IR images, where mAP0.5 increased by 5.47% and 7.96% for single-channel (peak at 1650 nm) and six-channel configurations, respectively. Notably, the utilization of the MCIR-YOLO model for six-channel recognition yields a substantial advantage of 12.05% over the best-performing single-channel IR image recognition.
{"title":"MCIR-YOLO: White Medication Pill Classification Using Multi-Band Infrared Images","authors":"Mohan Wang;Yang Jiang;Baohui Xu;Mengqiang Huang;Xu Xue;Xu Wu;Wenjian Kuang;Xiang Liu;Harm Tolner","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3426929","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3426929","url":null,"abstract":"The identification and categorization of pills constitute critical tasks within a contemporary hospital, particularly for avoiding medication errors. Conventional approaches to visual recognition and classification predominantly rely on visible light imagery, proving inadequate for discerning white pills with similar visual characteristics. However, white pills exhibit distinctive infrared properties across various spectral bands. Building upon these observations, this paper introduces the MCIR-YOLO algorithm, a multi-band infrared image object detection system, which enhances the YOLOv5s model through multimodal fusion techniques. This study presents a novel dataset comprising IR images of white round pills captured across six channels, with peak wavelengths ranging from approximately 1400 nm to 1650 nm. Furthermore, a multimodal fusion strategy is proposed, facilitating multi-level feature integration across the six IR channels. This fusion technique exploits the scale features inherent to each IR modality, thereby enabling comprehensive information fusion across multiple modalities. Additionally, the model incorporates an auxiliary detection branch, independent of the backbone, which utilizes fused feature information to calculate a distinct loss, effectively mitigating overall loss. Attention mechanism modules are integrated after two distinct fusion points to enhance feature precision. Leveraging mean and scaling of IR features, these attention mechanisms significantly boost detection accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate that the improved model outperforms the baseline YOLOv5s model, particularly evident in a self-constructed dataset of white round pill IR images, where mAP0.5 increased by 5.47% and 7.96% for single-channel (peak at 1650 nm) and six-channel configurations, respectively. Notably, the utilization of the MCIR-YOLO model for six-channel recognition yields a substantial advantage of 12.05% over the best-performing single-channel IR image recognition.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"16 4","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10595466","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141610315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We propose a novel design of hybrid multi-band wavelength/polarization/mode (de)multiplexer based on 800 nm thick Si $_{3}$ N $_{4}$ platform. The 16 channels are enabled by asymmetric rib polarization beam splitters, subwavelength polarization rotators and asymmetric directional couplers, consisting of two operating frequency bands, dual polarization and four transmission modes (2 $times 2times$ 4). A broad bandwidth range from 930 nm to 1600 nm is supported simultaneously on a same chip. This chip can achieve low insertion loss and crosstalk in the 100 nm range near the center wavelength (1550 nm and 980 nm). Our results demonstrate that all channels of the (de)multiplexer have an average insertion loss of less than −1.1 dB. In addition, the crosstalk in the same band is less than −20 dB, while less than −15 dB in different frequency bands. This hybrid (de)multiplexer chip has a great potential for application in multi-band large-capacity optical communication systems, especially in integrated multi-band (de)multiplexing systems.
{"title":"16-Channel Hybrid WDM-PDM-MDM (de) Multiplexer for Multi-Band Large-Capacity Optical Transmission System Based on Thick Si$_{3}$N$_{4}$ Platform","authors":"Deyue Ma;Xiwen He;Chen Zhou;Mingyue Xiao;Jiqiao Liu;Weibiao Chen;Zhiping Zhou","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3426933","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3426933","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a novel design of hybrid multi-band wavelength/polarization/mode (de)multiplexer based on 800 nm thick Si\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$_{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000N\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$_{4}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 platform. The 16 channels are enabled by asymmetric rib polarization beam splitters, subwavelength polarization rotators and asymmetric directional couplers, consisting of two operating frequency bands, dual polarization and four transmission modes (2\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$times 2times$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u00004). A broad bandwidth range from 930 nm to 1600 nm is supported simultaneously on a same chip. This chip can achieve low insertion loss and crosstalk in the 100 nm range near the center wavelength (1550 nm and 980 nm). Our results demonstrate that all channels of the (de)multiplexer have an average insertion loss of less than −1.1 dB. In addition, the crosstalk in the same band is less than −20 dB, while less than −15 dB in different frequency bands. This hybrid (de)multiplexer chip has a great potential for application in multi-band large-capacity optical communication systems, especially in integrated multi-band (de)multiplexing systems.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"16 5","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10595402","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141610318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When using underwater optical wireless communication in areas close to human habitats— such as shallow sea areas—specifications for highly-secure, large-capacity optical transceivers are required. Real-time transmission of 850 nm, direct-current optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signals for full-duplex underwater invisible light communication has been achieved. We experimentally confirmed that subcarrier adaptive modulation could transmit at maximum capacity depending on the transmission distance, while changing the transmission distance in shallow seawater channels. We confirmed that there was no disturbing influence due to sunlight by using a honeycomb structure for sunlight shielding. Moreover, we found that the effect of disruption caused by the sea surface vibrating due to the 3 m/s wind speed did not affect the signal quality. 4K video streaming is also done on a 1.2 m underwater channel transmission. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of full-duplex transmission of invisible-band underwater optical wireless communication for shallow waters.
