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Biomonitoring of volatile organic compounds and organophosphorus flame retardands in commercial aircrews after „fume and smell events“ 商用机组人员在 "烟雾和气味事件 "后对挥发性有机化合物和有机磷阻燃剂的生物监测
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114381
Tobias Weiss , Stephan Koslitz , Christoph Nöllenheidt , Christoph Caumanns , Jörg Hedtmann , Heiko U. Käfferlein , Thomas Brüning

Health risks to humans after „fume and smell events“, short-term incidents on aircrafts that are accompanied by unpleasant odour or visible smoke, remain a subject of controversy. We assessed exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOC) and organophosphorus compounds (OPC) by biomonitoring in 375 aircrew members after self-reported “fume and smell events” and in 88 persons of the general population. A total of 20 parameters were analysed in blood and urine by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Median levels of acetone in blood and urine and 2-propanol in blood were elevated in aircrews compared to controls (p < 0.0001). Additionally, elevated peak exposures, best estimated by the 95th percentiles, were observed in aircrews for n-heptane and n-octane in blood, and acetone, 2,5-hexanedione and o-cresol in urine. Only the maximum observed levels of 2,5-hexandione in urine (768 μg/L) and toluene in blood (77 μg/L) in aircrew members were higher than the current biological exposure indices (BEI® levels) (500 and 20 μg/L, respectively) of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (US-ACGIH) for workers occupationally exposed to n-hexane and toluene, two well-accepted human neurotoxicants. Low-level exposures to n-hexane and toluene could be also observed in controls. The majority of OPC parameters in urine, including those of neurotoxic ortho-isomers of tricresylphosphate, were below the limit of quantitation in both aircrews and controls. Our comparative VOC and OPC analyses in biological samples of a large number of aircrew members and controls suggest that exposures are similar in both groups and generally low.

"烟雾和气味事件 "是飞机上发生的伴有难闻气味或可见烟雾的短期事件,事件发生后对人体健康的危害仍然存在争议。我们通过生物监测评估了 375 名自我报告 "烟雾和气味事件 "后的空勤人员和 88 名普通人群接触挥发性有机化合物 (VOC) 和有机磷化合物 (OPC) 的情况。通过气相色谱法和质谱法对血液和尿液中的 20 个参数进行了分析。与对照组相比,空勤人员血液和尿液中丙酮的中位含量以及血液中 2-丙醇的中位含量均有所升高(p < 0.0001)。此外,空勤人员血液中的正庚烷和正辛烷,以及尿液中的丙酮、2,5-己二酮和邻甲酚的峰值辐照量都有所升高(以第 95 百分位数估算最佳)。只有在空勤人员尿液中观察到的 2,5-己二酮最高含量(768 微克/升)和在血液中观察到的甲苯最高含量(77 微克/升)高于美国政府工业卫生学家会议(US-ACGIH)针对职业接触正己烷和甲苯这两种公认的人类神经毒物的工人规定的现行生物接触指数(BEI® 水平)(分别为 500 微克/升和 20 微克/升)。在对照组中也可观察到低浓度接触正己烷和甲苯的情况。在空勤人员和对照组中,尿液中的大多数 OPC 参数(包括三苯基膦的神经毒性原异构体参数)都低于定量限。我们对大量空勤人员和对照组生物样本中的挥发性有机化合物和 OPC 进行了比较分析,结果表明,两组人员的接触情况相似,且一般较低。
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引用次数: 0
Endocrine disrupting chemicals in children's and their parents' urine: Is the exposure related to the Chinese and Western lifestyle? 儿童及其父母尿液中的内分泌干扰化学物质:暴露量与中西方生活方式有关吗?
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114383
Na Li , Jing Liu , Guangguo Ying , John Chi-Kin Lee , Ting Fan Leung , Adrian Covaci , Wen-Jing Deng

Children are known to be more vulnerable to exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) compared to adults, but evaluating the exposure pathways can be challenging. This research employed target and non-target analysis (NTA) to examine the exposure characteristics of EDCs in spot urine samples collected from 46 children's (aged 3–12 years) and their parents in Hong Kong (Chinese/Western lifestyle) and Guangzhou (mainly Chinese lifestyle). The results revealed that the geometric mean concentrations of phthalate esters metabolites (mPAEs) and bisphenols (BPs) in children's urine were 127.3 μg/gcrea and 2.5 μg/gcrea in Guangzhou, and 93.7 μg/gcrea and 2.9 μg/gcrea in Hong Kong, respectively, which were consistent with global levels. NTA identified a total of 1069 compounds, including 106 EDCs, commonly detected in food, cosmetics, and drugs. Notable regional differences were observed between Guangzhou and Hong Kong with potential sources of EDCs including dietary and cosmetic additives, toys, flooring and dust, as well as differences in lifestyles, diet, and living environment. However, age was found to significantly impact EDC exposure. The quantified EDCs (mPAEs and BPs) posed possible health risks to 60% of the children. Moreover, the presence of caffeine in children's urine, which exhibited higher detection rates in children from Hong Kong (95.6%) and Guangzhou (44.4%), warrants further attention. The sources of EDCs exposure in these regions need to be fully confirmed.

