Pub Date : 2025-09-04DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3589469
Qi Wu;Jian Zhang;Rui-jie Duan;Yan-yu Zhang;Gang Xin;Dun Li
This paper investigates the optimization of the integrated visible light communication and positioning (VLCP) system performance with the aid of specular reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) when the received signal is subject to low signal-to-noise ration (SNR). Specifically, we focus on the low SNR asymptotic capacity as the criterion of communication indicator whereas the Cramer-Rao low bound (CRLB) as the positioning performance indicator. The VLCP system performance in low SNR is discussed since the scenario may occur if the receiver encounters substantial noise interference (low illumination conditions such as corridors) or the transmitter imposes restrictive limitations on the intensity (such as biology darkroom lab). We derive the CRLB and asymptotic capacity of the RIS-aided multi-LED VLCP system in low SNR and dig out the relationship between the communication or positioning performance and the parameters of RIS. Two optimization problems are formulated with the maximization of the capacity as the optimization object while satisfying the constraints on the CRLB and RIS parameters. To address the non-convex optimization problems, we leverage convex relaxation, the monotonicity of the function, semidefinite relaxation (SDR), and greedy algorithms. Based on these techniques, we propose the integrated two-stage greedy algorithm and greedy strategy-based convex relaxation algorithm to determine the optimal configuration of RIS. From the simulation results, we show that the application of RIS can enhance the VLCP system performance in low SNR obviously, and meanwhile, the proposed algorithms are effective methods for the proposed system performance optimization problems.
{"title":"Design and Optimization of Specular Reflecting RIS-Aided VLCP System With Low SNR","authors":"Qi Wu;Jian Zhang;Rui-jie Duan;Yan-yu Zhang;Gang Xin;Dun Li","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3589469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3589469","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the optimization of the integrated visible light communication and positioning (VLCP) system performance with the aid of specular reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) when the received signal is subject to low signal-to-noise ration (SNR). Specifically, we focus on the low SNR asymptotic capacity as the criterion of communication indicator whereas the Cramer-Rao low bound (CRLB) as the positioning performance indicator. The VLCP system performance in low SNR is discussed since the scenario may occur if the receiver encounters substantial noise interference (low illumination conditions such as corridors) or the transmitter imposes restrictive limitations on the intensity (such as biology darkroom lab). We derive the CRLB and asymptotic capacity of the RIS-aided multi-LED VLCP system in low SNR and dig out the relationship between the communication or positioning performance and the parameters of RIS. Two optimization problems are formulated with the maximization of the capacity as the optimization object while satisfying the constraints on the CRLB and RIS parameters. To address the non-convex optimization problems, we leverage convex relaxation, the monotonicity of the function, semidefinite relaxation (SDR), and greedy algorithms. Based on these techniques, we propose the integrated two-stage greedy algorithm and greedy strategy-based convex relaxation algorithm to determine the optimal configuration of RIS. From the simulation results, we show that the application of RIS can enhance the VLCP system performance in low SNR obviously, and meanwhile, the proposed algorithms are effective methods for the proposed system performance optimization problems.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 5","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11151757","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-03DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3605942
Ruizhi Jia;Han Wu;Xiao Xu;Liuge Du;Jia Zhao
To address the demand for non-blocking cross- interconnections between multiple on-board CPUs over centimeter-to-meter scales, we present the design and fabrication of polymer arrayed waveguide grating routers (AWGRs) on FR4 substrates. The measured average insertion loss of all channels is 6.28 dB, while the average crosstalk is −15.77 dB, and the 3-dB bandwidth is approximately 0.8 nm. We also test the temperature stability of the fabricated AWGR, and the wavelength drift rate is -2.23 pm/°C, which reveals the temperature insensitivity of the fabricated AWGR.
