Pub Date : 2014-08-01DOI: 10.1109/ICED.2014.7015823
Noor Zuwainah Binti Hashim, S. Jamuar
Design of Transconductance-C (Gm-C) filters, which can operate from a few kHz to 100 MHz, have been presented. Two operational transconductor amplifiers (OTA) are used in a mirrored cascade structure. This structure offers a flexible common mode range. The band pass filter uses two OTAs and two capacitors. The structure offers a variable center frequency and variable Q. These center frequency and the Q values can be changed by keeping one capacitor fixed and by varying the second one. The value of the two capacitors is varied to obtain different bandwidths and center frequencies. The theoretical and the simulation result match closely.
{"title":"Gm-C based band pass filter","authors":"Noor Zuwainah Binti Hashim, S. Jamuar","doi":"10.1109/ICED.2014.7015823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICED.2014.7015823","url":null,"abstract":"Design of Transconductance-C (Gm-C) filters, which can operate from a few kHz to 100 MHz, have been presented. Two operational transconductor amplifiers (OTA) are used in a mirrored cascade structure. This structure offers a flexible common mode range. The band pass filter uses two OTAs and two capacitors. The structure offers a variable center frequency and variable Q. These center frequency and the Q values can be changed by keeping one capacitor fixed and by varying the second one. The value of the two capacitors is varied to obtain different bandwidths and center frequencies. The theoretical and the simulation result match closely.","PeriodicalId":143806,"journal":{"name":"2014 2nd International Conference on Electronic Design (ICED)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126662071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-08-01DOI: 10.1109/ICED.2014.7015768
Tze Weng Ow, W. Y. Chia, R. Bakhteri, Y. Hau
Arrhythmia is a heart disease where the heart rate is inconsistent. For some arrhythmias that can cause sudden cardiac arrest, the patient needs to be sent to the hospital for immediate treatment. Most of the current electrocardiogram (ECG) devices are bulky, cost expensive, and does not include the self-classification or interpretation ability. Hence it is not suitable for small clinics and patients to use as the first screening devices. This paper proposed a SoC-based implementation of arrhythmia detector by using embedded software design. It able to analyze the heart rate variability (HRV), diagnose and classify the arrhythmias in terms of ventricular fibrillation (VF), premature ventricular contraction (PVC), and two degree heart block (2o Block) base on the R-R interval properties. The ECG signal is pre-processed and extract the R peak using Pan and Tompkins algorithm. The arrhythmia can be detected based on knowledge-based classification of the R-R intervals. The proposed system is prototyped on the Altera Video and Embedded Evaluation Kit with Multi-Touch (VEEK-MT) FPGA development board. Results shows that the proposed system able to classify the aforementioned arrhythmia types with convincing average detection accuracy in range of 85.71% to 93.61% based on MIT-BIH database.
心律失常是一种心率不一致的心脏病。对于一些可能导致心脏骤停的心律失常，患者需要立即送往医院接受治疗。目前大多数心电图设备体积庞大，价格昂贵，而且不包括自我分类或解释能力。因此，不适合小型诊所和患者作为第一筛查设备。本文采用嵌入式软件设计，提出了一种基于soc的心律失常检测仪的实现方案。能够分析心率变异性(HRV)，根据R-R间期特性对心律失常进行室性颤动(VF)、室性早搏(PVC)、二度心脏传导阻滞(20 block)的诊断和分类。对心电信号进行预处理，利用Pan和Tompkins算法提取R峰。心律失常可以通过基于知识的R-R区间分类来检测。该系统在Altera Video and Embedded Evaluation Kit with Multi-Touch (VEEK-MT) FPGA开发板上进行了原型设计。结果表明，基于MIT-BIH数据库，该系统能够对上述心律失常类型进行分类，平均检测准确率在85.71% ~ 93.61%之间。
{"title":"SoC-based design of arrhythmia detector","authors":"Tze Weng Ow, W. Y. Chia, R. Bakhteri, Y. Hau","doi":"10.1109/ICED.2014.7015768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICED.2014.7015768","url":null,"abstract":"Arrhythmia is a heart disease where the heart rate is inconsistent. For some arrhythmias that can cause sudden cardiac arrest, the patient needs to be sent to the hospital for immediate treatment. Most of the current electrocardiogram (ECG) devices are bulky, cost expensive, and does not include the self-classification or interpretation ability. Hence it is not suitable for small clinics and patients to use as the first screening devices. This paper proposed a SoC-based implementation of arrhythmia detector by using embedded software design. It able to analyze the heart rate variability (HRV), diagnose and classify the arrhythmias in terms of ventricular fibrillation (VF), premature ventricular contraction (PVC), and two degree heart block (2o Block) base on the R-R interval properties. The ECG signal is pre-processed and extract the R peak using Pan and Tompkins algorithm. The arrhythmia can be detected based on knowledge-based classification of the R-R intervals. The proposed system is prototyped on the Altera Video and Embedded Evaluation Kit with Multi-Touch (VEEK-MT) FPGA development board. Results shows that the proposed system able to classify the aforementioned arrhythmia types with convincing average detection accuracy in range of 85.71% to 93.61% based on MIT-BIH database.","PeriodicalId":143806,"journal":{"name":"2014 2nd International Conference on Electronic Design (ICED)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129532284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-08-01DOI: 10.1109/ICED.2014.7015800
Alhamza Munther, Alabass Alalousi, Shahrul Nizam, R. R. Othman, Mohammed Anbar
Network traffic classification gains continuous interesting while many applications emerge on the different kinds of networks with obfuscation techniques. Decision tree is a supervised machine learning method used widely to identify and classify network traffic. In this paper, we introduce a comparative study focusing on two common decision tree methods namely: C4.5 and Random forest. The study offers comparative results in two different factors are accuracy of classification and processing time. C4.5 achieved high percentage of classification accuracy reach to 99.67 for 24000 instances while Random Forest was faster than C4.5 in term of processing time.