众所周知,与成人相比,儿童更容易接触到干扰内分泌的化学物质(EDCs),但评估接触途径却具有挑战性。这项研究采用目标和非目标分析(NTA)方法,检测香港(中西生活方式)和广州(以中国人为主的生活方式)46名儿童(3-12岁)及其父母的定点尿液样本中EDCs的暴露特征。结果显示,广州儿童尿液中邻苯二甲酸酯类代谢物(mPAEs)和双酚(BPs)的几何平均浓度分别为 127.3 微克/克升和 2.5 微克/克升,而香港儿童尿液中邻苯二甲酸酯类代谢物(mPAEs)和双酚(BPs)的几何平均浓度分别为 93.7 微克/克升和 2.9 微克/克升,与全球水平一致。国家膳食营养补充剂检出了1069种化合物,包括106种常见于食品、化妆品和药物中的EDCs。广州和香港之间存在明显的地区差异,EDCs的潜在来源包括膳食和化妆品添加剂、玩具、地板和灰尘,以及生活方式、饮食和生活环境的差异。不过,研究发现年龄对暴露于 EDC 有重大影响。量化的 EDCs(mPAEs 和 BPs)可能会对 60% 的儿童造成健康风险。此外,香港(95.6%)和广州(44.4%)儿童尿液中咖啡因的检出率较高,值得进一步关注。这些地区暴露于 EDCs 的来源有待全面确认。
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引用次数: 0
Phthalates and substitute plasticizers: Main achievements from the European human biomonitoring initiative HBM4EU 邻苯二甲酸盐和替代增塑剂:欧洲人体生物监测倡议 HBM4EU 的主要成就
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114378
Antje Gerofke , Rosa Lange , Nina Vogel , Phillipp Schmidt , Till Weber , Madlen David , Hanne Frederiksen , Kirsten Baken , Eva Govarts , Liese Gilles , Laura Rodriguez Martin , Žanna Martinsone , Tiina Santonen , Greet Schoeters , Martin Scheringer , Elena Domínguez-Romero , Marta Esteban López , Argelia Castaño Calvo , Holger M. Koch , Petra Apel , Marike Kolossa-Gehring

Phthalates and the substitute plasticizer DINCH belong to the first group of priority substances investigated by the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU) to answer policy-relevant questions and safeguard an efficient science-to-policy transfer of results. Human internal exposure levels were assessed using two data sets from all European regions and Israel. The first collated existing human biomonitoring (HBM) data (2005–2019). The second consisted of new data generated in the harmonized “HBM4EU Aligned Studies” (2014–2021) on children and teenagers for the ten most relevant phthalates and DINCH, accompanied by a quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) program for 17 urinary exposure biomarkers. Exposures differed between countries, European regions, age groups and educational levels. Toxicologically derived Human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GVs) were exceeded in up to 5% of the participants of the HBM4EU Aligned Studies. A mixture risk assessment (MRA) including five reprotoxic phthalates (DEHP, DnBP, DiBP, BBzP, DiNP) revealed that for about 17% of the children and teenagers, health risks cannot be excluded. Concern about male reproductive health emphasized the need to include other anti-androgenic substances for MRA. Contaminated food and the use of personal care products were identified as relevant exposure determinants paving the way for new regulatory measures. Time trend analyses verified the efficacy of regulations: especially for the highly regulated phthalates exposure dropped significantly, while levels of the substitutes DINCH and DEHTP increased. The HBM4EU e-waste study, however, suggests that workers involved in e-waste management may be exposed to higher levels of restricted phthalates. Exposure-effect association studies indicated the relevance of a range of endpoints. A set of HBM indicators was derived to facilitate and accelerate science-to-policy transfer. Result indicators allow different groups and regions to be easily compared. Impact indicators allow health risks to be directly interpreted. The presented results enable successful science-to-policy transfer and support timely and targeted policy measures.