{"title":"Athermal Polymer Arrayed Waveguide Grating Router for Optical Backplane","authors":"Ruizhi Jia;Han Wu;Xiao Xu;Liuge Du;Jia Zhao","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3605942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3605942","url":null,"abstract":"To address the demand for non-blocking cross- interconnections between multiple on-board CPUs over centimeter-to-meter scales, we present the design and fabrication of polymer arrayed waveguide grating routers (AWGRs) on FR4 substrates. The measured average insertion loss of all channels is 6.28 dB, while the average crosstalk is −15.77 dB, and the 3-dB bandwidth is approximately 0.8 nm. We also test the temperature stability of the fabricated AWGR, and the wavelength drift rate is -2.23 pm/°C, which reveals the temperature insensitivity of the fabricated AWGR.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 5","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11150531","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145078563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A secure method is proposed for parallel-transmission (PT) image-sensor (IS) based visible light communication, where $M$ luminance signals in one-dimensional order produced by inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) are mapped in a two-dimensional plane transmitted in free space between liquid crystal display (LCD) and IS. Each position in the one-dimensional order is preassigned to a region on the two-dimensional plane, which is known to both transmitters and receivers. In the secure method, the one-dimensional order of the $M$ DFT-related luminance signals is shuffled, and only the legitimate receiver can restore the original order. To share the original order secretly between authorized transmitter/receiver pairs, we use three integers $e$, $d$, and $n$ based on RSA cryptosystem. When a transmitter chooses an integer $I$ between 0 and $M!-1$, it uses the $I$th order among $M!$ ways to rearrange the $M$ DFT-related luminance signals. For the transmitter to tell $I$ as the ciphered integer $u$, it calculates the modulo-($M+1$) of $u$ to divide $u_{0}$, $u_{1}$, $ldots$, $u_{H-1}$. Then, it inserts a new luminance signal called “mark” at the $u_{h}$th position in the rearranged order over $H$ consecutive frames. Although all receivers detect the position of “mark” every frame, only the legitimate receiver correctly calculates $I$, from the mark-detected positions $v_{0}$, $v_{1}$, $ldots$, $v_{H-1}$, using the private integer $d$. Receivers without $d$ must search the original o
{"title":"Secure DFT-Ordered Luminance Method for Parallel Transmission Image-Sensor Based VLC","authors":"Fumihito Anno;Koji Kamakura;Masayuki Kinoshita;Takaya Yamazato","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3605570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3605570","url":null,"abstract":"A secure method is proposed for parallel-transmission (PT) image-sensor (IS) based visible light communication, where <inline-formula><tex-math>$M$</tex-math></inline-formula> luminance signals in one-dimensional order produced by inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) are mapped in a two-dimensional plane transmitted in free space between liquid crystal display (LCD) and IS. Each position in the one-dimensional order is preassigned to a region on the two-dimensional plane, which is known to both transmitters and receivers. In the secure method, the one-dimensional order of the <inline-formula><tex-math>$M$</tex-math></inline-formula> DFT-related luminance signals is shuffled, and only the legitimate receiver can restore the original order. To share the original order secretly between authorized transmitter/receiver pairs, we use three integers <inline-formula><tex-math>$e$</tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><tex-math>$d$</tex-math></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula><tex-math>$n$</tex-math></inline-formula> based on RSA cryptosystem. When a transmitter chooses an integer <inline-formula><tex-math>$I$</tex-math></inline-formula> between 0 and <inline-formula><tex-math>$M!-1$</tex-math></inline-formula>, it uses the <inline-formula><tex-math>$I$</tex-math></inline-formula>th order among <inline-formula><tex-math>$M!$</tex-math></inline-formula> ways to rearrange the <inline-formula><tex-math>$M$</tex-math></inline-formula> DFT-related luminance signals. For the transmitter to tell <inline-formula><tex-math>$I$</tex-math></inline-formula> as the ciphered integer <inline-formula><tex-math>$u$</tex-math></inline-formula>, it calculates the modulo-(<inline-formula><tex-math>$M+1$</tex-math></inline-formula>) of <inline-formula><tex-math>$u$</tex-math></inline-formula> to divide <inline-formula><tex-math>$u_{0}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><tex-math>$u_{1}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><tex-math>$ldots$</tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><tex-math>$u_{H-1}$</tex-math></inline-formula>. Then, it inserts a new luminance signal called “<italic>mark</i>” at the <inline-formula><tex-math>$u_{h}$</tex-math></inline-formula>th position in the rearranged order over <inline-formula><tex-math>$H$</tex-math></inline-formula> consecutive frames. Although all receivers detect the position of “<italic>mark</i>” every frame, only the legitimate receiver correctly calculates <inline-formula><tex-math>$I$</tex-math></inline-formula>, from