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Multiple pathogen contamination of water, hands, and fomites in rural Nepal and the effect of WaSH interventions 尼泊尔农村地区水、手和飞沫的多重病原体污染以及 WaSH 干预措施的效果
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114341
Sital Uprety , Isaac Ngo , Marika Maggos , Bipin Dangol , Samendra P. Sherchan , Joanna L. Shisler , Mohan Amarasiri , Daisuke Sano , Thanh H. Nguyen

Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WaSH) interventions are the most effective in reducing diarrheal disease severity and prevalence. However, very few studies have investigated the effectiveness of WaSH intervention in reducing pathogen presence and concentration. In this study, we employed a microfluidic PCR approach to quantify twenty bacterial pathogens in water (n = 360), hands (n = 180), and fomite (n = 540) samples collected in rural households of Nepal to assess the pathogen exposures and the effect of WaSH intervention on contamination and exposure rates. The pathogen load and the exposure pathways for each pathogen in intervention and control villages were compared to understand the effects of WaSH intervention. Pathogens were detected in higher frequency and concentration from fomites samples, toilet handle (21.42%; 5.4,0 95%CI: mean log10 of 4.69, 5.96), utensils (23.5%; 5.47, 95%CI: mean log10 of 4.77, 6.77), and water vessels (22.42%; 5.53, 95%CI: mean log10 of 4.79, 6.60) as compared to cleaning water (14.36%; 5.05, 95%CI: mean log10 of 4.36, 5.89), drinking water (14.26%; 4.37, 85%CI: mean log10 of 4.37, 5.87), and hand rinse samples (16.92%; 5.49, 95%CI: mean log10 of 4.77, 6.39). There was no clear evidence that WaSH intervention reduced overall pathogen contamination in any tested pathway. However, we observed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the prevalence, but not concentration, of some target pathogens, including Enterococcus spp. in the intervention village compared to the control village for water and hands rinse samples. Conversely, no significant reduction in target pathogen concentration was observed for water and hand rinse samples. In swab samples, there was a reduction mostly in pathogen concentration rather than pathogen prevalence, highlighting that a reduction in pathogen prevalence was not always accompanied by a reduction in pathogen concentration. This study provides an understanding of WaSH intervention on microbe concentrations. Such data could help with better planning of intervention activities in the future.

水、环境卫生和个人卫生(WaSH)干预措施是降低腹泻疾病严重程度和流行率的最有效方法。然而,很少有研究调查了 WaSH 干预措施在减少病原体存在和浓度方面的效果。在这项研究中,我们采用微流控 PCR 方法对尼泊尔农村家庭采集的水(n = 360)、手(n = 180)和粪便(n = 540)样本中的 20 种细菌病原体进行了定量分析,以评估病原体暴露情况以及 WaSH 干预措施对污染和暴露率的影响。对干预村和对照村的病原体负荷和每种病原体的暴露途径进行比较,以了解WaSH干预措施的效果。从粪便样本、马桶把手(21.42%;5.4,0 95%CI:平均 log10 为 4.69,5.96)、餐具(23.5%;5.47,95%CI:平均 log10 为 4.77,6.77)和水容器(22.42%;5.53,95%CI:平均 log10 为 4.77,6.77)中检测到病原体的频率和浓度较高。53,95%CI:平均 log10 为 4.79,6.60),而清洁水(14.36%;5.05,95%CI:平均 log10 为 4.36,5.89)、饮用水(14.26%;4.37,85%CI:平均 log10 为 4.37,5.87)和洗手液样本(16.92%;5.49,95%CI:平均 log10 为 4.77,6.39)。没有明确证据表明,WaSH 干预措施减少了任何测试途径中的总体病原体污染。然而,我们观察到,与对照村相比,干预村的水和漱手液样本中包括肠球菌属在内的一些目标病原体的流行率(p < 0.05)明显下降,但浓度没有下降。相反,水和漱手液样本中的目标病原体浓度没有明显降低。在拭子样本中,降低的主要是病原体浓度,而不是病原体流行率,这说明病原体流行率的降低并不总是伴随着病原体浓度的降低。这项研究让人们了解了WaSH干预措施对微生物浓度的影响。这些数据有助于更好地规划未来的干预活动。
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引用次数: 0
Pro-vegetarian dietary patterns and essential and heavy metal exposure in children of 4-5-years from the INfancia y medio Ambiente cohort (INMA) 来自 "健康与环境"(INMA)队列的 4-5 岁儿童的亲荤膳食模式及必需品和重金属暴露情况
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114344
Alejandro Oncina-Cánovas , Jesús Vioque , Gabriel Riutort-Mayol , Raquel Soler-Blasco , Amaia Irizar , Ziortza Barroeta , Ana Fernández-Somoano , Adonina Tardón , Martine Vrijheid , Mònica Guxens , Manus Carey , Caroline Meharg , Kathryn Ralphs , Coalain McCreanor , Andrew Meharg , Antonio J. Signes-Pastor

Dietary patterns provide a comprehensive assessment of food consumption, including essential nutrients and potential exposure to environmental contaminants. While pro-vegetarian (PVG) dietary patterns have shown health benefits in adults, their effects on children are less well studied. This study aims to explore the association between children's adherence to the most common PVG dietary patterns and their exposure to metals, assessed through urine concentration. In our study, we included a population of 723 children aged 4-5-years from the INfancia y Medio Ambiente (INMA) cohort in Spain. We calculated three predefined PVG dietary patterns, namely general (gPVG), healthful (hPVG), and unhealthful (uPVG), using dietary information collected through a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire. Urinary concentrations of various essential and heavy metals (Co, Cu, Zn, Se, Mo, Pb, and Cd) were measured using mass spectrometry. Additionally, urinary arsenic speciation, including arsenobetaine (AsB), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), and inorganic arsenic (iAs), was measured. The sum of urinary MMA and iAs was used to assess iAs exposure. We estimated primary (PMI) and secondary iAs methylation (SMI) indices. To explore the association between PVG dietary patterns in quintiles and metal exposure, we utilized multiple-adjusted linear regression models and the quantile g-computation approach. Compared with the lowest quintile, participants in the highest quintile of gPVG showed a 22.7% lower urinary Co (95% confidence interval (CI): −38.7; −1.98) and a 12.6% lower Se (95%CI: −22.9; −1.00) concentrations. Second quintile of adherence to hPVG was associated with a 51.7% lower urinary iAs + MMA concentrations (95%CI: −74.3; −8.61). Second quintile of adherence to an uPVG was associated with a 13.6% lower Se levels (95%CI: −22.9; −2.95) while the third quintile to this pattern was associated with 17.5% lower Mo concentrations (95%CI: −29.5; −2.95). The fourth quintile of adherence to gPVG was associated with a 68.5% higher PMI and a 53.7% lower SMI. Our study showed that adherence to a gPVG dietary pattern in childhood may modestly reduce the intakes of some essential metals such as Co and Se. Further investigations are warranted to explore any potential health implications.