邻苯二甲酸盐和替代增塑剂 DINCH 属于欧洲人体生物监测倡议(HBM4EU)调查的第一类优先物质,目的是回答与政策相关的问题,并保障科学成果向政策的有效转化。利用来自欧洲所有地区和以色列的两个数据集对人体内部暴露水平进行了评估。第一个数据集整理了现有的人类生物监测(HBM)数据(2005-2019 年)。第二个数据集包括在统一的 "HBM4EU 一致性研究"(2014-2021 年)中生成的关于儿童和青少年的十种最相关邻苯二甲酸盐和 DINCH 的新数据,以及 17 种尿液暴露生物标志物的质量保证/质量控制(QA/QC)计划。不同国家、不同欧洲地区、不同年龄组和不同教育水平的接触情况各不相同。毒理学得出的人类生物监测指导值(HBM-GV)在 HBM4EU 一致性研究的参与者中超标率高达 5%。包括五种具有生殖毒性的邻苯二甲酸盐(DEHP、DnBP、DiBP、BBzP、DiNP)在内的混合物风险评估(MRA)显示,对于约 17% 的儿童和青少年而言,健康风险无法排除。对男性生殖健康的关注强调了将其他抗雄激素物质纳入 MRA 的必要性。受污染的食物和个人护理产品的使用被确定为相关的暴露决定因素,为采取新的监管措施铺平了道路。时间趋势分析验证了监管措施的有效性:尤其是受到高度监管的邻苯二甲酸盐的暴露量显著下降,而替代品 DINCH 和 DEHTP 的水平则有所上升。不过,HBM4EU 电子废物研究表明,从事电子废物管理的工人可能会接触到更高浓度的受限邻苯二甲酸盐。暴露-效应关联研究表明了一系列终点的相关性。为了促进和加快从科学到政策的转变,制定了一套注重结果的管理(HBM)指标。结果指标便于对不同群体和地区进行比较。影响指标可以直接解释健康风险。所提出的结果有助于科学向政策的成功转化,并支持及时和有针对性的政策措施。
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引用次数: 0
Small-scale wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) for infectious diseases and antibiotic resistance: A scoping review 针对传染病和抗生素耐药性的小规模废水流行病学 (WBE):范围审查
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114379
Dennis Schmiege , Timo Haselhoff , Alexander Thomas , Ivana Kraiselburd , Folker Meyer , Susanne Moebus

Wastewater analysis can serve as a source of public health information. In recent years, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has emerged and proven useful for the detection of infectious diseases. However, insights from the wastewater treatment plant do not allow for the small-scale differentiation within the sewer system that is needed to analyze the target population under study in more detail. Small-scale WBE offers several advantages, but there has been no systematic overview of its application.

The aim of this scoping review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge on small-scale WBE for infectious diseases, including methodological considerations for its application. A systematic database search was conducted, considering only peer-reviewed articles. Data analyses included quantitative summary and qualitative narrative synthesis.

Of 2130 articles, we included 278, most of which were published since 2020. The studies analyzed wastewater at the building level (n = 203), especially healthcare (n = 110) and educational facilities (n = 80), and at the neighborhood scale (n = 86). The main analytical parameters were viruses (n = 178), notably SARS-CoV-2 (n = 161), and antibiotic resistance (ABR) biomarkers (n = 99), often analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with DNA sequencing techniques being less common. In terms of sampling techniques, active sampling dominated. The frequent lack of detailed information on the specification of selection criteria and the characterization of the small-scale sampling sites was identified as a concern.

In conclusion, based on the large number of studies, we identified several methodological considerations and overarching strategic aspects for small-scale WBE. An enabling environment for small-scale WBE requires inter- and transdisciplinary knowledge sharing across countries. Promoting the adoption of small-scale WBE will benefit from a common international conceptualization of the approach, including standardized and internationally accepted terminology. In particular, the development of good WBE practices for different aspects of small-scale WBE is warranted. This includes the establishment of guidelines for a comprehensive characterization of the local sewer system and its sub-sewersheds, and transparent reporting to ensure comparability of small-scale WBE results.

