We propose in this paper a highly linear dual-drive silicon-on-insulator Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) assisted by a micro-ring resonator for the microwave photonics and the integrated optical gyroscope applications. By optimizing the DC biases on both the micro-ring and the MZM arm, as well as the coupling efficiency between them, the modulator’s output can be maximally tuned. At specific operating points, third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD3) is suppressed, enabling a linearized transfer function. Simulations demonstrate a spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of up to 142.3 dB·Hz2/3—a significant improvement over conventional dual-drive MZMs. Simulation results reveal that the modulator schematic we proposed is insensitive to the fab process as the SFDR can be optimized with the bias voltages after fabrication. This work provides a viable path toward high-performance modulators for high-density photonic-electronic integration.
{"title":"Enhanced Linearity Dual-Drive Mach-Zehnder Modulator Assisted by Micro-Ring Resonator on SOI Platform","authors":"Zhijie Zhou;Chonglei Sun;Liuge Du;Xiao Xu;Jia Zhao","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3614582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3614582","url":null,"abstract":"We propose in this paper a highly linear dual-drive silicon-on-insulator Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) assisted by a micro-ring resonator for the microwave photonics and the integrated optical gyroscope applications. By optimizing the DC biases on both the micro-ring and the MZM arm, as well as the coupling efficiency between them, the modulator’s output can be maximally tuned. At specific operating points, third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD3) is suppressed, enabling a linearized transfer function. Simulations demonstrate a spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of up to 142.3 dB·Hz<sup>2/3</sup>—a significant improvement over conventional dual-drive MZMs. Simulation results reveal that the modulator schematic we proposed is insensitive to the fab process as the SFDR can be optimized with the bias voltages after fabrication. This work provides a viable path toward high-performance modulators for high-density photonic-electronic integration.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 6","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11180783","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145352061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-24DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3613767
Yao Nie;Chensitian Zhang;Xianglin Fan;Huan Wu;Fugui He;Yang Yang
Integrated visible light positioning and communication (VLPC) has been proposed to achieve both a high communication rate and accurate positioning. However, to integrate the visible light positioning (VLP) function, existing VLPC works typically suffer from a certain visible light communication (VLC) performance degradation. To address this issue, we propose an adaptive direct current-biased optical OFDM (ADCO-OFDM) scheme. In particular, we first design a novel waveform for ADCO-OFDM, which modulates the direct current (DC) bias of the VLC DCO-OFDM signal for positioning. Considering a practical system model with multi-LED and single photodetector (PD), the achievable rate of VLC and the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) for VLP are derived to analyze VLPC performance. Furthermore, to avoid the reverse effects of occlusions and obstacles, a joint LED selection and waveform design (J-LW) algorithm is proposed to optimize the VLPC performance. Specifically, the J-LW algorithm selects the most suitable LEDs for the VLPC system. Then, based on the selected LED subsets, a waveform optimization problem is formulated to simultaneously optimize communication and positioning precision. To solve the optimization problem, we prove the convexity of the optimization problem and solve it using convex optimization tools. Experiment results show that the proposed ADCO-OFDM can achieve up to 50% higher achievable rate and 72% lower CRLB values at most compared with the baseline models when the SNR is 22 dB.
{"title":"An Adaptive DCO-OFDM Scheme With Joint LED Selection and Waveform Design for Integrated Visible Light Positioning and Communication","authors":"Yao Nie;Chensitian Zhang;Xianglin Fan;Huan Wu;Fugui He;Yang Yang","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3613767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3613767","url":null,"abstract":"Integrated visible light positioning and communication (VLPC) has been proposed to achieve both a high communication rate and accurate positioning. However, to integrate the visible light positioning (VLP) function, existing VLPC works typically suffer from a certain visible light communication (VLC) performance degradation. To address this issue, we propose an adaptive direct current-biased optical OFDM (ADCO-OFDM) scheme. In particular, we first design a novel waveform for ADCO-OFDM, which modulates the direct current (DC) bias of the VLC DCO-OFDM signal for positioning. Considering a practical system model with multi-LED and single photodetector (PD), the achievable rate of VLC and the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) for VLP are derived to analyze VLPC performance. Furthermore, to avoid the reverse effects of occlusions and obstacles, a joint LED selection and waveform design (J-LW) algorithm is proposed to optimize the VLPC performance. Specifically, the J-LW algorithm selects the most suitable LEDs for the VLPC system. Then, based on the selected LED subsets, a waveform optimization problem is formulated to simultaneously optimize communication and positioning precision. To solve the optimization problem, we prove the convexity of the optimization problem and solve it using convex optimization tools. Experiment results show that the proposed ADCO-OFDM can achieve up to 50% higher achievable rate and 72% lower CRLB values at most compared with the baseline models when the SNR is 22 dB.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 6","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11176964","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145255956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-23DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3613743
Wencan Wei;Fuda Jiang;Chonglei Zhang
The Extended Nijboer-Zernike (ENZ) theory, an analytical solution based on Zernike polynomials within Fourier integration, offers unique advantages in characterizing imaging spaces. In contrast to conventional phase retrieval algorithms that typically require weak amplitude variation, the ENZ model is well-suited to handle significant amplitude variations in complex field reconstruction. This paper introduces a complex-field retrieval method for microscopic imaging systems based on the ENZ model. The proposed method is particularly effective in scenarios involving substantial amplitude modulation, exhibiting high convergence accuracy and robustness. The performance of the reconstruction is demonstrated through extensive numerical simulations and experimental validation under varying parameter conditions.
