Pub Date : 2025-01-24DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2025.3533624
Runze Yang;Dongshan Lian;Jingzhi Huang;Ze Chen;Xiao-Cong Zhong;Shouru Gao;Jiean Li;Chuanzhi Sun;Yongmeng Liu
As the critical component of aero-engines, the geometric accuracy and surface quality of the blade are essential for ensuring engine manufacturing quality and enhancing overall performance. This article proposes the measurement method for the surface profile of aero-engine blades based on multiline laser sensing, which demonstrates excellent applicability for the 3-D surface measurement. The predetermined relative orientation between the binocular measurement mechanism and the axis of the rotary table is resolved and enhanced through parameter optimization, which significantly simplifies the pre-measurement setup and calibration process. Utilizing the dual constraints of binocular vision and active multilaser projection, feature point matching and positioning of spatial data points are determined, and the complete contour profile of the sample blade is then integrated through the data integration method. Furthermore, the piecewise linear interpolation method is proposed to sort blade cross-sectional data, thereby enabling the extraction of maximum thickness parameters. Utilizing the axis calibration and parameter optimization, the proposed measurement method achieves the average deviation of all the corner points relative to the first measurement of 0.1789 pixels and the standard deviation of 0.0026 pixels across ten repeated calibration experiments. Consequently, multiple evaluations at different cross-sectional heights indicate that the maximum difference between the proposed measurement method and the FaroArm measurement instrument is 0.0063 mm, which aims to validate the measurement efficacy. The proposed method demonstrates high efficiency and accuracy in the 3-D surface metrology of aero-engine blades. Furthermore, we will focus on extending the application to a wider range of aero-engine components.
{"title":"A Three-Dimensional Measurement and Evaluation Method Based on Multiline Laser Sensing","authors":"Runze Yang;Dongshan Lian;Jingzhi Huang;Ze Chen;Xiao-Cong Zhong;Shouru Gao;Jiean Li;Chuanzhi Sun;Yongmeng Liu","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3533624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3533624","url":null,"abstract":"As the critical component of aero-engines, the geometric accuracy and surface quality of the blade are essential for ensuring engine manufacturing quality and enhancing overall performance. This article proposes the measurement method for the surface profile of aero-engine blades based on multiline laser sensing, which demonstrates excellent applicability for the 3-D surface measurement. The predetermined relative orientation between the binocular measurement mechanism and the axis of the rotary table is resolved and enhanced through parameter optimization, which significantly simplifies the pre-measurement setup and calibration process. Utilizing the dual constraints of binocular vision and active multilaser projection, feature point matching and positioning of spatial data points are determined, and the complete contour profile of the sample blade is then integrated through the data integration method. Furthermore, the piecewise linear interpolation method is proposed to sort blade cross-sectional data, thereby enabling the extraction of maximum thickness parameters. Utilizing the axis calibration and parameter optimization, the proposed measurement method achieves the average deviation of all the corner points relative to the first measurement of 0.1789 pixels and the standard deviation of 0.0026 pixels across ten repeated calibration experiments. Consequently, multiple evaluations at different cross-sectional heights indicate that the maximum difference between the proposed measurement method and the FaroArm measurement instrument is 0.0063 mm, which aims to validate the measurement efficacy. The proposed method demonstrates high efficiency and accuracy in the 3-D surface metrology of aero-engine blades. Furthermore, we will focus on extending the application to a wider range of aero-engine components.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143422783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ultrasonic guided wave (UGW)-based damage detection is regarded as a leading technology in structural health monitoring (SHM) for assessing the integrity of composite structures. However, achieving accurate and effective real-time damage detection remains a challenge. To address this issue, a novel UGW-based damage detection approach is proposed for real-time damage localization and quantification in composite plates. In the proposed approach, first, considering the expensive calculation of multipath UGW signals, an efficient UWG signal compression method is constructed on the basis of differential-driven piecewise aggregate approximation (DPAA) algorithm to further improve the calculation efficiency. Next, the Gramian angular field (GAF) image encoding feature extraction method is innovatively used to transform the concatenated 1-D guided wave signal into a 2-D image, which preserves the original time information and captures the temporal correlation between different timestamps in the guided wave signal. Then, by incorporating the specially designed partial group convolution (PGC) block and dynamic multiscale residual channel attention (DMRCA) mechanism, the proposed lightweight PGC-DMRCA network is capable of detecting damage in real-time with high accuracy and low computational complexity. Notably, the performance of the proposed lightweight network is verified using two real-world datasets and a publicly available dataset. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed lightweight approach delivers exceptional performance in locating and quantifying damage, surpassing mainstream end-to-end damage detection methodologies in both accuracy and efficiency.