膳食模式提供了对食物消费的全面评估,包括必需营养素和潜在的环境污染物暴露。虽然亲素食(PVG)膳食模式对成人的健康有益,但对儿童的影响研究较少。本研究旨在通过尿液浓度评估,探讨儿童坚持最常见的荤素搭配饮食模式与他们接触金属之间的关系。在这项研究中,我们从西班牙的环境与健康研究所(INMA)队列中选取了 723 名 4-5 岁的儿童作为研究对象。我们通过有效的食物频率调查问卷收集饮食信息,计算出三种预定义的 PVG 饮食模式,即一般(gPVG)、健康(hPVG)和不健康(uPVG)。采用质谱法测量了尿液中各种必需金属和重金属(钴、铜、锌、硒、钼、铅和镉)的浓度。此外,还测量了尿中砷的种类,包括砷甜菜碱(AsB)、二甲基砷酸(DMA)、单甲基砷酸(MMA)和无机砷(iAs)。尿液中 MMA 和 iAs 的总和用于评估 iAs 暴露。我们估算了一级(PMI)和二级 iAs 甲基化(SMI)指数。为了探究五分位数的 PVG 膳食模式与金属暴露之间的关系,我们采用了多重调整线性回归模型和五分位数 g 计算方法。与最低五分位数相比,gPVG 最高五分位数的参与者的尿液中 Co 含量降低了 22.7%(95% 置信区间 (CI):-38.7; -1.98; -38.7):-38.7;-1.98),Se 浓度降低了 12.6%(95% 置信区间:-22.9;-1.00)。坚持 hPVG 的第二个五分位数与尿 iAs + MMA 浓度降低 51.7% 相关(95%CI:-74.3;-8.61)。坚持uPVG的第二个五分位数与Se水平降低13.6%有关(95%CI:-22.9;-2.95),而该模式的第三个五分位数与Mo浓度降低17.5%有关(95%CI:-29.5;-2.95)。坚持 gPVG 的第四个五分位数与 PMI 升高 68.5% 和 SMI 降低 53.7% 相关。我们的研究表明,在儿童期坚持 gPVG 膳食模式可能会适度降低一些必需金属(如钴和硒)的摄入量。我们有必要进行进一步的研究,以探讨其对健康的潜在影响。
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引用次数: 0
Blood lead, cadmium and hair mercury concentrations and association with soil, dust and occupational factors in e-waste recycling workers in Bangladesh 孟加拉国电子废物回收工人血液中的铅、镉和毛发中的汞浓度及其与土壤、灰尘和职业因素的关系
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114340
Sarker Masud Parvez , Farjana Jahan , Jaynal Abedin , Mahbubur Rahman , Shaikh Sharif Hasan , Nafisa Islam , Nirupam Aich , Mohammad Moniruzzaman , Zahir Islam , Masatake Fujimura , Rubhana Raqib , Luke D. Knibbs , Peter D. Sly

Background

Electronic waste (e-waste) recycling activities release toxic metals, which pose substantial hazard to the environment and human health. We evaluated metal concentrations in biological and environmental samples, and examined the associations between biological lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) with soil and dust metals, and other possible determinants, among populations exposed and non-exposed to e-waste in Bangladesh.

Methods

A total of 199 e-waste workers and 104 non-exposed individuals were recruited. We measured blood Pb (BPb) and Cd (BCd) concentrations and total Hg (THg) from hair samples. Data were collected on occupational, and behavioral factors. We fitted an elastic net regression (ENET) to model the relationship between a set of influencing factors and metals as outcome variables while controlling for potential covariates.

Results

The median concentrations of BPb (11.89 μg/dL) and BCd (1.04 μg/L) among exposed workers were higher than those of non-exposed workers (BPb: 3.63 μg/dL and BCd: 0.83 μg/L respectively). A 100 ppm increment in soil Pb level was associated with an increase in ln-Pb (transformed) in blood (β = 0.002; 95% CI = 0.00, 0.02). Similarly, ln-BCd level increased (β = 0.02; 95% CI = 0.001, 0.07) with every ppm increase in dust Cd level. The number of years worked in e-waste activities was associated with elevated ln-BPb (β = 0.01; 95% CI = 0.01, 0.02) and ln-BCd levels (β = 0.003; 95% CI = 0.00, 0.05). Smoking significantly contributed to elevated levels of ln-BCd (β = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.43, 0.73). An increment of 100 kg of e-waste handling per week led to an increase in ln-BPb levels (β = 0.002; 95% CI = 0.00, 0.01), while respondents knowledge about adverse impact on e-waste reduced the ln-BPb level (β = −0.14; 95% CI = −0.31, −0.03). Fish consumption frequency had a positive association with THg in hair.

Conclusions

Our data show the need for workplace controls to reduce exposure to Pb and Cd with a broader view of exposure source taken.