{"title":"ENZ-Based High Fidelity Complex-Field Reconstruction","authors":"Wencan Wei;Fuda Jiang;Chonglei Zhang","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3613743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3613743","url":null,"abstract":"The Extended Nijboer-Zernike (ENZ) theory, an analytical solution based on Zernike polynomials within Fourier integration, offers unique advantages in characterizing imaging spaces. In contrast to conventional phase retrieval algorithms that typically require weak amplitude variation, the ENZ model is well-suited to handle significant amplitude variations in complex field reconstruction. This paper introduces a complex-field retrieval method for microscopic imaging systems based on the ENZ model. The proposed method is particularly effective in scenarios involving substantial amplitude modulation, exhibiting high convergence accuracy and robustness. The performance of the reconstruction is demonstrated through extensive numerical simulations and experimental validation under varying parameter conditions.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 6","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11176961","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145351922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-23DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3613593
Junwei Ren;Liang Hu;Jianping Chen;Guiling Wu
This paper theoretically analyze signal and noise properties in phase modulation-based (PM-based) fiber-optic radio frequency (RF) transfer system, and experimentally demonstrate RF transfer using dispersion shifting. The dispersion-induced phase noise (DPN) and power spectral density (PSD) of the transferred RF signal are derived. The experimental results indicate that the DPN is highly dependent on phase noise characteristics of optical carrier for different categories of lasers, and the short-term frequency stability of transfer system cannot be predicted solely by linewidth. The distribution of optical carrier phase noise ought to be considered when using different categories of lasers. For eliminating dispersion-induced signal fading, chirped fiber Bragg grating (CFBG) and dispersion compensation fiber (DCF)-based dispersion shifting are employed, respectively, in the PM-based RF transfer system. CFBG-based dispersion shifting scheme exhibits stronger temperature and optical carrier linewidth-related timing fluctuation than DCF-based scheme. Based on the proposed signal fading elimination approach and active phase compensation technique, a 9 GHz RF signal is transferred over a single-span of 90 km fiber link, the measured frequency stabilities reach ${bf 4.8 times 10^{-14}}$ at 1s and ${bf 7.7 times 10^{-17}}$ at 10,000s, respectively. The demonstrated research provides valuable guidance for high-fidelity, long single-span and optical amplifier-free fiber-optic transfer of microwave atomic clocks.