the <italic>mark</i>-detected positions <inline-formula><tex-math>$v_{0}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><tex-math>$v_{1}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><tex-math>$ldots$</tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><tex-math>$v_{H-1}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, using the private integer <inline-formula><tex-math>$d$</tex-math></inline-formula>. Receivers without <inline-formula><tex-math>$d$</tex-math></inline-formula> must search the original o","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 6","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11147132","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145255859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-02DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3605280
Zhihang Chen;Hongliang Ren;Yuhao Zhu;Yuan Wang;Jin Lu;Jin Li;Chang-Ling Zou;Chun-Hua Dong;Qi Xuan
Multimode sensing based on whispering gallery mode (WGM) microcavities has attracted significant attention due to its diverse optical modes, which offer the potential for enhanced sensing performance. While AI models excel at integrating multimodal information, their effectiveness in multimode detection is often limited by the scarcity of large-scale, high-quality training data. To address this issue, we propose a hybrid data augmentation (DA) method that leverages an autoencoder (AE) to generate high-quality synthetic spectral data. Small Gaussian noise is then added to both real experimental and synthetic spectra, creating a large number of optical spectra sets. This significantly expands the training set, thereby improving the regression model’s accuracy and reducing overfitting. When applied to a multimode temperature regression task using a microbubble resonator (MBR), the hybrid DA method results in a 85.91% improvement in the prediction accuracy of the deep neural network (DNN). This approach is simple, efficient, and well-suited for multi-parameter regression tasks.
{"title":"Hybrid Data Augmentation Method for Multimode Sensing in a Whispering Gallery Mode Resonator","authors":"Zhihang Chen;Hongliang Ren;Yuhao Zhu;Yuan Wang;Jin Lu;Jin Li;Chang-Ling Zou;Chun-Hua Dong;Qi Xuan","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3605280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3605280","url":null,"abstract":"Multimode sensing based on whispering gallery mode (WGM) microcavities has attracted significant attention due to its diverse optical modes, which offer the potential for enhanced sensing performance. While AI models excel at integrating multimodal information, their effectiveness in multimode detection is often limited by the scarcity of large-scale, high-quality training data. To address this issue, we propose a hybrid data augmentation (DA) method that leverages an autoencoder (AE) to generate high-quality synthetic spectral data. Small Gaussian noise is then added to both real experimental and synthetic spectra, creating a large number of optical spectra sets. This significantly expands the training set, thereby improving the regression model’s accuracy and reducing overfitting. When applied to a multimode temperature regression task using a microbubble resonator (MBR), the hybrid DA method results in a 85.91% improvement in the prediction accuracy of the deep neural network (DNN). This approach is simple, efficient, and well-suited for multi-parameter regression tasks.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 5","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11146647","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145057476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-02DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3604853
Yujia Yang;Jan-Wilke Henke;Arslan S. Raja;F. Jasmin Kappert;Guanhao Huang;Germaine Arend;Zheru Qiu;Armin Feist;Rui Ning Wang;Aleksandr Tusnin;Alexey Tikan;Claus Ropers;Tobias J. Kippenberg
The field of nonlinear integrated photonics has seen significant advancements, particularly with the emergence of microresonator-based frequency combs, or “microcombs”, which facilitate various applications including frequency metrology, optical computing, and telecommunications. Meanwhile, the interaction between light and free electrons has been a subject of extensive research due to its potential for electron imaging, spectroscopy, attosecond physics, quantum optics, and free-electron radiation. In our recent work [Yang et al. (2024)], we investigate the modulation of electron spectral characteristics by nonlinear optical states, leveraging microcomb generation in photonic chip-based, high-quality-factor microresonators. We couple free-electron beams in a transmission electron microscope with diverse spatiotemporal optical waveforms associated with coherent or incoherent microcombs synthesized by optical parametric oscillations. In particular, we demonstrate ultrafast electron-beam modulation by chip-based femtosecond temporal solitons inside the microresonator. Additionally, we provide a brief review of recent advancements in electron-photon interactions in electron microscopes, particularly in 2024. We anticipate that these and upcoming developments will foster novel research and applications in advanced electron control and measurement schemes for electron imaging and spectroscopy, free-electron light sources, laser-based particle accelerators, and ultrafast quantum optics.