背景电子废物(e-waste)回收活动会释放出有毒金属,对环境和人类健康造成严重危害。我们评估了生物和环境样本中的金属浓度,并研究了孟加拉国暴露于和未暴露于电子废物的人群中生物铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)和汞(Hg)与土壤和灰尘金属及其他可能的决定因素之间的关联。我们测量了血液中铅 (BPb) 和镉 (BCd) 的浓度以及头发样本中的总汞 (THg)。我们还收集了有关职业和行为因素的数据。在控制潜在协变量的情况下,我们利用弹性网回归(ENET)建立了一组影响因素与作为结果变量的金属之间的关系模型。结果暴露于土壤中的工人的血铅浓度中位数(11.89 μg/dL)和血镉浓度中位数(1.04 μg/L)高于未暴露于土壤中的工人(血铅浓度:3.63 μg/dL;血镉浓度:0.83 μg/L)。土壤中的铅含量每增加 100 ppm,血液中的 ln-Pb(转化值)就会增加(β = 0.002; 95% CI = 0.00, 0.02)。同样,尘埃中的镉含量每增加 1 ppm,ln-镉含量就会增加(β = 0.02; 95% CI = 0.001, 0.07)。从事电子废物活动的年数与 ln-BPb (β = 0.01;95% CI = 0.01,0.02)和 ln-BCd (β = 0.003;95% CI = 0.00,0.05)水平的升高有关。吸烟明显导致 ln-BCd 水平升高(β = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.43, 0.73)。每周处理 100 千克电子垃圾会导致 ln-BPb 含量增加(β = 0.002; 95% CI = 0.00, 0.01),而受访者对电子垃圾不良影响的了解会降低 ln-BPb 含量(β = -0.14; 95% CI = -0.31, -0.03)。结论:我们的数据表明,有必要对工作场所进行控制,以减少铅和镉的暴露量,并从更广泛的角度看待暴露源。
{"title":"Blood lead, cadmium and hair mercury concentrations and association with soil, dust and occupational factors in e-waste recycling workers in Bangladesh","authors":"Sarker Masud Parvez ,&nbsp;Farjana Jahan ,&nbsp;Jaynal Abedin ,&nbsp;Mahbubur Rahman ,&nbsp;Shaikh Sharif Hasan ,&nbsp;Nafisa Islam ,&nbsp;Nirupam Aich ,&nbsp;Mohammad Moniruzzaman ,&nbsp;Zahir Islam ,&nbsp;Masatake Fujimura ,&nbsp;Rubhana Raqib ,&nbsp;Luke D. Knibbs ,&nbsp;Peter D. Sly","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Electronic waste (e-waste) recycling activities release toxic metals, which pose substantial hazard to the environment and human health. We evaluated metal concentrations in biological and environmental samples, and examined the associations between biological lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) with soil and dust metals, and other possible determinants, among populations exposed and non-exposed to e-waste in Bangladesh.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A total of 199 e-waste workers and 104 non-exposed individuals were recruited. We measured blood Pb (BPb) and Cd (BCd) concentrations and total Hg (THg) from hair samples. Data were collected on occupational, and behavioral factors. We fitted an elastic net regression (ENET) to model the relationship between a set of influencing factors and metals as outcome variables while controlling for potential covariates.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The median concentrations of BPb (11.89 μg/dL) and BCd (1.04 μg/L) among exposed workers were higher than those of non-exposed workers (BPb: 3.63 μg/dL and BCd: 0.83 μg/L respectively). A 100 ppm increment in soil Pb level was associated with an increase in ln-Pb (transformed) in blood (β = 0.002; 95% CI = 0.00, 0.02). Similarly, ln-BCd level increased (β = 0.02; 95% CI = 0.001, 0.07) with every ppm increase in dust Cd level. The number of years worked in e-waste activities was associated with elevated ln-BPb (β = 0.01; 95% CI = 0.01, 0.02) and ln-BCd levels (β = 0.003; 95% CI = 0.00, 0.05). Smoking significantly contributed to elevated levels of ln-BCd (β = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.43, 0.73). An increment of 100 kg of e-waste handling per week led to an increase in ln-BPb levels (β = 0.002; 95% CI = 0.00, 0.01), while respondents knowledge about adverse impact on e-waste reduced the ln-BPb level (β = −0.14; 95% CI = −0.31, −0.03). Fish consumption frequency had a positive association with THg in hair.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Our data show the need for workplace controls to reduce exposure to Pb and Cd with a broader view of exposure source taken.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13994,"journal":{"name":"International journal of hygiene and environmental health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S143846392400021X/pdfft?md5=dc73c96dad39553ebfbfc4f9574bade2&pid=1-s2.0-S143846392400021X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139993495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Analysis of aromatic amines in human urine using comprehensive multi-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCxGC-MS) 利用综合多维气相色谱-质谱法(GCxGC-MS)分析人体尿液中的芳香胺类化合物
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114343
Nerea Lorenzo-Parodi , Susanne Moebus , Torsten C. Schmidt

Several aromatic amines (AA) are classified as human carcinogens, and tobacco smoke is one of the main sources of exposure. Once in the human body, they undergo different metabolic pathways which lead to either their excretion or ultimately to the formation of DNA and protein adducts.

The aim of this study was to investigate AA in 68 urine samples (aged 29–79, 47% female), including 10 smokers (S), 28 past-smokers (PS) and 30 never-smokers (NS), and to study if there was a relation between the smoking status and the amount of the AA present. GCxGC-MS was used to analyze AA in complex urine samples due to its high peak capacity and the fact that it provides two sets of retention times and structural information, which facilitates the separation and identification of the target analytes.

First, a qualitative comparison of an example set of a NS, PS and S sample was carried out, in which 38, 45 and 46 AA, respectively, could be tentatively identified. Afterwards, seven AA were successfully quantified in the samples. Of these, 4-ethylaniline (4EA, p = 0.015), 2,4,6-trimethylaniline (2,4,6TMA, p = 0.030), 2-naphthylamine (2NA, p = 0.014) and the sum of 2,4- and 2,6-dimethylaniline (DMA, p = 0.017) were found in significantly different (α = 0.05) concentrations for the S, 29 ± 14, 87 ± 49, 41 ± 26, and 105 ± 57 ng/L respectively, compared to the NS, 15 ± 6, 42 ± 30, 16 ± 6, and 48 ± 28 ng/L. And 2,4,6TMA (39 ± 26, p = 0.022), 2NA (18 ± 9, p = 0.025) and DMA (53 ± 46, p = 0.030), were also found at significantly higher concentrations in samples from S when compared to PS. However, some samples had AA concentrations outside the calibration curve and could not be taken into account, especially for 2-methylaniline (2MA). Therefore, all the samples were evaluated using a quantitative screening approach, by which the intensities of 4EA (p = 0.019), 2,4,6TMA (p = 0.048), 2NA (p = 0.016), DMA (p = 0.019) and 2MA (p = 0.006) in S were found to be significantly (α = 0.05) higher than in the NS, and 2MA (p = 0.019) and 4EA (p = 0.023) in S were found to be significantly higher than in the PS. An association between the smoking status and the amount of certain AA present could therefore be found. This information could be used to study the relation between the smoking status, the amount of AA present, and smoking related diseases like bladder cancer.