废水分析可作为公共卫生信息的来源。近年来,基于废水的流行病学(WBE)应运而生,并被证明有助于检测传染病。然而,从污水处理厂获得的信息无法对下水道系统进行小规模区分,而这正是对研究对象进行更详细分析所必需的。本范围综述的目的是全面概述目前有关传染病小规模 WBE 的知识状况,包括其应用的方法学考虑因素。我们进行了系统的数据库搜索,只考虑了同行评议文章。在 2130 篇文章中,我们收录了 278 篇,其中大部分是 2020 年以来发表的。这些研究分析了建筑物层面的废水(n = 203),尤其是医疗设施(n = 110)和教育设施(n = 80),以及社区层面的废水(n = 86)。主要分析参数是病毒(n = 178),特别是 SARS-CoV-2 (n = 161),以及抗生素耐药性(ABR)生物标志物(n = 99),通常通过聚合酶链反应(PCR)进行分析,DNA 测序技术较少使用。在采样技术方面,主动采样占主导地位。总之,在大量研究的基础上,我们确定了小规模水生生物多样性研究的几项方法论考虑因素和总体战略方面。小尺度水生生物多样性的有利环境需要各国间跨学科知识共享。促进采用小规模水经济模式将受益于国际上对该方法的共同概念化,包括标准化和国际公认的术语。特别是,有必要针对小规模水力发电企业的不同方面制定良好的水力发电企业做法。这包括为当地下水道系统及其子流域的全面特征描述制定指导原则,以及为确保小规模水环 境教育结果的可比性制定透明的报告。
{"title":"Small-scale wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) for infectious diseases and antibiotic resistance: A scoping review","authors":"Dennis Schmiege ,&nbsp;Timo Haselhoff ,&nbsp;Alexander Thomas ,&nbsp;Ivana Kraiselburd ,&nbsp;Folker Meyer ,&nbsp;Susanne Moebus","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114379","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wastewater analysis can serve as a source of public health information. In recent years, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has emerged and proven useful for the detection of infectious diseases. However, insights from the wastewater treatment plant do not allow for the small-scale differentiation within the sewer system that is needed to analyze the target population under study in more detail. Small-scale WBE offers several advantages, but there has been no systematic overview of its application.</p><p>The aim of this scoping review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge on small-scale WBE for infectious diseases, including methodological considerations for its application. A systematic database search was conducted, considering only peer-reviewed articles. Data analyses included quantitative summary and qualitative narrative synthesis.</p><p>Of 2130 articles, we included 278, most of which were published since 2020. The studies analyzed wastewater at the building level (n = 203), especially healthcare (n = 110) and educational facilities (n = 80), and at the neighborhood scale (n = 86). The main analytical parameters were viruses (n = 178), notably SARS-CoV-2 (n = 161), and antibiotic resistance (ABR) biomarkers (n = 99), often analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with DNA sequencing techniques being less common. In terms of sampling techniques, active sampling dominated. The frequent lack of detailed information on the specification of selection criteria and the characterization of the small-scale sampling sites was identified as a concern.</p><p>In conclusion, based on the large number of studies, we identified several methodological considerations and overarching strategic aspects for small-scale WBE. An enabling environment for small-scale WBE requires inter- and transdisciplinary knowledge sharing across countries. Promoting the adoption of small-scale WBE will benefit from a common international conceptualization of the approach, including standardized and internationally accepted terminology. In particular, the development of good WBE practices for different aspects of small-scale WBE is warranted. This includes the establishment of guidelines for a comprehensive characterization of the local sewer system and its sub-sewersheds, and transparent reporting to ensure comparability of small-scale WBE results.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13994,"journal":{"name":"International journal of hygiene and environmental health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1438463924000609/pdfft?md5=4fdb38451fe71c5679e55d07b4ed04e0&pid=1-s2.0-S1438463924000609-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140554875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The state of reporting context and implementation in peer-reviewed evaluations of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions: A scoping review 经同行评审的水、环境卫生和个人卫生干预措施评估中对背景和实施情况的报告状况:范围界定审查
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114363
Jonny Crocker, Emily A. Ogutu, Jedidiah Snyder, Matthew C. Freeman

Introduction

To accurately assess evidence from environmental and public health field trials, context and implementation details of the intervention must be weighed with trial results; yet these details are under and inconsistently reported for water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), limiting the external validity of the evidence.

Methods

To quantify the level of reporting of context and implementation in WASH evaluations, we conducted a scoping review of the 40 most cited evaluations of WASH interventions published in the last 10 years (2012–2022). We applied criteria derived from a review of existing reporting guidance from other sectors including healthcare and implementation science. We subsequently reviewed main articles, supplements, protocols, and other associated resources to assess thoroughness of context and implementation reporting.

Results

Of the final 25 reporting items we searched for, four—intervention name, approach, location, and temporality—were reported by all studies. Five items—theory, implementer qualifications, dose intensity, targeting, and measured fidelity—were not reported in over a third of reviewed articles. Only two studies (5%) reported all items in our checklist. Only 74% of items were found in the main article, while the rest were found in separate papers (7%) or not at all (19%).