非线性集成光子学领域已经取得了重大进展，特别是随着基于微谐振器的频率梳或“微梳”的出现，它促进了包括频率测量，光学计算和电信在内的各种应用。同时，光与自由电子之间的相互作用由于其在电子成像、光谱学、阿秒物理、量子光学和自由电子辐射方面的潜力而成为广泛研究的主题。在我们最近的工作[Yang et al.(2024)]中，我们利用基于光子芯片的高质量因数微谐振器中的微梳产生，研究了非线性光态对电子能谱特性的调制。通过光学参量振荡合成的相干或非相干微梳，在透射电子显微镜中耦合具有不同时空光波形的自由电子束。特别地，我们展示了微谐振腔内基于芯片的飞秒时间孤子的超快电子束调制。此外，我们简要回顾了电子显微镜中电子-光子相互作用的最新进展，特别是在2024年。我们预计这些和即将到来的发展将促进电子成像和光谱学，自由电子光源，基于激光的粒子加速器和超快量子光学的先进电子控制和测量方案的新研究和应用。
{"title":"Photonics Breakthroughs 2024: Free-Electron Interaction With Nonlinear Optical States","authors":"Yujia Yang;Jan-Wilke Henke;Arslan S. Raja;F. Jasmin Kappert;Guanhao Huang;Germaine Arend;Zheru Qiu;Armin Feist;Rui Ning Wang;Aleksandr Tusnin;Alexey Tikan;Claus Ropers;Tobias J. Kippenberg","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3604853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3604853","url":null,"abstract":"The field of nonlinear integrated photonics has seen significant advancements, particularly with the emergence of microresonator-based frequency combs, or “microcombs”, which facilitate various applications including frequency metrology, optical computing, and telecommunications. Meanwhile, the interaction between light and free electrons has been a subject of extensive research due to its potential for electron imaging, spectroscopy, attosecond physics, quantum optics, and free-electron radiation. In our recent work [Yang et al. (2024)], we investigate the modulation of electron spectral characteristics by nonlinear optical states, leveraging microcomb generation in photonic chip-based, high-quality-factor microresonators. We couple free-electron beams in a transmission electron microscope with diverse spatiotemporal optical waveforms associated with coherent or incoherent microcombs synthesized by optical parametric oscillations. In particular, we demonstrate ultrafast electron-beam modulation by chip-based femtosecond temporal solitons inside the microresonator. Additionally, we provide a brief review of recent advancements in electron-photon interactions in electron microscopes, particularly in 2024. We anticipate that these and upcoming developments will foster novel research and applications in advanced electron control and measurement schemes for electron imaging and spectroscopy, free-electron light sources, laser-based particle accelerators, and ultrafast quantum optics.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 5","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11146563","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145315362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-02DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3605596
Kenta Muramoto;Yasuhiro Koike
Data transmission in a multimode fiber (MMF) link is significantly improved by simply inserting a low-noise graded-index (GI) plastic optical fiber (POF) between a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser and standard silica GI MMF, compared with using only the silica GI MMF as a transmission medium. The developed low-noise GI POF exhibits strong mode coupling closely related to the microscopic heterogeneous structures in the fiber core material; this effectively reduces interferometric noise in the MMF link. Experimental results demonstrate that the insertion of the low-noise GI POF reduces the bit error rate by several orders of magnitude in 53.125 Gb/s data transmission using four-level pulse amplitude modulation, owing to significant noise suppression despite the presence of insertion loss. This simple configuration reduces the need for additional noise mitigation in transceiver modules and precise connector designs, enabling cost-effective implementation of MMF links while ensuring robust and reliable operation.