几种芳香胺(AA)被归类为人类致癌物,而烟草烟雾是接触芳香胺的主要来源之一。本研究旨在调查 68 份尿液样本(年龄在 29-79 岁之间,47% 为女性)中的 AA 含量,其中包括 10 名吸烟者(S)、28 名既往吸烟者(PS)和 30 名从不吸烟者(NS),并研究吸烟状况与 AA 含量之间是否存在关系。GCxGC-MS 用于分析复杂尿样中的 AA,因为它的峰容量大,而且能提供两组保留时间和结构信息,有利于目标分析物的分离和鉴定。随后,样品中的七种 AA 被成功定量。其中,4-乙基苯胺(4EA,p = 0.015)、2,4,6-三甲基苯胺(2,4,6TMA,p = 0.030)、2-萘胺(2NA,p = 0.014)以及 2,4-和 2,6-二甲基苯胺的总和(DMA,p = 0.017),与 NS(15±6、42±30、16±6 和 48±28 ng/L)相比,S 的浓度明显不同(α = 0.05),分别为 29±14、87±49、41±26 和 105±57 ng/L。与 PS 样本相比,S 样本中 2,4,6TMA(39 ± 26,p = 0.022)、2NA(18 ± 9,p = 0.025)和 DMA(53 ± 46,p = 0.030)的浓度也明显较高。不过,有些样品中的 AA 浓度超出了校准曲线的范围,因此无法将其考虑在内,尤其是 2-甲基苯胺(2MA)。因此,我们采用定量筛选法对所有样品进行了评估,其中 4EA(p = 0.019)、2,4,6TMA(p = 0.048)、2NA(p = 0.016)、DMA(p = 0.结果发现,S 组中的 2MA (p = 0.019) 和 4EA (p = 0.023) 明显高于 PS 组。因此,可以发现吸烟状况与某些 AA 的含量之间存在关联。这些信息可用于研究吸烟状况、AA 含量与膀胱癌等与吸烟有关的疾病之间的关系。
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引用次数: 0
Associations of arsenic exposure and arsenic metabolism with the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 砷暴露和砷代谢与非酒精性脂肪肝风险的关系
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114342
Yuenan Liu, Weiya Li, Jiazhen Zhang, Yan Yan, Qihang Zhou, Qianying Liu, Youbin Guan, Zhuoya Zhao, Jun An, Xu Cheng, Meian He

Growing evidences supported that arsenic exposure contributes to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) risk, but findings were still inconsistent. Additionally, once absorbed, arsenic is methylated into monomethyl and dimethyl arsenicals. However, no studies investigated the association of arsenic metabolism with NAFLD. Our objectives were to evaluate the associations of arsenic exposure and arsenic metabolism with NAFLD prevalence. We conducted a case-control study with 1790 participants derived from Dongfeng-Tongji cohort and measured arsenic species (arsenite, arsenate, monomethylarsonate [MMA], dimethylarsinate [DMA], and arsenobetaine) in urine. Arsenic exposure (∑As) was defined as the sum of inorganic arsenic (iAs), MMA, and DMA. Arsenic metabolism was evaluated as the proportions of inorganic-related species (iAs%, MMA%, and DMA%) and methylation efficiency ratios (primary methylation index [PMI], secondary methylation index [SMI]). NAFLD was diagnosed by liver ultrasound. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the associations. The median of ∑As was 13.24 μg/g creatinine. The ∑As showed positive and nonlinear association with moderate/severe NAFLD (OR: per log-SD = 1.33, 95% CI: [1.03,1.71]; P for nonlinearity = 0.021). The iAs% (OR: per SD = 1.16, 95% CI: [1.03,1.30]) and SMI (OR: per log-SD = 1.16, 95% CI: [1.03,1.31]) showed positive while MMA% (OR: per SD = 0.80, 95% CI: [0.70,0.91]) and PMI (OR: per log-SD = 0.86, 95% CI: [0.77,0.96]) showed inverse associations with NAFLD. Moreover, the ORs (95% CI) of NAFLD for each 5% increase in iAs% was 1.36 (1.17,1.58) when MMA% decreased and 1.07 (1.01,1.13) when DMA% decreased; and for each 5% increase in MMA%, it was 0.74 (0.63,0.86) and 0.79 (0.69,0.91) when iAs% and DMA% decreased, respectively. The results suggest that inorganic arsenic exposure is positively associated with NAFLD risk and arsenic methylation efficiency plays a role in the NAFLD. The findings provide clues to explore potential interventions for the prevention of NAFLD. Prospective studies are needed to validate our findings.