{"title":"Guided-Wave-Based Real-Time Damage Detection in Composite Structures: A Gramian Angular Field Image Coding Lightweight Network Approach","authors":"Jitong Ma;Wenqiang Bao;Zhengyan Yang;Hongjuan Yang;Shuyi Ma;Lei Yang;Zhanjun Wu","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3533621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3533621","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasonic guided wave (UGW)-based damage detection is regarded as a leading technology in structural health monitoring (SHM) for assessing the integrity of composite structures. However, achieving accurate and effective real-time damage detection remains a challenge. To address this issue, a novel UGW-based damage detection approach is proposed for real-time damage localization and quantification in composite plates. In the proposed approach, first, considering the expensive calculation of multipath UGW signals, an efficient UWG signal compression method is constructed on the basis of differential-driven piecewise aggregate approximation (DPAA) algorithm to further improve the calculation efficiency. Next, the Gramian angular field (GAF) image encoding feature extraction method is innovatively used to transform the concatenated 1-D guided wave signal into a 2-D image, which preserves the original time information and captures the temporal correlation between different timestamps in the guided wave signal. Then, by incorporating the specially designed partial group convolution (PGC) block and dynamic multiscale residual channel attention (DMRCA) mechanism, the proposed lightweight PGC-DMRCA network is capable of detecting damage in real-time with high accuracy and low computational complexity. Notably, the performance of the proposed lightweight network is verified using two real-world datasets and a publicly available dataset. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed lightweight approach delivers exceptional performance in locating and quantifying damage, surpassing mainstream end-to-end damage detection methodologies in both accuracy and efficiency.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143361161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-24DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2025.3533643
Alessandro Luchetti;Matteo Zanetti;Matteo Bonetto;Alessio Catese;Claudio Canulla;Mariolino De Cecco
Obtaining a 3-D 360° reconstruction of environments or reconstructing hidden details of complex objects could be a difficult task or very expensive with current technologies. However, this challenge can be overcome by using a single profilometer in a rotating configuration. In this context, precise calibration of the sensor’s pose with respect to the rotating axis is critical for obtaining accurate and reliable data. This work presents a novel algorithm and procedure able to estimate the complete set of extrinsic parameters of a profile sensor rotating around a spindle, using a simple target, and to verify the spindle axis stability while suppressing both sensor and environmental outliers. The method can be exploited for 2-D laser scanners or time-of-flight sensors for centimeter-level accuracy in environmental scanning, as well as for triangulating laser-CCD line profilers for high-precision point cloud estimation with micrometer accuracy. The latter case particularly benefits from the algorithm’s ability to remove outliers originating from the sensor and/or environment, including background interference and moving objects like the mechanisms used to move the target. The algorithm was validated through both simulations and experimental tests. The resulting point clouds achieved an accuracy consistent with the sensor’s nominal specification, approximately 0.01 mm. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that it is possible to reveal spindle motion deviations, which can significantly affect the accuracy of the final scan.