{"title":"Stabilization of Multimode Fiber Link by Simple Insertion of Low-Noise Plastic Optical Fiber","authors":"Kenta Muramoto;Yasuhiro Koike","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3605596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3605596","url":null,"abstract":"Data transmission in a multimode fiber (MMF) link is significantly improved by simply inserting a low-noise graded-index (GI) plastic optical fiber (POF) between a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser and standard silica GI MMF, compared with using only the silica GI MMF as a transmission medium. The developed low-noise GI POF exhibits strong mode coupling closely related to the microscopic heterogeneous structures in the fiber core material; this effectively reduces interferometric noise in the MMF link. Experimental results demonstrate that the insertion of the low-noise GI POF reduces the bit error rate by several orders of magnitude in 53.125 Gb/s data transmission using four-level pulse amplitude modulation, owing to significant noise suppression despite the presence of insertion loss. This simple configuration reduces the need for additional noise mitigation in transceiver modules and precise connector designs, enabling cost-effective implementation of MMF links while ensuring robust and reliable operation.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 5","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11147121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145036918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3604796
Jiajin Li;Jiaojian Song;Kai Zeng;Dong Bao;Yufeng Ma;Wenbo Sun
Wireless optical communication (WOC) has a wide range of underwater applications in various fields due to its high bandwidth and low latency. However, the interference of sunlight and multiple scattered light seriously affects the communication quality of air-to-water WOC. Achieving anti-interference air-to-water WOC in the shallow seawater remains a difficult challenge. In this paper, we present a novel and effective method for air-to-water WOC via circularly polarized light. This method can significantly mitigate adverse effects of the sunlight interference and underwater multiple scattered light during the signal transmission, thus achieving anti-interference capability. The concept can also be applied to the field of remote sensing based on laser radar.
{"title":"Anti-Interference Air-to-Water Wireless Optical Communication via Circularly Polarized Light","authors":"Jiajin Li;Jiaojian Song;Kai Zeng;Dong Bao;Yufeng Ma;Wenbo Sun","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3604796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3604796","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless optical communication (WOC) has a wide range of underwater applications in various fields due to its high bandwidth and low latency. However, the interference of sunlight and multiple scattered light seriously affects the communication quality of air-to-water WOC. Achieving anti-interference air-to-water WOC in the shallow seawater remains a difficult challenge. In this paper, we present a novel and effective method for air-to-water WOC via circularly polarized light. This method can significantly mitigate adverse effects of the sunlight interference and underwater multiple scattered light during the signal transmission, thus achieving anti-interference capability. The concept can also be applied to the field of remote sensing based on laser radar.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 5","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11146433","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145036919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raman spectroscopy is a powerful, non-destructive analytical tool that is widely used across various fields for identifying molecular structures and reactions. However, Raman spectroscopy may be hindered by background and fluorescence noises. These noises are often stronger than Raman signals, causing complicated spectral interpretation. Therefore, a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) Raman spectrum is crucial for better identification accuracy. Currently, techniques can be used to amplify the Raman signal significantly, but often require significant time or complex hardware. Spread spectrum is a mature technology used in communication to suppress noise. This study introduces a method combining Raman signals with spreading codes to obtain cost-effective high SNR Raman spectra. Firstly, simulations were conducted to verify the spreading Raman spectrum with efficient computation. While the fluorescence and background noises were suppressed due to the cross-correlation properties of spreading codes. Next, a hardware environment comprised of a laser, polarization controller, and amplitude modulator was configured to demonstrate the feasibility of the spread spectrum Raman system. The measured Raman peaks from the samples are compared with the original Raman spectrum. The results demonstrate that the spread spectrum Raman system improves the SNR for both interleukin-6 and ink samples. The timing synchronization and code length estimation algorithms significantly simplify hardware design for engineering. Both simulation and experimental results validate that the SNR of the Raman system can be improved by using a spread spectrum technique. It allows Raman analysis for appropriate SNR with cost-effective hardware in the industry.