Discussion

Inconsistent reporting of WASH implementation illustrates a major challenge in the sector. It is difficult to know what interventions are actually being evaluated and how to compare evaluation results. This inconsistent and incomplete implementation reporting limits the ability of programmers and policy makers to apply the available evidence to their contexts. Standardized reporting guidelines would improve the application of the evidence for WASH field evaluations.

导言为了准确评估环境和公共卫生现场试验的证据,必须将干预措施的背景和实施细节与试验结果进行权衡;然而,这些细节在水、环境卫生和个人卫生(WASH)方面的报告较少且不一致,从而限制了证据的外部有效性。我们采用的标准来自于对医疗保健和实施科学等其他领域现有报告指南的审查。我们随后审查了主要文章、补充材料、协议和其他相关资源,以评估背景和实施报告的全面性。结果 在我们搜索的最后 25 个报告项目中,所有研究都报告了 4 个项目--干预名称、方法、地点和时间。在超过三分之一的综述文章中,有五项--理论、实施者资质、剂量强度、目标定位和测量保真度--未被报告。只有两项研究(5%)报告了我们核对表中的所有项目。只有 74% 的项目出现在主要文章中,其余的出现在单独的论文中(7%)或根本没有出现(19%)。很难知道哪些干预措施实际上正在接受评估,也很难知道如何比较评估结果。这种不一致和不完整的实施报告限制了计划制定者和政策制定者将现有证据应用于实际情况的能力。标准化的报告准则将改善讲卫生运动实地评估证据的应用。
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引用次数: 0
Lead exposure by E-waste disposal and recycling in Agbogbloshie, Ghana 加纳 Agbogbloshie 电子废物处置和回收中的铅暴露
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114375
P. Püschel , K.M. Agbeko , A.A. Amoabeng-Nti , J. Arko-Mensah , J. Bertram , J.N. Fobil , S. Waldschmidt , K. Löhndorf , T. Schettgen , M. Lakemeyer , A. Morrison , T. Küpper

Background

Agbogbloshie in Ghana is the world's biggest dumpsite for the informal recycling of electronic waste (e-waste). E-waste is dismantled by rudimentary methods without personal or environmental protection. Workers and occupants are exposed to lead. There are no data so far about the extent and the consequences. We therefore analyzed blood lead levels (BLL) and creatinine levels (CL).

Methods

Full blood samples and basic data (i.e. age, job, length of stay) were collected from dumpsite volunteers. BLL were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry; CL were assessed using the standard clinical laboratory procedures of Aachen Technical University. European BLL reference values were used as Ghana lacks its own. Statistical analysis was by non-parametric tests (Mann-Whitney U test), with p < 0.05.

Results

Participants of both sexes (n = 327; 12–68 years; median age 23 years) were assessed. Most workers were aged <30 years. The collective's BLL was in pathological range for 77.7%; 14% had a BLL >10.0 μg/dl with symptoms consistent with high lead exposure including severe (6.5%) and intermediate (39%) renal disorder. BLL above 15.0 μg/dl were found in 5.9% of all workers which is the German threshold for those working with lead. Elevated CL in a pathological range were found in 254 participants. This is problematic as 75% of the lead entering the body is excreted via urine.

Conclusion

Most of our volunteers had pathological BLL and CL. Preventive strategies are necessary to reduce health risks, particularly for vulnerable populations (i.e. children, pregnant women).

背景加纳的阿格博格布罗希是世界上最大的电子废物(电子垃圾)非正规回收垃圾场。电子废物是在没有个人或环境保护的情况下,用简陋的方法拆解的。工人和居民都会接触到铅。到目前为止,还没有关于其程度和后果的数据。因此,我们对血铅含量(BLL)和肌酐含量(CL)进行了分析。方法:收集垃圾场志愿者的全血样本和基本数据(即年龄、工作、逗留时间)。BLL 采用原子吸收光谱法测定;CL 采用亚琛工业大学的标准临床实验室程序进行评估。由于加纳缺乏自己的 BLL 参考值,因此使用了欧洲 BLL 参考值。统计分析采用非参数检验(曼-惠特尼 U 检验),P 值为 0.05。大多数工人的年龄为 30 岁。77.7%的人的铅中毒检测值在病理范围内;14%的人的铅中毒检测值为 10.0 μg/dl,并伴有与高铅暴露相符的症状,包括严重(6.5%)和中度(39%)肾功能紊乱。在所有工人中,有 5.9% 的人的 BLL 超过 15.0 μg/dl,这是德国对从事铅工作的工人规定的临界值。在 254 名参与者中发现 CL 升高,达到病理范围。这很成问题,因为进入人体的铅有 75% 通过尿液排出体外。有必要采取预防策略来降低健康风险,尤其是对弱势群体(如儿童、孕妇)。
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引用次数: 0
Exposure to outdoor ambient air toxics and risk of breast cancer: The multiethnic cohort 暴露于室外环境空气有毒物质与乳腺癌风险:多种族队列
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114362
Julia E. Heck , Di He , Sam E. Wing , Beate Ritz , Chandra D. Carey , Juan Yang , Daniel O. Stram , Loïc Le Marchand , Sungshim Lani Park , Iona Cheng , Anna H. Wu