{"title":"Extrinsic Calibration and Spindle Axis Diagnostics of Linear Range Sensors in Rotating Configurations","authors":"Alessandro Luchetti;Matteo Zanetti;Matteo Bonetto;Alessio Catese;Claudio Canulla;Mariolino De Cecco","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3533643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3533643","url":null,"abstract":"Obtaining a 3-D 360° reconstruction of environments or reconstructing hidden details of complex objects could be a difficult task or very expensive with current technologies. However, this challenge can be overcome by using a single profilometer in a rotating configuration. In this context, precise calibration of the sensor’s pose with respect to the rotating axis is critical for obtaining accurate and reliable data. This work presents a novel algorithm and procedure able to estimate the complete set of extrinsic parameters of a profile sensor rotating around a spindle, using a simple target, and to verify the spindle axis stability while suppressing both sensor and environmental outliers. The method can be exploited for 2-D laser scanners or time-of-flight sensors for centimeter-level accuracy in environmental scanning, as well as for triangulating laser-CCD line profilers for high-precision point cloud estimation with micrometer accuracy. The latter case particularly benefits from the algorithm’s ability to remove outliers originating from the sensor and/or environment, including background interference and moving objects like the mechanisms used to move the target. The algorithm was validated through both simulations and experimental tests. The resulting point clouds achieved an accuracy consistent with the sensor’s nominal specification, approximately 0.01 mm. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that it is possible to reveal spindle motion deviations, which can significantly affect the accuracy of the final scan.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143396301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-24DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2025.3533627
Yixuan Pan;Yonggui Dong;Juntao Ren;Binchun Lu
Multipath problems in complex structures continue to place limitations on local damage detection among common vibration-based nondestructive detection methods. An interactive vibration sensor based on time reversal (TR) technique for mechanical fatigue detection is proposed. The vibration sensor consists of an exciter for vibration generating and a receiver for picking-up the multipath transferred vibration signal. The exciter initially generates vibration with a chirp signal on the object structure and the receiver captures the reverberated signal. The time-reversed signal is then reconstructed and reemitted by the exciter to complete one iterative sensing cycle. It is found that the energy focusing effect of the TR technique can be used as an indicator for detecting local damages in mechanical structures. A stainless-steel flat plate and a three-story frame are taken as two typical objects for proof-of-concept experiments. Mechanical fatigues are simulated by attaching a mass block on the flat plate and changing the tighten torque of the connection bolts in the frame. The peak values and the symmetry of the focused waveforms decrease while transfer paths change with the simulated fatigues, suggesting the ability of the proposed technique in detecting the existence of local damages of the structure and its approximate location. In addition, robustness test results show that such a method performs good anti-interference ability against background vibration and weakly coupled loads.
{"title":"An Iterative Vibration Sensor for Detecting Local Transfer Path Variations in Mechanical Structures","authors":"Yixuan Pan;Yonggui Dong;Juntao Ren;Binchun Lu","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3533627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3533627","url":null,"abstract":"Multipath problems in complex structures continue to place limitations on local damage detection among common vibration-based nondestructive detection methods. An interactive vibration sensor based on time reversal (TR) technique for mechanical fatigue detection is proposed. The vibration sensor consists of an exciter for vibration generating and a receiver for picking-up the multipath transferred vibration signal. The exciter initially generates vibration with a chirp signal on the object structure and the receiver captures the reverberated signal. The time-reversed signal is then reconstructed and reemitted by the exciter to complete one iterative sensing cycle. It is found that the energy focusing effect of the TR technique can be used as an indicator for detecting local damages in mechanical structures. A stainless-steel flat plate and a three-story frame are taken as two typical objects for proof-of-concept experiments. Mechanical fatigues are simulated by attaching a mass block on the flat plate and changing the tighten torque of the connection bolts in the frame. The peak values and the symmetry of the focused waveforms decrease while transfer paths change with the simulated fatigues, suggesting the ability of the proposed technique in detecting the existence of local damages of the structure and its approximate location. In addition, robustness test results show that such a method performs good anti-interference ability against background vibration and weakly coupled loads.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143361117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High-precision spherical parts are widely used in measurement machines, MEMS devices, and other fields, but there are few effective methods for the full annular area measurement of sphere surface. In this article, an interferometry-based method for the full annular surface measurement of spherical parts is proposed. By adding an off-axis parabolic mirror, the parallel beam was converted into an annular beam, enabling the measurement of sphere surface near the equator. The method was validated using a Zygo interferometer and approximately one-sixth of the surface was measured in one single measurement. The eccentricity error was minimized by error compensation algorithm, and the surface error of paraboloid was calibrated using a reference ball. A large range of surface near the equator can be efficiently obtained in one single measurement and verification measurement results indicate its efficiency and reliability.