{"title":"Analysis and Demonstration of Phase Modulation-Based Fiber-Optic Radio Frequency Transfer Using Dispersion Shifting","authors":"Junwei Ren;Liang Hu;Jianping Chen;Guiling Wu","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3613593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3613593","url":null,"abstract":"This paper theoretically analyze signal and noise properties in phase modulation-based (PM-based) fiber-optic radio frequency (RF) transfer system, and experimentally demonstrate RF transfer using dispersion shifting. The dispersion-induced phase noise (DPN) and power spectral density (PSD) of the transferred RF signal are derived. The experimental results indicate that the DPN is highly dependent on phase noise characteristics of optical carrier for different categories of lasers, and the short-term frequency stability of transfer system cannot be predicted solely by linewidth. The distribution of optical carrier phase noise ought to be considered when using different categories of lasers. For eliminating dispersion-induced signal fading, chirped fiber Bragg grating (CFBG) and dispersion compensation fiber (DCF)-based dispersion shifting are employed, respectively, in the PM-based RF transfer system. CFBG-based dispersion shifting scheme exhibits stronger temperature and optical carrier linewidth-related timing fluctuation than DCF-based scheme. Based on the proposed signal fading elimination approach and active phase compensation technique, a 9 GHz RF signal is transferred over a single-span of 90 km fiber link, the measured frequency stabilities reach <inline-formula><tex-math>${bf 4.8 times 10^{-14}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> at 1s and <inline-formula><tex-math>${bf 7.7 times 10^{-17}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> at 10,000s, respectively. The demonstrated research provides valuable guidance for high-fidelity, long single-span and optical amplifier-free fiber-optic transfer of microwave atomic clocks.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 5","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11176160","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-22DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3612389
Nobuhide Yokota;Hiroshi Yasaka
This study investigates the spin polarization modulation responses of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) through numerical simulations and experimental measurements. The study employs the spin-flip model and optical spin polarization modulation technique, focusing on polarization bistability of VCSELs. Results indicate that the effective values of birefringence and dichroism—both dependent on the injection current of the VCSEL—influence spin polarization modulation responses. These findings suggest that polarization bistable VCSELs exhibit switchable spin polarization modulation characteristics that depend on the lasing polarization state. The observed results provide new insight into the application of spin-controlled VCSELs with polarization bistability.
{"title":"Spin Polarization Modulation Responses of Polarization Bistable VCSELs","authors":"Nobuhide Yokota;Hiroshi Yasaka","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3612389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3612389","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the spin polarization modulation responses of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) through numerical simulations and experimental measurements. The study employs the spin-flip model and optical spin polarization modulation technique, focusing on polarization bistability of VCSELs. Results indicate that the effective values of birefringence and dichroism—both dependent on the injection current of the VCSEL—influence spin polarization modulation responses. These findings suggest that polarization bistable VCSELs exhibit switchable spin polarization modulation characteristics that depend on the lasing polarization state. The observed results provide new insight into the application of spin-controlled VCSELs with polarization bistability.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 5","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11175017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145315361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-17DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3611082
Chieri Okawa;Hiraku Okada;Tadahiro Wada
This study focuses on visible light communication using a high-speed display and rolling shutter camera. In conventional methods, data are arranged in vertical stripes, but the low transmission rate is a critical challenge. Herein, we improve the transmission rate by arranging data in a grid pattern. Owing to the characteristics of rolling shutter cameras, which are used as the receiver, the data loss rate increases. Therefore, we propose a method using error correction codes and conduct performance evaluation experiments. In the proposed method, the transmission data are encoded using error correction codes, and the packet structure is adapted to the capturing characteristics of the rolling shutter camera. Through experiments, we compared the conventional vertical stripe arrangement with the proposed grid arrangement and evaluated the impact of different code rates and lengths, demonstrating the feasibility of achieving higher transmission rates.
{"title":"High-Speed Transmission Based on Grid-Patterned Data Images in Display-Camera Visible Light Communication","authors":"Chieri Okawa;Hiraku Okada;Tadahiro Wada","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3611082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3611082","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on visible light communication using a high-speed display and rolling shutter camera. In conventional methods, data are arranged in vertical stripes, but the low transmission rate is a critical challenge. Herein, we improve the transmission rate by arranging data in a grid pattern. Owing to the characteristics of rolling shutter cameras, which are used as the receiver, the data loss rate increases. Therefore, we propose a method using error correction codes and conduct performance evaluation experiments. In the proposed method, the transmission data are encoded using error correction codes, and the packet structure is adapted to the capturing characteristics of the rolling shutter camera. Through experiments, we compared the conventional vertical stripe arrangement with the proposed grid arrangement and evaluated the impact of different code rates and lengths, demonstrating the feasibility of achieving higher transmission rates.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 6","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11168200","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145352073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-16DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3610914
Weiwei Pan;Jinhua Chen;Ruoyun Yao;Yu Cheng;Chen Ji
We propose a hardware-efficient optical matrix processor based on low-rank approximation, utilizing narrowband filters of microring resonators (MRRs) and broadband Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs). Our design enables the realization of a 4×4 matrix using only four MRRs and four MZIs, achieving a 50% reduction in optical components compared to conventional architectures that rely on crossbar arrays of MRRs or MZI arrays implemented through singular value decomposition. We experimentally validate the efficacy of this approach in image convolution using functional equivalents of the optical matrix processor. Additionally, in a digital number classification task, our proposal achieves a prediction accuracy of 96%, closely matching the theoretical accuracy of 96.21%. These results highlight the efficiency and accuracy of our optical matrix processor design, offering a viable solution for executing large-scale matrix operations with improved resource utilization.