Background

A growing literature has reported associations between traffic-related air pollution and breast cancer, however there are fewer investigations into specific ambient agents and any putative risk of breast cancer development, particularly studies occurring in populations residing in higher pollution areas such as Los Angeles.

Objectives

To estimate breast cancer risks related to ambient air toxics exposure at residential addresses.

Methods

We examined the relationships between ambient air toxics and breast cancer risk in the Multiethnic Cohort among 48,665 California female participants followed for cancer from 2003 through 2013. We obtained exposure data on chemicals acting as endocrine disruptors or mammary gland carcinogens from the National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate breast cancer risk per one interquartile range (IQR) increase in air toxics exposure lagged by 5-years. Stratified analyses were conducted by race, ethnicity, and hormone receptor types.

Results

Among all women, increased risks of invasive breast cancer were observed with toxicants related to industries [1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.22, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 3.18–5.60), ethylene dichloride (HR = 2.81, 95% CI 2.20–3.59), and vinyl chloride (HR = 2.27, 95% CI 1.81, 2.85); these 3 agents were correlated (r2 = 0.45–0.77)]. Agents related to gasoline production or combustion were related to increased breast cancer risk [benzene (HR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.24, 1.41), ethylbenzene (HR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.13–1.28), toluene (HR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.20–1.38), naphthalene (HR = 1.11, 95% CI 1.02–2.22), acrolein (HR = 2.26, 95% CI 1.92, 2.65)]. Higher hazard ratios were observed in African Americans and Whites compared to other racial and ethnic groups (p-heterogeneity <0.05 for traffic-related air toxics, acrolein, and vinyl acetate).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that specific toxic air pollutants may be associated with increase breast cancer risk.

背景越来越多的文献报道了与交通相关的空气污染与乳腺癌之间的关系,但对特定环境因素和乳腺癌发病风险的调查较少,尤其是对居住在洛杉矶等高污染地区的人群的研究。方法我们在多种族队列中研究了环境空气有毒物质与乳腺癌风险之间的关系,该队列中有 48,665 名加利福尼亚女性参与者,她们在 2003 年至 2013 年期间接受了癌症随访。我们从国家级空气有毒物质评估中获得了作为内分泌干扰物或乳腺致癌物的化学物质的暴露数据。我们使用 Cox 比例危险模型来估算滞后 5 年的空气有毒物质暴露量每增加 1 个四分位数间距 (IQR) 的乳腺癌风险。结果在所有女性中,观察到与工业有关的毒物[1,1,2,2-四氯乙烷(危险比 [HR] = 4.22,95% 置信区间 [95% CI] 3.18-5.60)、二氯化乙烯(HR = 2.81,95% CI 2.20-3.59)和氯乙烯(HR = 2.27,95% CI 1.81-2.85);这三种物质具有相关性(r2 = 0.45-0.77)]。与汽油生产或燃烧有关的物质与乳腺癌风险增加有关[苯(HR = 1.32,95% CI 1.24,1.41)、乙苯(HR = 1.20,95% CI 1.13-1.28)、甲苯(HR = 1.29,95% CI 1.20-1.38)、萘(HR = 1.11,95% CI 1.02-2.22)、丙烯醛(HR = 2.26,95% CI 1.92,2.65)]。与其他种族和族裔群体相比,非裔美国人和白人的危险比率更高(交通相关空气有毒物质、丙烯醛和醋酸乙烯的异质性为 0.05)。
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引用次数: 0
Household water use and greywater management in Khulna city, Bangladesh 孟加拉国库尔纳市的家庭用水和灰水管理
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114376
R. Lewis , R. Scott , B. Bala , H. Jahan , J. Bartram , T. Radu