{"title":"Large-Area Surface Measurement of Spherical Parts Based on Interferometry","authors":"Sicheng Jiao;Junhua Wang;Minge Gao;Daixin Huang;Fang Ji;Min Xu","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3533645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3533645","url":null,"abstract":"High-precision spherical parts are widely used in measurement machines, MEMS devices, and other fields, but there are few effective methods for the full annular area measurement of sphere surface. In this article, an interferometry-based method for the full annular surface measurement of spherical parts is proposed. By adding an off-axis parabolic mirror, the parallel beam was converted into an annular beam, enabling the measurement of sphere surface near the equator. The method was validated using a Zygo interferometer and approximately one-sixth of the surface was measured in one single measurement. The eccentricity error was minimized by error compensation algorithm, and the surface error of paraboloid was calibrated using a reference ball. A large range of surface near the equator can be efficiently obtained in one single measurement and verification measurement results indicate its efficiency and reliability.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143422802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-24DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2025.3533664
Hong Liu;Xiufen Ye;Hanwen Zhou;Hanjie Huang
Forward-looking sonar (FLS) is one of the most commonly utilized sensors for ocean observation. Current research on ocean mapping and localization using FLS primarily focuses on small-scale simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) and single-target 3-D dense mapping. However, limited research exists on target localization for unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) equipped with underwater navigation system and FLS. This article addresses the problem of FLS-based target localization by establishing plane constraints and spherical constraints through spatial analysis. It was discovered that the plane constraint optimization method suffers from small gradients during depth optimization, while the spherical constraint method encounters multiple extreme point problem. To overcome these limitations, this study introduces an innovative target localization method that combines plane intersection with directional distance constraints. The proposed method formulates constraint equations by randomly selecting two observation results with significant differences. The solution with the greater depth is then selected as the accurate target location. This process is repeated to generate multiple solutions, and their average is computed to determine the final target location. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is both more stable and computationally efficient.
{"title":"Research on UUV Carrying Forward-Looking Sonar for Target Location Based on Spatial Analysis","authors":"Hong Liu;Xiufen Ye;Hanwen Zhou;Hanjie Huang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3533664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3533664","url":null,"abstract":"Forward-looking sonar (FLS) is one of the most commonly utilized sensors for ocean observation. Current research on ocean mapping and localization using FLS primarily focuses on small-scale simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) and single-target 3-D dense mapping. However, limited research exists on target localization for unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) equipped with underwater navigation system and FLS. This article addresses the problem of FLS-based target localization by establishing plane constraints and spherical constraints through spatial analysis. It was discovered that the plane constraint optimization method suffers from small gradients during depth optimization, while the spherical constraint method encounters multiple extreme point problem. To overcome these limitations, this study introduces an innovative target localization method that combines plane intersection with directional distance constraints. The proposed method formulates constraint equations by randomly selecting two observation results with significant differences. The solution with the greater depth is then selected as the accurate target location. This process is repeated to generate multiple solutions, and their average is computed to determine the final target location. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is both more stable and computationally efficient.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143183941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-24DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2025.3533662
Songlin Li;Ting Xue
Gas-liquid two-phase flow, widely present in the energy, chemical, and oil and gas industries, has extremely intricate 3-D kinematic processes, with flow parameter measurement being quite challenging. Bubble velocity, one of the most crucial flow parameters, has a considerable impact on industrial production and process safety. In this article, a novel and effective method for 3-D velocity measurement of bubbles is developed utilizing single-view noninvasive laser scanning. The principle is elaborated, and the specific mathematic models are established. According to the proposed method, the 3-D velocities of bubbles in a tank are acquired, and the magnitudes and distributions of the velocity components in each direction are explored and analyzed. The relationship between bubble velocity and bubble size is also investigated. Based on the magnitudes and directions of the resultant velocities, a 3-D visualization of bubbles is implemented, and finally, the 3-D trajectories are traced, which helps in bubble monitoring.