{"title":"Cost-Effective Raman Spectra Acquisition Based on Spreading Code Modulation for Exciting Light","authors":"Yu Wan;Jiahe Zhang;Cheng Chen;Xiaoyi Lv;Xi Yang;Yan Huang;Xiangwei Zhao","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3604909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3604909","url":null,"abstract":"Raman spectroscopy is a powerful, non-destructive analytical tool that is widely used across various fields for identifying molecular structures and reactions. However, Raman spectroscopy may be hindered by background and fluorescence noises. These noises are often stronger than Raman signals, causing complicated spectral interpretation. Therefore, a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) Raman spectrum is crucial for better identification accuracy. Currently, techniques can be used to amplify the Raman signal significantly, but often require significant time or complex hardware. Spread spectrum is a mature technology used in communication to suppress noise. This study introduces a method combining Raman signals with spreading codes to obtain cost-effective high SNR Raman spectra. Firstly, simulations were conducted to verify the spreading Raman spectrum with efficient computation. While the fluorescence and background noises were suppressed due to the cross-correlation properties of spreading codes. Next, a hardware environment comprised of a laser, polarization controller, and amplitude modulator was configured to demonstrate the feasibility of the spread spectrum Raman system. The measured Raman peaks from the samples are compared with the original Raman spectrum. The results demonstrate that the spread spectrum Raman system improves the SNR for both interleukin-6 and ink samples. The timing synchronization and code length estimation algorithms significantly simplify hardware design for engineering. Both simulation and experimental results validate that the SNR of the Raman system can be improved by using a spread spectrum technique. It allows Raman analysis for appropriate SNR with cost-effective hardware in the industry.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 5","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11146512","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145078650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3604818
Yexi Sun;Qianyu Huang;Xin Guo;Maohui Yuan;Kai Han
Lanthanide-doped phosphors are of importance in the practical applications. In this work, we investigated the photoluminescence properties and random lasing behaviors of Dy3+-doped Sr2MgMoO6 phosphors synthesized by the high-temperature solid-state method. The SEM, XRD, and EDS with elemental mapping results reveal the successful fabricating of the high-quality Sr2MgMoO6 phosphors and confirm the uniform distribution of constituent elements. Structural characterization through precise Rietveld refinement confirmed that the material crystallizes in a tetragonal system with space group I4/m (No. 87), and its refined lattice parameters are also determined. The effect of different Dy3+ doping concentrations on the luminescent properties was analyzed. The optimal doping concentration for achieving efficient luminescence is fixed at 0.08 mol%. Typical emission peaks centered at 484 nm, 576 nm, 656 nm, and 756 nm of Dy3+ were observed under the blue light excitation. Additionally, random lasing phenomena were observed in the Sr2MgMoO6 phosphors when excited with a 355 nm pulsed laser under varying pump power densities. The random lasing behaviours were confirmed by the emergence of narrow emission peaks with a narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM) and the dependence of the intensity on the excitation intensity. This work highlights the potential of Dy3+-doped Sr2MgMoO6 phosphors as efficient luminescent materials and demonstrates their application in random lasing, which opens new possibilities for their use in optoelectronic and laser technologies.