越来越多的证据表明,砷暴露会导致非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)风险,但研究结果仍不一致。此外,砷一旦被吸收,就会被甲基化成单甲基砷和二甲基砷。然而,没有研究调查了砷代谢与非酒精性脂肪肝的关系。我们的目的是评估砷暴露和砷代谢与非酒精性脂肪肝发病率的关系。我们对来自东风-同济队列的 1790 名参与者进行了病例对照研究,并测量了尿液中的砷种类(亚砷酸盐、砷酸盐、单甲基胂酸盐 [MMA]、二甲基胂酸盐 [DMA] 和砷甜菜碱)。砷暴露量(∑As)定义为无机砷(iAs)、MMA 和 DMA 的总和。砷代谢以无机砷相关种类的比例(iAs%、MMA% 和 DMA%)和甲基化效率比(一次甲基化指数 [PMI]、二次甲基化指数 [SMI])进行评估。非酒精性脂肪肝通过肝脏超声波诊断。采用逻辑回归评估相关性。∑As的中位数为13.24微克/克肌酐。∑As与中度/重度非酒精性脂肪肝呈非线性正相关(OR:每log-SD=1.33,95% CI:[1.03,1.71];非线性P=0.021)。iAs%(OR:每 SD = 1.16,95% CI:[1.03,1.30])和 SMI(OR:每 log-SD = 1.16,95% CI:[1.03,1.31])与非酒精性脂肪肝呈正相关,而 MMA%(OR:每 SD = 0.80,95% CI:[0.70,0.91])和 PMI(OR:每 log-SD = 0.86,95% CI:[0.77,0.96])与非酒精性脂肪肝呈反相关。此外,当 MMA% 降低时,iAs% 每增加 5%,非酒精性脂肪肝的 ORs(95% CI)为 1.36(1.17,1.58);当 DMA% 降低时,非酒精性脂肪肝的 ORs(95% CI)为 1.07(1.01,1.13);当 iAs% 和 DMA% 降低时,MMA% 每增加 5%,非酒精性脂肪肝的 ORs(95% CI)分别为 0.74(0.63,0.86)和 0.79(0.69,0.91)。结果表明,无机砷暴露与非酒精性脂肪肝风险呈正相关,砷甲基化效率在非酒精性脂肪肝中起作用。这些发现为探索预防非酒精性脂肪肝的潜在干预措施提供了线索。还需要进行前瞻性研究来验证我们的发现。
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引用次数: 0
Association between prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and infant anthropometry: A prospective cohort study 产前接触全氟和多氟烷基物质与婴儿人体测量的关系:前瞻性队列研究
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114339
Jincan Li , Xiujuan Su , Yan Zhou , Honglei Ji , Zhenzhen Xie , Songlin Sun , Ziliang Wang , Wei Yuan , Maohua Miao , Hong Liang

Background

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of synthetic organic chemicals with potential endocrine-disrupting effects, and have been found to impair the physical growth of offspring in both experimental and epidemiological studies. We aimed to investigate the effects of prenatal PFAS exposure on repeated measurements of multiple anthropometric indicators in infants.

Method

PFAS were measured in serum samples collected from pregnant women at 12–16 gestational weeks. We calculated z-scores for the weight-for-age (WAZ), weight-for-length (WLZ), head circumference-for-age (HCZ), arm circumference-for-age (ACZ), triceps skinfold-for-age (TSZ), and subscapular skinfold-for-age (SSZ) at birth, 6 months, and 12 months of age according to the child growth standards of the World Health Organization (WHO) for anthropometric indicators. A total of 964 mother–infant pairs were included. A multivariate linear regression was performed to examine the associations between prenatal PFAS concentrations and anthropometric indicators at each time point. A generalized estimating equation (GEE) model was used to examine the longitudinal effects of PFAS exposure on repeated measurements of anthropometric indicators. Ultimately, a Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) model was used to assess the joint effects of the PFAS mixture on anthropometric indicators.

Results

In GEE models, perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA) in the high tertile group was associated with increased WAZ/WLZ, with β values (95% confidence intervals (CI)) of 0.12 (0.00, 0.23) and 0.18 (0.03, 0.32), respectively. Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) was associated with increased ACZ in the middle and high tertile groups. The BKMR models also presented the associations of the PFAS mixture with increased WAZ/WLZ throughout infancy, with more profound effects in females. Meanwhile, a pattern of inverse associations was observed between the perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) concentrations in the high tertile group and decreased WAZ, WLZ, and HCZ in males. In addition, the associations between PFAS and increased TSZ/SSZ at birth were identified by both linear regression and BKMR models.

Conclusion

Prenatal PFAS exposure (PFNA and PFDoA) was associated with increased infant anthropometry, especially in female infants, while prenatal PFOA exposure was associated with decreased weight, and head and arm circumference in male infants. The findings indicate that prenatal PFAS exposure may impair the growth trajectory of offspring.

背景全氟和多氟烷基物质(PFAS)是一组具有潜在内分泌干扰作用的合成有机化学物质,在实验和流行病学研究中都发现它们会损害后代的身体发育。我们的目的是研究产前接触 PFAS 对重复测量婴儿多项人体测量指标的影响。根据世界卫生组织(WHO)的儿童生长标准,我们计算了婴儿出生、6 个月和 12 个月时的体重年龄比 (WAZ)、体重身长比 (WLZ)、头围年龄比 (HCZ)、臂围年龄比 (ACZ)、肱三头肌皮褶年龄比 (TSZ) 和肩胛下皮褶年龄比 (SSZ) 等人体测量指标的 z 值。共纳入了 964 对母婴。为了研究产前PFAS浓度与各时间点人体测量指标之间的关系,我们进行了多变量线性回归。使用广义估计方程 (GEE) 模型检验了 PFAS 暴露对人体测量指标重复测量的纵向影响。结果在GEE模型中,高三分位组的全氟十二酸(PFDoA)与WAZ/WLZ的增加相关,β值(95%置信区间(CI))分别为0.12(0.00,0.23)和0.18(0.03,0.32)。全氟壬酸 (PFNA) 与中三等分组和高三等分组的 ACZ 增加有关。BKMR模型还显示,全氟辛烷磺酸混合物与整个婴儿期WAZ/WLZ的增加有关,对女性的影响更深。同时,高三等分组中的全氟辛酸(PFOA)浓度与男性 WAZ、WLZ 和 HCZ 的降低呈反向关系。结论 产前接触全氟辛酸(PFNA 和 PFDoA)与婴儿(尤其是女婴)体重增加有关,而产前接触全氟辛酸与男婴体重、头围和臂围减少有关。研究结果表明,产前接触全氟辛烷磺酸可能会损害后代的生长轨迹。
{"title":"Association between prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and infant anthropometry: A prospective cohort study","authors":"Jincan Li ,&nbsp;Xiujuan Su ,&nbsp;Yan Zhou ,&nbsp;Honglei Ji ,&nbsp;Zhenzhen Xie ,&nbsp;Songlin Sun ,&nbsp;Ziliang Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Yuan ,&nbsp;Maohua Miao ,&nbsp;Hong Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of synthetic organic chemicals with potential endocrine-disrupting effects, and have been found to impair the physical growth of offspring in both experimental and epidemiological studies. We aimed to investigate the effects of prenatal PFAS exposure on repeated measurements of multiple anthropometric indicators in infants.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>PFAS were measured in serum samples collected from pregnant women at 12–16 gestational weeks. We calculated z-scores for the weight-for-age (WAZ), weight-for-length (WLZ), head circumference-for-age (HCZ), arm circumference-for-age (ACZ), triceps skinfold-for-age (TSZ), and subscapular skinfold-for-age (SSZ) at birth, 6 months, and 12 months of age according to the child growth standards of the World Health Organization (WHO) for anthropometric indicators. A total of 964 mother–infant pairs were included. A multivariate linear regression was performed to examine the associations between prenatal PFAS concentrations and anthropometric indicators at each time point. A generalized estimating equation (GEE) model was used to examine the longitudinal effects of PFAS exposure on repeated measurements of anthropometric indicators. Ultimately, a Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) model was used to assess the joint effects of the PFAS mixture on anthropometric indicators.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>In GEE models, perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA) in the high tertile group was associated with increased WAZ/WLZ, with β values (95% confidence intervals (CI)) of 0.12 (0.00, 0.23) and 0.18 (0.03, 0.32), respectively. Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) was associated with increased ACZ in the middle and high tertile groups. The BKMR models also presented the associations of the PFAS mixture with increased WAZ/WLZ throughout infancy, with more profound effects in females. Meanwhile, a pattern of inverse associations was observed between the perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) concentrations in the high tertile group and decreased WAZ, WLZ, and HCZ in males. In addition, the associations between PFAS and increased TSZ/SSZ at birth were identified by both linear regression and BKMR models.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Prenatal PFAS exposure (PFNA and PFDoA) was associated with increased infant anthropometry, especially in female infants, while prenatal PFOA exposure was associated with decreased weight, and head and arm circumference in male infants. The findings indicate that prenatal PFAS exposure may impair the growth trajectory of offspring.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13994,"journal":{"name":"International journal of hygiene and environmental health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139936082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Husband smoking is associated with Wife's thyrotropin abnormality: A population-based cohort study among Chinese reproductive-aged women 丈夫吸烟与妻子甲状腺素异常有关一项针对中国育龄妇女的人群队列研究
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114338
Siyu Wu , Ying Yang , Yunzhi Chen , Wenlu Xie , Jiaxin Huang , Meiya Liu , Youhong Liu , Die Xu , Xinyi Lyu , Hanbin Wu , Jueming Lei , Chuanyu Zhao , Ya Zhang , Hongguang Zhang , Yuan He , Zuoqi Peng , Yuanyuan Wang , Haiping Shen , Qiaomei Wang , Yiping Zhang , Xu Ma