While substantial progress has been made in improving water and sanitation services in low- and middle-income countries, aligned basic services such as greywater, stormwater, and solid waste management have progressed little in recent decades. Data was collected in Khulna city, Bangladesh via a household survey (n = 192) of low-income areas exploring domestic water use and greywater volumes, characteristics, and disposal practices. Most households (71%) use a piped water supply for domestic purposes, supplemented by seasonal rainwater harvesting (26%) and greywater use (13%). Of the total water used by households (mean: 594 L/household/day and equivalent to 116 L/person/day), approximately 58% becomes greywater through bathing, dishwashing, religious practices, handwashing, laundry, and mopping. Greywater produced ranges from 61-1274 L/household/day, with a mean of 345 L/household/day and equivalent to 78.4 L/person/day. Greywater characteristics vary depending on the activity, individual behaviours and any products used during cooking, bathing, or cleaning. After generation, households dispose greywater to open drains (67%), nearby waterbodies (17%) directly to the ground (9%), or decentralised wastewater treatment system (7%). Without services for greywater management, greywater disposal may have considerable public and environmental health implications, necessitating careful attention and oversight from service-providers and stakeholders beyond the household-level.

虽然中低收入国家在改善供水和卫生服务方面取得了重大进展,但近几十年来,灰水、雨水和固体废物管理等配套基本服务却进展甚微。我们在孟加拉国库尔纳市低收入地区开展了一项家庭调查(n = 192),收集了有关家庭用水和灰水量、特点及处理方法的数据。大多数家庭(71%)使用自来水作为生活用水,并辅以季节性雨水收集(26%)和灰水使用(13%)。在家庭总用水量(平均:594 升/户/天,相当于 116 升/人/天)中,约 58% 通过洗澡、洗碗、宗教活动、洗手、洗衣和拖地成为灰水。灰水产生量从 61-1274 升/户/天不等,平均为 345 升/户/天,相当于 78.4 升/人/天。灰水的特性因活动、个人行为以及烹饪、沐浴或清洁过程中使用的任何产品而异。产生灰水后,家庭会将灰水排入明渠(67%)、附近水体(17%)、直接排入地下(9%)或分散式废水处理系统(7%)。如果没有灰水管理服务,灰水处理可能会对公共和环境健康造成严重影响,因此需要服务提供商和利益相关者在家庭层面之外给予仔细关注和监督。
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引用次数: 0
Infection prevention and control and related practices in African neonatal units: The Pan-African neonatal care assessment study (PANCAS) 非洲新生儿病房的感染预防和控制及相关实践:泛非新生儿护理评估研究(PANCAS)
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114357
Irene Frantzis , Stéphanie Levasseur , Jack Huebner , Maitry Mahida , Philip Larussa , Wilmot James , Workeabeba Abebe , Crispen Ngwenya , Ezekiel Mupere , Susan L. Rosenthal , Janna Patterson , Julia Johnson , Renate Strehlau , Sileshi Lulseged , Lawrence R. Stanberry , Lisa Saiman

Background

The burden of neonatal mortality is primarily borne by low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including deaths due to healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Few studies have assessed infection prevention and control (IP&C) practices in African units caring for small and/or sick newborns aimed to reduce HAIs.

Methods

We performed a mixed-methods study composed of a survey and virtual tour to assess IP&C and related practices. We created a survey composed of multiple-choice and open-ended questions delivered to site respondents via Zoom or video equivalent. Respondents provided a virtual tour of their unit via video and the study team used a checklist to evaluate specific practices.

Results

We recruited 45 units caring for small and sick newborns in 20 African countries. Opportunities to optimize hand hygiene, Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) practices, Kangaroo Mother Care, and IP&C training were noted. The virtual tour offered further understanding of IP&C challenges unique to individual sites. All respondents expressed the need for additional space, equipment, supplies, education, and IP&C staff and emphasized that attention to maternal comfort was important to IP&C success.

Discussion

This study identified opportunities to improve IP&C practices using low-cost measures including further education and peer support through learning collaboratives. Virtual tours can be used to provide site-specific assessment and feedback from peers, IP&C specialists and environmental engineering experts.