{"title":"Investigation of Photoluminescence Properties and Random Lasing Behaviors in Dy3+-Doped Sr2MgMoO6 Phosphors","authors":"Yexi Sun;Qianyu Huang;Xin Guo;Maohui Yuan;Kai Han","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3604818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3604818","url":null,"abstract":"Lanthanide-doped phosphors are of importance in the practical applications. In this work, we investigated the photoluminescence properties and random lasing behaviors of Dy<sup>3+</sup>-doped Sr<sub>2</sub>MgMoO<sub>6</sub> phosphors synthesized by the high-temperature solid-state method. The SEM, XRD, and EDS with elemental mapping results reveal the successful fabricating of the high-quality Sr<sub>2</sub>MgMoO<sub>6</sub> phosphors and confirm the uniform distribution of constituent elements. Structural characterization through precise Rietveld refinement confirmed that the material crystallizes in a tetragonal system with space group I4/m (No. 87), and its refined lattice parameters are also determined. The effect of different Dy<sup>3+</sup> doping concentrations on the luminescent properties was analyzed. The optimal doping concentration for achieving efficient luminescence is fixed at 0.08 mol%. Typical emission peaks centered at 484 nm, 576 nm, 656 nm, and 756 nm of Dy<sup>3+</sup> were observed under the blue light excitation. Additionally, random lasing phenomena were observed in the Sr<sub>2</sub>MgMoO<sub>6</sub> phosphors when excited with a 355 nm pulsed laser under varying pump power densities. The random lasing behaviours were confirmed by the emergence of narrow emission peaks with a narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM) and the dependence of the intensity on the excitation intensity. This work highlights the potential of Dy<sup>3+</sup>-doped Sr<sub>2</sub>MgMoO<sub>6</sub> phosphors as efficient luminescent materials and demonstrates their application in random lasing, which opens new possibilities for their use in optoelectronic and laser technologies.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 5","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11146285","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145078667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An all-fiber high-power visible light super-continuum (SC) source based on graded-index multimode fiber (GRIN MMF) is presented. In the experiment, a picosecond pulse laser with a center wavelength of 1062 nm is amplified by a multimode ytterbium-doped double-clad fiber (YDF) with a core/cladding size of 50/400 μm and then injected into a 10 m 50/125 μm GRIN MMF to produce an output power of 100.4 W, covering a spectral range of 480–1700 nm. This work demonstrates for the first time the use of pumping GRIN MMF with large-core-diameter multimode YDF, effectively suppressing nonlinear broadening of the pump light. The approach enables broadband SC generation from the visible to near-infrared regions, offering a new route for high-power all-fiber SC sources.
{"title":"100.4 W All-Fiber Visible Supercontinuum Source Based on Graded-Index Multimode Fiber","authors":"Zhijian Huang;Tingwu Ge;Guanrui Zhao;Chuang Xue;Ruoyu Jia;Yanli Li;Haohao Kong;Chengxin Li;Yixuan Liu;Miaomiao Yang;Qingxuan Li;Wenbin Qin","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3604436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3604436","url":null,"abstract":"An all-fiber high-power visible light super-continuum (SC) source based on graded-index multimode fiber (GRIN MMF) is presented. In the experiment, a picosecond pulse laser with a center wavelength of 1062 nm is amplified by a multimode ytterbium-doped double-clad fiber (YDF) with a core/cladding size of 50/400 μm and then injected into a 10 m 50/125 μm GRIN MMF to produce an output power of 100.4 W, covering a spectral range of 480–1700 nm. This work demonstrates for the first time the use of pumping GRIN MMF with large-core-diameter multimode YDF, effectively suppressing nonlinear broadening of the pump light. The approach enables broadband SC generation from the visible to near-infrared regions, offering a new route for high-power all-fiber SC sources.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 5","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11145271","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145078587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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