{"title":"Modeling and Measurement of 3-D Velocity for Rising Bubbles Utilizing Single-View Laser Scanning","authors":"Songlin Li;Ting Xue","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3533662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3533662","url":null,"abstract":"Gas-liquid two-phase flow, widely present in the energy, chemical, and oil and gas industries, has extremely intricate 3-D kinematic processes, with flow parameter measurement being quite challenging. Bubble velocity, one of the most crucial flow parameters, has a considerable impact on industrial production and process safety. In this article, a novel and effective method for 3-D velocity measurement of bubbles is developed utilizing single-view noninvasive laser scanning. The principle is elaborated, and the specific mathematic models are established. According to the proposed method, the 3-D velocities of bubbles in a tank are acquired, and the magnitudes and distributions of the velocity components in each direction are explored and analyzed. The relationship between bubble velocity and bubble size is also investigated. Based on the magnitudes and directions of the resultant velocities, a 3-D visualization of bubbles is implemented, and finally, the 3-D trajectories are traced, which helps in bubble monitoring.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143183945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-24DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2025.3533651
Sundo Kim;Jinseok Oh;Dongsuk Jeon;Inyong Kwon
The detector capacitance compensation (DCC) technique, which enables double active quenching of single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD), is presented in this article. A well-defined active quenching circuit offers advantages, such as a higher maximum photon-counting rate and lower afterpulsing probability. Also, the adjustable hold-off time caters to various demands in SPAD applications. The fast rise time, contributing to higher jitter performance, enables better resolutions when applied to medical imaging applications, such as positron emission tomography (PET). Meanwhile, the compact design of the active quenching circuit is essential for seamless integration with SPADs. The proposed light active quenching circuit incorporates the conventional active quenching scheme with a light unity-gain amplifier for DCC. The employment of the DCC technique in quenching time simulation demonstrates almost three times better results compared to the conventional approach, with a mere 23% increase in area and lower power consumption. The DCC technique is also effectively applied to a passive quenching circuit. Hold-off time is controlled by only using a current-starved inverter. The simulation results and measured data are shown in this article. Designed circuits are fabricated using 0.18-$mu $ m complementary metal-oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology.
{"title":"A Light Detector Capacitance Compensation Technique Achieving Boosted Active Quenching for Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes","authors":"Sundo Kim;Jinseok Oh;Dongsuk Jeon;Inyong Kwon","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3533651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3533651","url":null,"abstract":"The detector capacitance compensation (DCC) technique, which enables double active quenching of single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD), is presented in this article. A well-defined active quenching circuit offers advantages, such as a higher maximum photon-counting rate and lower afterpulsing probability. Also, the adjustable hold-off time caters to various demands in SPAD applications. The fast rise time, contributing to higher jitter performance, enables better resolutions when applied to medical imaging applications, such as positron emission tomography (PET). Meanwhile, the compact design of the active quenching circuit is essential for seamless integration with SPADs. The proposed light active quenching circuit incorporates the conventional active quenching scheme with a light unity-gain amplifier for DCC. The employment of the DCC technique in quenching time simulation demonstrates almost three times better results compared to the conventional approach, with a mere 23% increase in area and lower power consumption. The DCC technique is also effectively applied to a passive quenching circuit. Hold-off time is controlled by only using a current-starved inverter. The simulation results and measured data are shown in this article. Designed circuits are fabricated using 0.18-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m complementary metal-oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143361122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-24DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2025.3533661
Hristina Radak;Christian Scheunert;Martin Reisslein;Frank H. P. Fitzek
Orientation estimation based on inertial measurement units (IMUs) has emerged as a promising solution for real-time orientation tracking. Quaternion numbers are frequently employed by estimation algorithms to represent orientation in 3-D space. In recent years, gradient descent-based algorithms have been extensively utilized for quaternion-based orientation estimation due to their simplicity and effectiveness. However, the real functions of quaternion variables are nonanalytic. Current state-of-the-art algorithms for orientation estimation based on gradient descent methods overcome this obstacle by transforming the problem from the quaternion domain into the real domain. In contrast, we leverage the mathematical definition of the quaternion gradient based on the generalized Hamilton-real (GHR) algebra to solve the orientation estimation optimization problem based on IMUs directly in the quaternion domain. More specifically, we derive the accelerometer and magnetometer gradient descents in the quaternion domain and propose the quaternion gradient descent orientation estimation (QGD-OE) algorithm to estimate orientation from these gradient descents. We compare our QGD-OE algorithm with two state-of-the-art orientation estimation algorithms. We find that the QGD-OE algorithm achieves higher accuracy, improved robustness, and shorter convergence time than state-of-the-art methods. The comparison highlights the deficiencies of transforming from the quaternion domain into the real domain and underscores the importance of conducting gradient descent and estimation optimization in the quaternion domain.