背景新生儿死亡负担主要由中低收入国家(LMICs)承担,其中包括因医疗相关感染(HAIs)导致的死亡。我们开展了一项由调查和虚拟参观组成的混合方法研究,以评估 IP&C 和相关实践。我们制作了一份由多项选择题和开放式问题组成的调查问卷,通过 Zoom 或同等视频方式发送给现场受访者。受访者通过视频对其所在单位进行了虚拟参观,研究小组使用核对表对具体做法进行了评估。我们注意到了优化手部卫生、水、环境卫生和个人卫生(WASH)实践、袋鼠妈妈护理以及 IP&C 培训的机会。通过虚拟参观,进一步了解了各个地点所面临的 IP&C 挑战。所有受访者都表示需要更多的空间、设备、用品、教育和 IP&C 人员,并强调关注产妇的舒适度对 IP&C 的成功非常重要。讨论这项研究发现了利用低成本措施改善 IP&C 实践的机会,包括通过学习合作开展进一步的教育和同伴支持。虚拟参观可用于提供针对具体地点的评估以及来自同行、IP&C 专家和环境工程专家的反馈。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing environmental exposure to viruses in wastewater treatment plant and swine farm scenarios with next-generation sequencing and occupational risk approaches 利用新一代测序和职业风险方法评估污水处理厂和养猪场环境中的病毒暴露情况
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114360
Marta Itarte , Miquel Calvo , Lola Martínez-Frago , Cristina Mejías-Molina , Sandra Martínez-Puchol , Rosina Girones , Gertjan Medema , Sílvia Bofill-Mas , Marta Rusiñol

Occupational exposure to pathogens can pose health risks. This study investigates the viral exposure of workers in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and a swine farm by analyzing aerosol and surfaces samples. Viral contamination was evaluated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays, and target enrichment sequencing (TES) was performed to identify the vertebrate viruses to which workers might be exposed. Additionally, Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) was conducted to estimate the occupational risk associated with viral exposure for WWTP workers, choosing Human Adenovirus (HAdV) as the reference pathogen. In the swine farm, QMRA was performed as an extrapolation, considering a hypothetical zoonotic virus with characteristics similar to Porcine Adenovirus (PAdV). The modelled exposure routes included aerosol inhalation and oral ingestion through contaminated surfaces and hand-to-mouth contact.

HAdV and PAdV were widespread viruses in the WWTP and the swine farm, respectively, by qPCR assays. TES identified human and other vertebrate viruses WWTP samples, including viruses from families such as Adenoviridae, Circoviridae, Orthoherpesviridae, Papillomaviridae, and Parvoviridae. In the swine farm, most of the identified vertebrate viruses were porcine viruses belonging to Adenoviridae, Astroviridae, Circoviridae, Herpesviridae, Papillomaviridae, Parvoviridae, Picornaviridae, and Retroviridae.

QMRA analysis revealed noteworthy risks of viral infections for WWTP workers if safety measures are not taken. The probability of illness due to HAdV inhalation was higher in summer compared to winter, while the greatest risk from oral ingestion was observed in workspaces during winter. Swine farm QMRA simulation suggested a potential occupational risk in the case of exposure to a hypothetical zoonotic virus.

This study provides valuable insights into WWTP and swine farm worker's occupational exposure to human and other vertebrate viruses. QMRA and NGS analyses conducted in this study will assist managers in making evidence-based decisions, facilitating the implementation of protection measures, and risk mitigation practices for workers.

职业暴露于病原体会带来健康风险。本研究通过分析气溶胶和表面样本,调查了污水处理厂(WWTP)和养猪场工人的病毒暴露情况。使用定量聚合酶链反应 (qPCR) 分析法评估了病毒污染情况,并进行了目标富集测序 (TES),以确定工人可能接触到的脊椎动物病毒。此外,还进行了微生物定量风险评估(QMRA),以估算污水处理厂工人接触病毒的职业风险,并选择人类腺病毒(HAdV)作为参考病原体。在猪场,QMRA 作为外推法进行,考虑了与猪腺病毒 (PAdV) 特性相似的假定人畜共患病病毒。通过 qPCR 检测,HAdV 和 PAdV 分别是污水处理厂和养猪场普遍存在的病毒。TES 在污水处理厂样本中发现了人类和其他脊椎动物病毒,包括腺病毒科、环状病毒科、正疱疹病毒科、乳头瘤病毒科和副粘病毒科的病毒。在猪场中,大部分已确定的脊椎动物病毒是属于腺病毒科、天牛病毒科、环状病毒科、疱疹病毒科、乳头瘤病毒科、副粘病毒科、皮卡病毒科和逆转录病毒科的猪病毒。QMRA 分析显示,如果不采取安全措施,污水处理厂工人感染病毒的风险值得注意。与冬季相比,夏季因吸入 HAdV 而致病的概率更高,而冬季工作场所因口服而致病的风险最大。猪场 QMRA 模拟表明,在暴露于假定的人畜共患病病毒的情况下存在潜在的职业风险。这项研究为污水处理厂和猪场工人暴露于人类和其他脊椎动物病毒的职业风险提供了宝贵的见解。本研究中进行的 QMRA 和 NGS 分析将帮助管理人员做出以证据为基础的决策,促进保护措施的实施,并减轻工人的风险。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
International journal of hygiene and environmental health
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