{"title":"Class 1 Eye-Safe Formally Invisible Underwater Optical Wireless Communication System","authors":"Ayumu Kariya;Keita Tanaka;Fumiya Kobori;Kiichiro Kuwahara;Shogo Hayashida;Takahiro Kodama","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3426284","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3426284","url":null,"abstract":"When using underwater optical wireless communication in areas close to human habitats— such as shallow sea areas—specifications for highly-secure, large-capacity optical transceivers are required. Real-time transmission of 850 nm, direct-current optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signals for full-duplex underwater invisible light communication has been achieved. We experimentally confirmed that subcarrier adaptive modulation could transmit at maximum capacity depending on the transmission distance, while changing the transmission distance in shallow seawater channels. We confirmed that there was no disturbing influence due to sunlight by using a honeycomb structure for sunlight shielding. Moreover, we found that the effect of disruption caused by the sea surface vibrating due to the 3 m/s wind speed did not affect the signal quality. 4K video streaming is also done on a 1.2 m underwater channel transmission. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of full-duplex transmission of invisible-band underwater optical wireless communication for shallow waters.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"16 4","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10594719","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141585371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-09DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3424885
Anqi Liu;Wenxiao Shi;Majid Safari;Wei Liu;Jingtai Cao
The rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) has put great challenges on the next generation's communication technologies. Optical Camera Communication (OCC), with its advantages of the green principle, less electromagnetic interference, and harmonious integrations, can serve as a complementary, and sometimes viable alternative technology to mainstream Radio Frequency (RF)-based one. Designing efficient OCC platforms crucially involves accurate modeling of the OCC system and evaluating the efficiency of OCC-based techniques, which then stimulates related practical applications. This paper aims to provide a systematic perspective to understand OCC and to present design guidelines for OCC systems from theory to practice. First, the main parameters and analytical models for OCC basic components are presented to provide guidance on hardware parameter selection and system simulations. Next, typical implementation procedures and common performance evaluation criteria for an overall OCC system are provided. Then, detailed goal-oriented OCC enhancement solutions are summarized aiming to provide systematic guidelines for system performance enhancement. Finally, OCC designed examples are presented based on the results of our OCC experimental platform and some future research directions are discussed.
{"title":"Design Guidelines for Optical Camera Communication Systems: A Tutorial","authors":"Anqi Liu;Wenxiao Shi;Majid Safari;Wei Liu;Jingtai Cao","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3424885","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3424885","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) has put great challenges on the next generation's communication technologies. Optical Camera Communication (OCC), with its advantages of the green principle, less electromagnetic interference, and harmonious integrations, can serve as a complementary, and sometimes viable alternative technology to mainstream Radio Frequency (RF)-based one. Designing efficient OCC platforms crucially involves accurate modeling of the OCC system and evaluating the efficiency of OCC-based techniques, which then stimulates related practical applications. This paper aims to provide a systematic perspective to understand OCC and to present design guidelines for OCC systems from theory to practice. First, the main parameters and analytical models for OCC basic components are presented to provide guidance on hardware parameter selection and system simulations. Next, typical implementation procedures and common performance evaluation criteria for an overall OCC system are provided. Then, detailed goal-oriented OCC enhancement solutions are summarized aiming to provide systematic guidelines for system performance enhancement. Finally, OCC designed examples are presented based on the results of our OCC experimental platform and some future research directions are discussed.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"16 4","pages":"1-25"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10590729","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141570006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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