{"title":"QGD-OE: IMU Orientation Estimation Based on Gradient Descent in the Quaternion Field","authors":"Hristina Radak;Christian Scheunert;Martin Reisslein;Frank H. P. Fitzek","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3533661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3533661","url":null,"abstract":"Orientation estimation based on inertial measurement units (IMUs) has emerged as a promising solution for real-time orientation tracking. Quaternion numbers are frequently employed by estimation algorithms to represent orientation in 3-D space. In recent years, gradient descent-based algorithms have been extensively utilized for quaternion-based orientation estimation due to their simplicity and effectiveness. However, the real functions of quaternion variables are nonanalytic. Current state-of-the-art algorithms for orientation estimation based on gradient descent methods overcome this obstacle by transforming the problem from the quaternion domain into the real domain. In contrast, we leverage the mathematical definition of the quaternion gradient based on the generalized Hamilton-real (GHR) algebra to solve the orientation estimation optimization problem based on IMUs directly in the quaternion domain. More specifically, we derive the accelerometer and magnetometer gradient descents in the quaternion domain and propose the quaternion gradient descent orientation estimation (QGD-OE) algorithm to estimate orientation from these gradient descents. We compare our QGD-OE algorithm with two state-of-the-art orientation estimation algorithms. We find that the QGD-OE algorithm achieves higher accuracy, improved robustness, and shorter convergence time than state-of-the-art methods. The comparison highlights the deficiencies of transforming from the quaternion domain into the real domain and underscores the importance of conducting gradient descent and estimation optimization in the quaternion domain.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143396317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-24DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2025.3533639
Juan Yang;Weichao Cai;Gao Chen;Jingwen Yan
High-precision segmentation of geological disasters plays a crucial role in disaster rescue, significantly contributing to improving rescue efficiency and optimizing the allocation of rescue resources. However, landslides and debris flows typically have irregular contours and arbitrary scopes, which cause most existing methods to suffer from poor performance. To address these issues, we propose a novel dual-path feature extraction architecture for geological hazard segmentation. First, the state space model-driven global multiscale attention module (SSMGMA) is used to model cross-scale long-range dependencies by powerful multiscale representation. Dilated convolutions are adopted to extract multiscale features, while the state space model (SSM) is incorporated to capture the global context and model cross-scale long-range dependencies. Consequently, the SSMGMA allows the proposed model to completely segment geological disasters. Subsequently, the high-frequency prompt encoder module (HFPE) is employed to alleviate the negative effects caused by irregular contour problems. The core idea of the HFPE is to effectively encode high-frequency information as the prompt to the decoder. Specifically, a well-designed encoding strategy is adopted in the HFPE, which can transform subtle variations in high-frequency information into precise locations of disaster areas. By combining the SSMGMA and HFPE, the proposed dual-path architecture leverages the advantages of multiscale features and high-frequency feature encoding, significantly improving the accuracy of disaster segmentation. Experimental results show that the proposed method has superior performance.
{"title":"A State Space Model-Driven Multiscale Attention Method for Geological Hazard Segmentation","authors":"Juan Yang;Weichao Cai;Gao Chen;Jingwen Yan","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3533639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3533639","url":null,"abstract":"High-precision segmentation of geological disasters plays a crucial role in disaster rescue, significantly contributing to improving rescue efficiency and optimizing the allocation of rescue resources. However, landslides and debris flows typically have irregular contours and arbitrary scopes, which cause most existing methods to suffer from poor performance. To address these issues, we propose a novel dual-path feature extraction architecture for geological hazard segmentation. First, the state space model-driven global multiscale attention module (SSMGMA) is used to model cross-scale long-range dependencies by powerful multiscale representation. Dilated convolutions are adopted to extract multiscale features, while the state space model (SSM) is incorporated to capture the global context and model cross-scale long-range dependencies. Consequently, the SSMGMA allows the proposed model to completely segment geological disasters. Subsequently, the high-frequency prompt encoder module (HFPE) is employed to alleviate the negative effects caused by irregular contour problems. The core idea of the HFPE is to effectively encode high-frequency information as the prompt to the decoder. Specifically, a well-designed encoding strategy is adopted in the HFPE, which can transform subtle variations in high-frequency information into precise locations of disaster areas. By combining the SSMGMA and HFPE, the proposed dual-path architecture leverages the advantages of multiscale features and high-frequency feature encoding, significantly improving the accuracy of disaster segmentation. Experimental results show that the proposed method has superior performance.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143183946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：