Objectives

To comprehensively assess the association of husband smoking with wives’ thyrotropin abnormality.

Methods

This population-based retrospective cohort study included 2 406 090 Chinese reproductive-aged women who had participated twice in the National Free Pre-pregnancy Checkups Project between 2010 and 2020. Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for subnormal and supranormal thyrotropin were estimated according to the husband's smoking status.

Results

Husband smoking at the first visit was associated with a 17% (15%–20%) and 26% (24%–28%) increased odds of subnormal thyrotropin and supranormal thyrotropin respectively compared to participants in neither-smoker group. In non-smoking participants with normal thyrotropin levels at the first visit, the corresponding increased risk of subnormal thyrotropin and supranormal thyrotropin at the second visit were 15% (12%–18%) and 19% (16%–21%) in contrast to participants without husband-smoking exposure. In non-smoking participants with abnormal thyrotropin levels at their first visit, husband smoking cessation was associated with 27% (17%–35%) and 36% (31%–40%) reduced odds of subnormal thyrotropin and supranormal thyrotropin at the second visit compared with the participants whose husband still smoking at the second visit.

Conclusion

Husband smoking was associated with wives’ subnormal thyrotropin and supranormal thyrotropin, and cessation of husband smoking could reduce the odds of thyrotropin abnormality. Couple-focused smoking intervention should be developed to reduce the burden of asymptomatic thyroid disease in females.

方法 这项基于人群的回顾性队列研究纳入了2 406 090名在2010年至2020年间两次参加国家免费孕前优生健康检查项目的中国育龄妇女。结果与不吸烟组的参与者相比,首次就诊时丈夫吸烟导致甲状腺素亚正常和甲状腺素超正常的几率分别增加了17%(15%-20%)和26%(24%-28%)。在首次就诊时甲状腺素水平正常的非吸烟参与者中,与没有丈夫吸烟的参与者相比,第二次就诊时甲状腺素亚正常和甲状腺素超正常的风险相应增加了15%(12%-18%)和19%(16%-21%)。在首次就诊时甲状腺素水平异常的非吸烟参试者中,与第二次就诊时丈夫仍吸烟的参试者相比,丈夫戒烟与第二次就诊时甲状腺素亚正常和甲状腺素超常的几率分别降低27%(17%-35%)和36%(31%-40%)有关。结论 丈夫吸烟与妻子甲状腺素亚正常和甲状腺素超常有关,丈夫戒烟可降低甲状腺素异常的几率。应制定以夫妻双方为重点的吸烟干预措施,以减轻女性无症状甲状腺疾病的负担。
{"title":"Husband smoking is associated with Wife's thyrotropin abnormality: A population-based cohort study among Chinese reproductive-aged women","authors":"Siyu Wu ,&nbsp;Ying Yang ,&nbsp;Yunzhi Chen ,&nbsp;Wenlu Xie ,&nbsp;Jiaxin Huang ,&nbsp;Meiya Liu ,&nbsp;Youhong Liu ,&nbsp;Die Xu ,&nbsp;Xinyi Lyu ,&nbsp;Hanbin Wu ,&nbsp;Jueming Lei ,&nbsp;Chuanyu Zhao ,&nbsp;Ya Zhang ,&nbsp;Hongguang Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuan He ,&nbsp;Zuoqi Peng ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Wang ,&nbsp;Haiping Shen ,&nbsp;Qiaomei Wang ,&nbsp;Yiping Zhang ,&nbsp;Xu Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>To comprehensively assess the association of husband smoking with wives’ thyrotropin abnormality.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This population-based retrospective cohort study included 2 406 090 Chinese reproductive-aged women who had participated twice in the National Free Pre-pregnancy Checkups Project between 2010 and 2020. Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for subnormal and supranormal thyrotropin were estimated according to the husband's smoking status.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Husband smoking at the first visit was associated with a 17% (15%–20%) and 26% (24%–28%) increased odds of subnormal thyrotropin and supranormal thyrotropin respectively compared to participants in neither-smoker group. In non-smoking participants with normal thyrotropin levels at the first visit, the corresponding increased risk of subnormal thyrotropin and supranormal thyrotropin at the second visit were 15% (12%–18%) and 19% (16%–21%) in contrast to participants without husband-smoking exposure. In non-smoking participants with abnormal thyrotropin levels at their first visit, husband smoking cessation was associated with 27% (17%–35%) and 36% (31%–40%) reduced odds of subnormal thyrotropin and supranormal thyrotropin at the second visit compared with the participants whose husband still smoking at the second visit.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Husband smoking was associated with wives’ subnormal thyrotropin and supranormal thyrotropin, and cessation of husband smoking could reduce the odds of thyrotropin abnormality. Couple-focused smoking intervention should be developed to reduce the burden of asymptomatic thyroid disease in females.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13994,"journal":{"name":"International journal of hygiene and environmental health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139732508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Associations of parental preconception and maternal pregnancy urinary phthalate biomarker and bisphenol-a concentrations with child eating behaviors 父母孕前和母亲孕期尿液中邻苯二甲酸盐生物标志物和双酚 a 浓度与儿童饮食行为的关系
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114334
Jordana Leader , Lidia Mínguez-Alarcón , Paige L. Williams , Jennifer B. Ford , Ramace Dadd , Olivia Chagnon , Emily Oken , Antonia M. Calafat , Russ Hauser , Joseph M. Braun