{"title":"Network traffic classification — A comparative study of two common decision tree methods: C4.5 and Random forest","authors":"Alhamza Munther, Alabass Alalousi, Shahrul Nizam, R. R. Othman, Mohammed Anbar","doi":"10.1109/ICED.2014.7015800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICED.2014.7015800","url":null,"abstract":"Network traffic classification gains continuous interesting while many applications emerge on the different kinds of networks with obfuscation techniques. Decision tree is a supervised machine learning method used widely to identify and classify network traffic. In this paper, we introduce a comparative study focusing on two common decision tree methods namely: C4.5 and Random forest. The study offers comparative results in two different factors are accuracy of classification and processing time. C4.5 achieved high percentage of classification accuracy reach to 99.67 for 24000 instances while Random Forest was faster than C4.5 in term of processing time.","PeriodicalId":143806,"journal":{"name":"2014 2nd International Conference on Electronic Design (ICED)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128399219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-08-01DOI: 10.1109/ICED.2014.7015796
M. R. Khammar, M. Saripan, M. Marhaban, A. J. Ishak
Removal of high density salt and pepper noise is an interesting field of research. However, most previous approaches do not lead to good results. If the density of noise increases rapidly, the quality of the image tremendously decreases and the restoration of those images is a difficult task. This paper proposes an optimal method to suppress the noise with high density properly based on a nonlinear filter and decision-based approach. We assume a 3×3 fix window to scan the image from top-left to bottom-right of the image pixel by pixel. This size of window guarantees the image saving with more details and avoiding the image blurring. There are two steps, detection of the corrupted pixels and then restoration. Detection is provided by using statistical analysis in each window, then the appropriate replacement for the noisy pixel is conducted from given values inside the current window or adjacent reconstructed pixels based on mean calculation and also, for very high density of noise which density of noise is bigger than %80, the reconstruction is based on a recursive approach. Experimental results on some benchmark images and video clips show that this method is a successful algorithm for suppression of salt and pepper noise with high density; besides, they show that the computational complexity and time consuming are reasonable.
{"title":"Removal of high density salt and pepper noise from image and video based on optimal decision based algorithm","authors":"M. R. Khammar, M. Saripan, M. Marhaban, A. J. Ishak","doi":"10.1109/ICED.2014.7015796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICED.2014.7015796","url":null,"abstract":"Removal of high density salt and pepper noise is an interesting field of research. However, most previous approaches do not lead to good results. If the density of noise increases rapidly, the quality of the image tremendously decreases and the restoration of those images is a difficult task. This paper proposes an optimal method to suppress the noise with high density properly based on a nonlinear filter and decision-based approach. We assume a 3×3 fix window to scan the image from top-left to bottom-right of the image pixel by pixel. This size of window guarantees the image saving with more details and avoiding the image blurring. There are two steps, detection of the corrupted pixels and then restoration. Detection is provided by using statistical analysis in each window, then the appropriate replacement for the noisy pixel is conducted from given values inside the current window or adjacent reconstructed pixels based on mean calculation and also, for very high density of noise which density of noise is bigger than %80, the reconstruction is based on a recursive approach. Experimental results on some benchmark images and video clips show that this method is a successful algorithm for suppression of salt and pepper noise with high density; besides, they show that the computational complexity and time consuming are reasonable.","PeriodicalId":143806,"journal":{"name":"2014 2nd International Conference on Electronic Design (ICED)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128428171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-08-01DOI: 10.1109/ICED.2014.7015769
R. M. Nor, A. Suhaib, Kamil S. Talha, Norfaeza Hassan, K. Wan, D. Hazry, A. Shahriman, Z. Razlan
The purpose of indoor mobile robot navigation is to travel the mobile robot toward stable-target in a predefined straight line navigation. The movement information of the two-wheeled mobile robot is used as an input to the fuzzy membership function and the outputted probability from the membership function is used to move the robot towards target. The experimental results show that the proposed fuzzy approach has shown reduction in straight line navigation error, improvement of 60% compared to the without fuzzy navigation.