{"title":"Hardware-Efficient Optical Matrix Processor via Low-Rank Approximation","authors":"Weiwei Pan;Jinhua Chen;Ruoyun Yao;Yu Cheng;Chen Ji","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3610914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3610914","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a hardware-efficient optical matrix processor based on low-rank approximation, utilizing narrowband filters of microring resonators (MRRs) and broadband Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs). Our design enables the realization of a 4×4 matrix using only four MRRs and four MZIs, achieving a 50% reduction in optical components compared to conventional architectures that rely on crossbar arrays of MRRs or MZI arrays implemented through singular value decomposition. We experimentally validate the efficacy of this approach in image convolution using functional equivalents of the optical matrix processor. Additionally, in a digital number classification task, our proposal achieves a prediction accuracy of 96%, closely matching the theoretical accuracy of 96.21%. These results highlight the efficiency and accuracy of our optical matrix processor design, offering a viable solution for executing large-scale matrix operations with improved resource utilization.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 5","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11165743","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145255918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-16DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3610608
Lan Luo;Suhui Weng;Rui Xiang;Daofu Han;Haitao Yan
Erbium-doped fiber laser serves as a crucial cornerstone in the development of optical communications while its performance design primarily relies on inefficient manual adjustments. This paper proposes an AI model for the intelligent design of ring erbium-doped fiber lasers, in which the variables are preset based on the complex nonlinear relationships among 5 key design parameters of the ring erbium-doped fiber laser. The model integrates the theoretical mechanisms of the ring erbium-doped fiber laser with 3-layer fully connected neural networks. By employing a new dual-channel neural network architecture with physical constraints, the model enables the prediction of output characteristics under various parameter combinations and facilitates the inversion of target performance indicators to structural parameters. The application of design parameters resulted in a deviation of only 3.91% in the output power of the erbium-doped fiber laser, while reducing the design process to approximately 2 hours. This method facilitates the intelligent design of erbium-doped fiber lasers and offers a novel approach for the intelligent design of ring fiber lasers.
{"title":"The Construction of an Artificial Intelligence Model for the Intelligent Design of Ring Erbium-Doped Fiber Lasers","authors":"Lan Luo;Suhui Weng;Rui Xiang;Daofu Han;Haitao Yan","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3610608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3610608","url":null,"abstract":"Erbium-doped fiber laser serves as a crucial cornerstone in the development of optical communications while its performance design primarily relies on inefficient manual adjustments. This paper proposes an AI model for the intelligent design of ring erbium-doped fiber lasers, in which the variables are preset based on the complex nonlinear relationships among 5 key design parameters of the ring erbium-doped fiber laser. The model integrates the theoretical mechanisms of the ring erbium-doped fiber laser with 3-layer fully connected neural networks. By employing a new dual-channel neural network architecture with physical constraints, the model enables the prediction of output characteristics under various parameter combinations and facilitates the inversion of target performance indicators to structural parameters. The application of design parameters resulted in a deviation of only 3.91% in the output power of the erbium-doped fiber laser, while reducing the design process to approximately 2 hours. This method facilitates the intelligent design of erbium-doped fiber lasers and offers a novel approach for the intelligent design of ring fiber lasers.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 6","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11165305","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145255993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-16DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3610140
Ruisi Wang;Kaishuo Zhang;Jing Wei;Wei Zhao
The generation and modulation of vector beams typically require mechanical adjustments of optical components, leading to a complex setup and long manipulation times. In this work, we propose an electrically controllable approach to generate vector beams by integrating liquid crystal plates with a dielectric metasurface. The dielectric metasurface features continuously reoriented optical axis, enabling the generation of high-quality vector beams. Two homogeneous liquid crystal plates, with phase retardation adjustable through an externally applied voltage, allow precise control over the latitude and longitude of vector polarization states on the Poincaré sphere. Once the experimental setup is established, no mechanical adjustments are necessary. The combination of liquid crystal plates and dielectric metasurface extends the capabilities of polarization manipulations, which leads to a convenient and flexible way to generate any desirable vector beams. This work could find potential applications in quantum optics, optical imaging, and precision sensing, where dynamic and precise control of light is crucial for enhancing performance and enabling scientific functionalities.