Background

Eating behaviors are controlled by the neuroendocrine system. Whether endocrine disrupting chemicals have the potential to affect eating behaviors has not been widely studied in humans. We investigated whether maternal and paternal preconception and maternal pregnancy urinary phthalate biomarker and bisphenol-A (BPA) concentrations were associated with children's eating behaviors.

Methods

We used data from mother-father-child triads in the Preconception Environmental exposure And Childhood health Effects (PEACE) Study, an ongoing prospective cohort study of children aged 6–13 years whose parent(s) previously enrolled in a fertility clinic-based prospective preconception study. We quantified urinary concentrations of 11 phthalate metabolites and BPA in parents' urine samples collected preconceptionally and during pregnancy. Parents rated children's eating behavior using the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ). Using multivariable linear regression, accounting for correlation among twins, we estimated covariate-adjusted associations of urinary phthalate biomarkers and BPA concentrations with CEBQ subscale scores.

Results

This analysis included 195 children (30 sets of twins), 160 mothers and 97 fathers; children were predominantly non-Hispanic white (84%) and 53% were male. Paternal and maternal preconception monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) concentrations and maternal preconception mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) were positively associated with emotional overeating, food responsiveness, and desire to drink scores in children (βs= 0.11 [95% CI: 0.01, 0.20]–0.21 [95% CI: 0.10, 0.31] per loge unit increase in phthalate biomarker concentration). Paternal preconception BPA concentrations were inversely associated with scores on food approaching scales. Maternal pregnancy MnBP, mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP) and MBzP concentrations were associated with increased emotional undereating scores. Maternal pregnancy monocarboxy-isononyl phthalate concentrations were related to decreased food avoiding subscale scores.

Conclusions

In this cohort, higher maternal and paternal preconception urinary concentrations of some phthalate biomarkers were associated with increased food approaching behavior scores and decreased food avoiding behavior scores, which could lead to increased adiposity in children.

背景饮食行为受神经内分泌系统控制。关于干扰内分泌的化学物质是否有可能影响进食行为,尚未在人类中进行广泛研究。我们使用了 "孕前环境暴露与儿童健康影响(PEACE)研究 "中母亲-父亲-儿童三方的数据,该研究是一项正在进行中的前瞻性队列研究,研究对象是6-13岁的儿童,其父母曾参加过一项基于生育诊所的前瞻性孕前研究。我们对父母在孕前和孕期采集的尿样中 11 种邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物和双酚 A 的尿液浓度进行了量化。父母使用儿童饮食行为问卷 (CEBQ) 对儿童的饮食行为进行评分。利用多变量线性回归,并考虑到双胞胎之间的相关性,我们估算了尿液中邻苯二甲酸酯生物标志物和双酚 A 浓度与 CEBQ 分量表评分之间的协变量调整关系。结果这项分析包括 195 名儿童(30 组双胞胎)、160 名母亲和 97 名父亲;儿童主要为非西班牙裔白人(84%),53% 为男性。父亲和母亲受孕前的邻苯二甲酸单苄酯(MBzP)浓度和母亲受孕前的邻苯二甲酸单正丁酯(MnBP)浓度与儿童的情绪性暴饮暴食、食物反应性和饮酒欲望得分呈正相关(邻苯二甲酸酯类生物标志物浓度每增加 1 个 loge 单位,β′s= 0.11 [95% CI: 0.01, 0.20]-0.21 [95% CI: 0.10, 0.31])。孕前母体的双酚 A 浓度与食物接近量表的评分成反比。母亲怀孕时的邻苯二甲酸锰丁酯、邻苯二甲酸单异丁酯(MiBP)和甲基溴偶氮苯(MBzP)浓度与情绪性不节食评分的增加有关。结论 在该队列中,母亲和父亲孕前尿液中某些邻苯二甲酸酯类生物标志物浓度较高与食物接近行为得分增加和食物回避行为得分减少有关,这可能会导致儿童脂肪增加。
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引用次数: 0
Preparing schools for future pandemics: Insights on water, sanitation and hygiene solutions from the Brazilian school reopening policies 让学校做好应对未来流行病的准备:巴西学校重新开放政策对水、环境卫生和个人卫生解决方案的启示。
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114325
Kasandra I.H.M. Poague, Justine I. Blanford, Javier A. Martínez, Carmen Anthonj

Post-COVID-19, schools urgently need to enhance infection control and prevention (IPC) measures, including water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), to prepare for future outbreaks and pandemics. Particularly in Brazil, that is of particular concern, as students are still recovering from the 20th longest school closure in the world. Hence, the current study had two goals: (i) to describe WASH solutions outlined in policies released at the federal, state, and capital city levels in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic for the safe reopening of schools and (ii) to discuss their potential to enhance school's capacity to remain operational during a new pandemic or outbreak. With a qualitative exploratory approach, we performed content analysis to discuss the direction (what, where, how and for whom?) of 66 public policies by integrating four frameworks. Solutions were discussed in the light of the principles of human rights and the human rights to water and sanitation, international guidelines for WASH and IPC in schools and the Sphere minimum standards for humanitarian aid. One hundred and fifty-nine solutions, spanning five thematic areas and five population groups, including software and hardware interventions, were compiled for potential use in Brazil and beyond. While suggested solutions have the potential to provide a cleaner and safer learning environment, it is essential to exercise caution when implementing these measures and adapt them to the specific circumstances of each school.