{"title":"The effects of membership function of the input and output fuzzy logic controller in a mobile robot's straight line navigation","authors":"R. M. Nor, A. Suhaib, Kamil S. Talha, Norfaeza Hassan, K. Wan, D. Hazry, A. Shahriman, Z. Razlan","doi":"10.1109/ICED.2014.7015769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICED.2014.7015769","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of indoor mobile robot navigation is to travel the mobile robot toward stable-target in a predefined straight line navigation. The movement information of the two-wheeled mobile robot is used as an input to the fuzzy membership function and the outputted probability from the membership function is used to move the robot towards target. The experimental results show that the proposed fuzzy approach has shown reduction in straight line navigation error, improvement of 60% compared to the without fuzzy navigation.","PeriodicalId":143806,"journal":{"name":"2014 2nd International Conference on Electronic Design (ICED)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128740133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-08-01DOI: 10.1109/ICED.2014.7015776
Y. Fei
This paper studies the impact of impedance discontinuity or mismatch contributed by surface mount (SMT) pads of AC coupling capacitor on Printed Circuit Board (PCB) traces with 26 Giga-bit per second (Gbps) transmission and the technique to minimize its adverse effect, which in turn mitigates the degradation of signal integrity. The design is optimized by the insertion of a cut-out on the reference plane area beneath the SMT pads. The impact of the optimization is studied for 0603 and 0402 package in 3D model extraction using EMPro software from Keysight, and simulations of s-parameter (i.e. insertion loss), time domain reflectometry (TDR) and eye diagram analysis are conducted using Advance Design System (ADS). Subsequently, the characterization using vector network analyzer (VNA) and bit error rate tester (BERT) is conducted on a prototype PCB to verify the correlation between the measurement and simulation.
{"title":"Optimized surface mount structure for multi-Gigabit transmission","authors":"Y. Fei","doi":"10.1109/ICED.2014.7015776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICED.2014.7015776","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the impact of impedance discontinuity or mismatch contributed by surface mount (SMT) pads of AC coupling capacitor on Printed Circuit Board (PCB) traces with 26 Giga-bit per second (Gbps) transmission and the technique to minimize its adverse effect, which in turn mitigates the degradation of signal integrity. The design is optimized by the insertion of a cut-out on the reference plane area beneath the SMT pads. The impact of the optimization is studied for 0603 and 0402 package in 3D model extraction using EMPro software from Keysight, and simulations of s-parameter (i.e. insertion loss), time domain reflectometry (TDR) and eye diagram analysis are conducted using Advance Design System (ADS). Subsequently, the characterization using vector network analyzer (VNA) and bit error rate tester (BERT) is conducted on a prototype PCB to verify the correlation between the measurement and simulation.","PeriodicalId":143806,"journal":{"name":"2014 2nd International Conference on Electronic Design (ICED)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116126514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-08-01DOI: 10.1109/ICED.2014.7015766
S. Daud, R. B. Ahmad, Ong Bi Lynn, Zahereel Ishwar Abd Kareem, Latifah Munirah Kamarudin, P. Ehkan, M. N. M. Warip, R. R. Othman
Device power consumption is a serious design consideration especially for embedded systems. By reducing the power consumption of a particular system, we could effectively prolong the runtime of the system, allowing for longer operational condition of a particular system. Previous studies have suggested that the power characteristics of a modern embedded processor have since been improved with manufacturer's implementation of better energy-focused designs. Implementation of hardware optimization such as better clock and power gating have been shown to produce better energy usage during on-load and off-load processing. In this paper we benchmarked the energy use of a modern embedded processor and study the effects of idling time to the processor and system energy usage. We have found that the processor energy use is significantly reduced in the instant that the processor goes idle during the execution process. The idling time during a processing timeslice allows the processor to use significantly less energy without explicitly depending on a frequency scaling algorithm to reduce energy consumption. This power saving feature directly implemented inside the processor hardware have the possibility to render software based frequency scaling algorithm and DVFS method to be less effective in reducing energy usage.