{"title":"Electrically Tunable Generation of Vector Beams via Integrated Liquid Crystal Plates and Dielectric Metasurface","authors":"Ruisi Wang;Kaishuo Zhang;Jing Wei;Wei Zhao","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3610140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3610140","url":null,"abstract":"The generation and modulation of vector beams typically require mechanical adjustments of optical components, leading to a complex setup and long manipulation times. In this work, we propose an electrically controllable approach to generate vector beams by integrating liquid crystal plates with a dielectric metasurface. The dielectric metasurface features continuously reoriented optical axis, enabling the generation of high-quality vector beams. Two homogeneous liquid crystal plates, with phase retardation adjustable through an externally applied voltage, allow precise control over the latitude and longitude of vector polarization states on the Poincaré sphere. Once the experimental setup is established, no mechanical adjustments are necessary. The combination of liquid crystal plates and dielectric metasurface extends the capabilities of polarization manipulations, which leads to a convenient and flexible way to generate any desirable vector beams. This work could find potential applications in quantum optics, optical imaging, and precision sensing, where dynamic and precise control of light is crucial for enhancing performance and enabling scientific functionalities.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 5","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11164666","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-12DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3606696
Yahui Zhu;Ailing Tian;Hongjun Wang;Bingcai Liu
Lateral shearing interferometry is an effective method for directly measuring the depth gradient of aspherical surfaces. To address the low phase reconstruction accuracy resulting from the fact that lateral shear interferometers typically obtain only two sets of wavefront data in a single orthogonal direction, which leads to fewer sampling points, this paper presents an aspherical surface measurement method based on birefringent crystals and multi-directional lateral shearing phase-shifting interferometry. This method overcomes nonlinear issues and environmental influences during phase-shifting interferometry, captures shear wavefront data in multiple directions, and reconstructs the surface by solving for the wavefront coefficients using multi-directional differential wavefront information. It also reduces system random errors, improving surface reconstruction accuracy. We propose a multi-directional lateral shearing synchronous phase-shifting interferometry technique for measuring aspherical surfaces. The methodology includes multi-directional shearing, synchronous phase-shifting, crystal birefringence modulation, phase grating diffraction, and polarization phase-shifting arrays. An experimental system was built to test aspherical surface samples, and aspherical surface measurements were conducted on a surface with a 90 mm diameter, 606 mm vertex curvature radius, and a quadratic conic coefficient of −1. The deviation of the measured aspherical surface from the optimal spherical surface was obtained, and the initial deviation of the ideal aspherical surface from the optimal spherical surface was calculated using the ray tracing method. The repeated measurement results were consistent with those from the ZYGO interferometer’s self-collimation method, with an RMS deviation better than λ/100. The experiment demonstrated the effectiveness, repeatability and measurement stability of the multi-directional lateral shearing interferometry system for measuring aspherical surfaces.
{"title":"Aspherical Surface Measurement With Multi-Directional Lateral Shearing Phase-Shifting Interferometry","authors":"Yahui Zhu;Ailing Tian;Hongjun Wang;Bingcai Liu","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3606696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3606696","url":null,"abstract":"Lateral shearing interferometry is an effective method for directly measuring the depth gradient of aspherical surfaces. To address the low phase reconstruction accuracy resulting from the fact that lateral shear interferometers typically obtain only two sets of wavefront data in a single orthogonal direction, which leads to fewer sampling points, this paper presents an aspherical surface measurement method based on birefringent crystals and multi-directional lateral shearing phase-shifting interferometry. This method overcomes nonlinear issues and environmental influences during phase-shifting interferometry, captures shear wavefront data in multiple directions, and reconstructs the surface by solving for the wavefront coefficients using multi-directional differential wavefront information. It also reduces system random errors, improving surface reconstruction accuracy. We propose a multi-directional lateral shearing synchronous phase-shifting interferometry technique for measuring aspherical surfaces. The methodology includes multi-directional shearing, synchronous phase-shifting, crystal birefringence modulation, phase grating diffraction, and polarization phase-shifting arrays. An experimental system was built to test aspherical surface samples, and aspherical surface measurements were conducted on a surface with a 90 mm diameter, 606 mm vertex curvature radius, and a quadratic conic coefficient of −1. The deviation of the measured aspherical surface from the optimal spherical surface was obtained, and the initial deviation of the ideal aspherical surface from the optimal spherical surface was calculated using the ray tracing method. The repeated measurement results were consistent with those from the ZYGO interferometer’s self-collimation method, with an RMS deviation better than λ/100. The experiment demonstrated the effectiveness, repeatability and measurement stability of the multi-directional lateral shearing interferometry system for measuring aspherical surfaces.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 5","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11162609","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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