COVID-19 之后,学校迫切需要加强感染控制和预防(IPC)措施,包括水、环境卫生和个人卫生(WASH),为未来的疫情爆发和大流行做好准备。特别是在巴西,这一点尤其值得关注,因为学生们仍在从世界上停课时间最长的第 20 所学校的停课中恢复过来。因此,本研究有两个目标(i) 描述在 COVID-19 大流行期间,巴西联邦、州和首府城市发布的政策中概述的讲卫生运动解决方案,以确保学校的安全复课;(ii) 讨论这些解决方案在新的大流行或疫情爆发期间提高学校继续运作能力的潜力。通过定性探索方法,我们进行了内容分析,结合四个框架讨论了 66 项公共政策的方向(什么、在哪里、如何以及为谁?我们根据人权原则、享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权、学校讲卫生运动和 IPC 国际准则以及 Sphere 人道主义援助最低标准讨论了解决方案。编纂了 159 个解决方案,涵盖五个专题领域和五个人口群体,包括软件和硬件干预措施,以备在巴西及其他地区使用。虽然建议的解决方案有可能提供更清洁、更安全的学习环境,但在实施这些措施时必须谨慎,并根据每所学校的具体情况进行调整。
{"title":"Preparing schools for future pandemics: Insights on water, sanitation and hygiene solutions from the Brazilian school reopening policies","authors":"Kasandra I.H.M. Poague,&nbsp;Justine I. Blanford,&nbsp;Javier A. Martínez,&nbsp;Carmen Anthonj","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Post-COVID-19, schools urgently need to enhance infection control and prevention (IPC) measures, including water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), to prepare for future outbreaks and pandemics. Particularly in Brazil, that is of particular concern, as students are still recovering from the 20th longest school closure in the world. Hence, the current study had two goals: (i) to describe WASH solutions outlined in policies released at the federal, state, and capital city levels in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic for the safe reopening of schools and (ii) to discuss their potential to enhance school's capacity to remain operational during a new pandemic or outbreak. With a qualitative exploratory approach, we performed content analysis to discuss the direction (what, where, how and for whom?) of 66 public policies by integrating four frameworks. Solutions were discussed in the light of the principles of human rights and the human rights to water and sanitation, international guidelines for WASH and IPC in schools and the Sphere minimum standards for humanitarian aid. One hundred and fifty-nine solutions, spanning five thematic areas and five population groups, including software and hardware interventions, were compiled for potential use in Brazil and beyond. While suggested solutions have the potential to provide a cleaner and safer learning environment, it is essential to exercise caution when implementing these measures and adapt them to the specific circumstances of each school.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13994,"journal":{"name":"International journal of hygiene and environmental health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1438463924000063/pdfft?md5=46823686493b4526ea3c52d9eabbb130&pid=1-s2.0-S1438463924000063-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139708872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Metal mixtures and oral health among children and adolescents in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2017–2020 2017-2020 年全国健康与营养调查(NHANES)中儿童和青少年的金属混合物与口腔健康状况
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114335
A.A. Akinkugbe , V. Midya , J. Duffy , J. Landero , R.O. Wright , R.J. Wright

Introduction

Dental caries is the most common non-communicable human disease, yet little is known about the role of environmental metals, despite teeth consisting of a hard matrix of trace elements. We conducted a cross-sectional study of associations between environmental metals and objective assessment of dental caries and subjective assessments of oral health among a representative sample of U.S. children and adolescents.

Methods

Data were from the 2017–March 2020 pre-pandemic data file of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). To account for metal mixtures, we used weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression to estimate the joint impact of multiple trace elements assessed in blood and urine with oral disease outcomes.

Results

The blood metal mixture index was associated with a 32% (95% CI: 1.11, 1.56) increased risk of decayed surfaces while the urine metal mixture index was associated with a 106%, RR (95% CI = 2.06 (1.58, 2.70) increased caries risk. For both blood and urine, Mercury (Hg) had the largest contribution to the mixture index followed by Lead (Pb). The WQS blood metal mixture index was also significantly associated with poorer self-rated oral health, although the magnitude of the association was not as strong as for the objective oral disease measures, RR (95% CI) = 1.04 (1.02, 1.07).

Discussion

Increased exposure to a metal mixture was significantly related to poorer objective and subjective oral health outcomes among U.S. children and adolescents. These are among the first findings showing that metal mixtures are a significant contributor to poor oral health.

导言:龋齿是人类最常见的非传染性疾病,尽管牙齿是由微量元素组成的坚硬基质,但人们对环境金属的作用却知之甚少。我们对具有代表性的美国儿童和青少年样本中环境金属与龋齿客观评估和口腔健康主观评估之间的关联进行了一项横断面研究。方法数据来自美国国家健康与营养调查(NHANES)的 2017 年至 2020 年 3 月流行病前数据文件。结果血液金属混合物指数与龋坏表面风险增加 32% (95% CI: 1.11, 1.56) 相关,而尿液金属混合物指数与龋坏风险增加 106% (95% CI = 2.06 (1.58, 2.70)) 相关。在血液和尿液中,汞(Hg)对混合物指数的影响最大,其次是铅(Pb)。讨论在美国儿童和青少年中,金属混合物暴露的增加与较差的客观和主观口腔健康结果显著相关。这是首次发现金属混合物是导致口腔健康不良的重要因素之一。
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International journal of hygiene and environmental health
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