{"title":"The effects of CPU load & idle state on embedded processor energy usage","authors":"S. Daud, R. B. Ahmad, Ong Bi Lynn, Zahereel Ishwar Abd Kareem, Latifah Munirah Kamarudin, P. Ehkan, M. N. M. Warip, R. R. Othman","doi":"10.1109/ICED.2014.7015766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICED.2014.7015766","url":null,"abstract":"Device power consumption is a serious design consideration especially for embedded systems. By reducing the power consumption of a particular system, we could effectively prolong the runtime of the system, allowing for longer operational condition of a particular system. Previous studies have suggested that the power characteristics of a modern embedded processor have since been improved with manufacturer's implementation of better energy-focused designs. Implementation of hardware optimization such as better clock and power gating have been shown to produce better energy usage during on-load and off-load processing. In this paper we benchmarked the energy use of a modern embedded processor and study the effects of idling time to the processor and system energy usage. We have found that the processor energy use is significantly reduced in the instant that the processor goes idle during the execution process. The idling time during a processing timeslice allows the processor to use significantly less energy without explicitly depending on a frequency scaling algorithm to reduce energy consumption. This power saving feature directly implemented inside the processor hardware have the possibility to render software based frequency scaling algorithm and DVFS method to be less effective in reducing energy usage.","PeriodicalId":143806,"journal":{"name":"2014 2nd International Conference on Electronic Design (ICED)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124116329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-08-01DOI: 10.1109/ICED.2014.7015777
S. Khan, M. S. Hossain, M. O. Hossen, F. Rahman, R. Zaman, Q. Khosru
Gate-all-around structure with III-V channel material shows improved channel performance with high carrier mobility and less short channel effect and therefore is being studied rigorously for next generation transistors. We propose an analytical model to calculate gate capacitance and drain current of gate-all-around (GAA) nanowire MOSFET, a prospective device to replace the state-of-art FinFET in near future as per ITRS roadmap. The gate capacitance in strong inversion region is modeled incorporating quantum mechanical effects which are verified against the results obtained from self-consistent simulation of Schrödinger-Poisson equation appeared in recent literature. This model can also be extended for calculating gate capacitance in strong inversion region of different Multi-gate MOSFETs. A Spice compatible analytic model for drain current is also proposed which shows excellent agreement with the reported results of experimentally demonstrated In0.53Ga0.47As (2×1016/cm3) GAA MOSFET. Using the proposed formula for gate capacitance in strong inversion region and drain current together with semi-numerical ballistic MOSFET model, the performance of In0.53Ga0.47As (2×1016/cm3) GAA MOSFET is examined. This device is found suitable for ultra-high performance application with very high intrinsic cut-off frequency resulting from very low gate delay and very high on current and gate capacitance. The proposed analytical model of gate capacitance utilizes a modified form of co-axial cable capacitance along with the quantum capacitance limit to form a computationally efficient formula that is in well agreement with the results appeared in recent literature. On the other hand, Landauer-Buttiker formula and compact model for drain current of planar bulk-MOSFET are utilized to form the model for analytic drain current that shows excellent agreement with the experimental results appeared in the literature in recent past. The proposed model can be used for Spice modeling and circuit simulation of In0.53Ga0.47As GAA MOSFET. Moreover, this model is flexible and can be modified for other high performance multi-gate nano-devices.
{"title":"Analytical modeling of gate capacitance and drain current of gate-all-around InxGa1−xAs nanowire MOSFET","authors":"S. Khan, M. S. Hossain, M. O. Hossen, F. Rahman, R. Zaman, Q. Khosru","doi":"10.1109/ICED.2014.7015777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICED.2014.7015777","url":null,"abstract":"Gate-all-around structure with III-V channel material shows improved channel performance with high carrier mobility and less short channel effect and therefore is being studied rigorously for next generation transistors. We propose an analytical model to calculate gate capacitance and drain current of gate-all-around (GAA) nanowire MOSFET, a prospective device to replace the state-of-art FinFET in near future as per ITRS roadmap. The gate capacitance in strong inversion region is modeled incorporating quantum mechanical effects which are verified against the results obtained from self-consistent simulation of Schrödinger-Poisson equation appeared in recent literature. This model can also be extended for calculating gate capacitance in strong inversion region of different Multi-gate MOSFETs. A Spice compatible analytic model for drain current is also proposed which shows excellent agreement with the reported results of experimentally demonstrated In0.53Ga0.47As (2×1016/cm3) GAA MOSFET. Using the proposed formula for gate capacitance in strong inversion region and drain current together with semi-numerical ballistic MOSFET model, the performance of In0.53Ga0.47As (2×1016/cm3) GAA MOSFET is examined. This device is found suitable for ultra-high performance application with very high intrinsic cut-off frequency resulting from very low gate delay and very high on current and gate capacitance. The proposed analytical model of gate capacitance utilizes a modified form of co-axial cable capacitance along with the quantum capacitance limit to form a computationally efficient formula that is in well agreement with the results appeared in recent literature. On the other hand, Landauer-Buttiker formula and compact model for drain current of planar bulk-MOSFET are utilized to form the model for analytic drain current that shows excellent agreement with the experimental results appeared in the literature in recent past. The proposed model can be used for Spice modeling and circuit simulation of In0.53Ga0.47As GAA MOSFET. Moreover, this model is flexible and can be modified for other high performance multi-gate nano-devices.","PeriodicalId":143806,"journal":{"name":"2014 2nd International Conference on Electronic Design (ICED)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134147651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-08-01DOI: 10.1109/ICED.2014.7015839
N. Azmi, L. Kamarudin, M. Mahmuddin, A. Zakaria, A. Shakaff, S. Khatun, K. Kamarudin, M. N. Morshed
Current lifestyles promote the development and advancement in wireless technologies, especially in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) due to its several benefits. WSN offers a low cost, low data rate, flexible routing, longer lifetime, and low-energy consumption suitable for unmanned and long term monitoring. Among huge WSN applications, some key applications are smart houses, environmental monitoring, military applications, and other monitoring applications. As a result, ubiquitous increase in the number of wireless devices occupying the 2.4GHz frequency band. This causes a dense wireless connection followed by interference problem to WSN in the 2.4GHz frequency band. WSN is most affected by the interference issue because it has a lower data rate and transmission power compared to WLAN. Despite efforts made by researchers, to the author's knowledge, the interference issue is still a major problem in wireless networks. This paper aims to review the coexistence and interference issues of existing wireless technologies in the 2.4GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band.
{"title":"Interference issues and mitigation method in WSN 2.4GHz ISM band: A survey","authors":"N. Azmi, L. Kamarudin, M. Mahmuddin, A. Zakaria, A. Shakaff, S. Khatun, K. Kamarudin, M. N. Morshed","doi":"10.1109/ICED.2014.7015839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICED.2014.7015839","url":null,"abstract":"Current lifestyles promote the development and advancement in wireless technologies, especially in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) due to its several benefits. WSN offers a low cost, low data rate, flexible routing, longer lifetime, and low-energy consumption suitable for unmanned and long term monitoring. Among huge WSN applications, some key applications are smart houses, environmental monitoring, military applications, and other monitoring applications. As a result, ubiquitous increase in the number of wireless devices occupying the 2.4GHz frequency band. This causes a dense wireless connection followed by interference problem to WSN in the 2.4GHz frequency band. WSN is most affected by the interference issue because it has a lower data rate and transmission power compared to WLAN. Despite efforts made by researchers, to the author's knowledge, the interference issue is still a major problem in wireless networks. This paper aims to review the coexistence and interference issues of existing wireless technologies in the 2.4GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band.","PeriodicalId":143806,"journal":{"name":"2014 2nd International Conference on Electronic Design (ICED)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132799782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-08-01DOI: 10.1109/ICED.2014.7015804
O. Yahaya, M. MatJafri, A. Aziz, A. Omar
Fruits and vegetables are generally valued based on their visual appearance, particularly their color. Color is an important quality attribute that affects consumer acceptance and preference in the food industry. Human perception of color has been used as an indirect measure for classifying fruits in indices as fruits matured and ripened. This study was conducted to measure fruit quality by using visible optical fiber sensors that contains of RGB LEDs which are red, green and blue with peak wavelengths at 635 nm, 525 nm, and 470 nm, respectively. Moreover, this study aims to provide an innovative and low-cost approach for nondestructive fruit quality measurement. Multiple linear regressions was applied to develop calibration models for classifying fruits based on the index. Results showed that the proposed optical instruments can produce good and accurate measurements when evaluating the index. The highest coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.879), was obtained by using a combination of red, green, and blue data sets at various ripeness indices. Meanwhile, the optical fiber of red system generated by the monochromatic wavelength exhibited better precision (R2 = 0.795) compared with the other two wavelengths. In conclusion, the application of these systems leads to the rapid and efficient assessment of the quality measurement of mangoes.
{"title":"Non-destructive quality evaluation of fruit by color based on RGB LEDs system","authors":"O. Yahaya, M. MatJafri, A. Aziz, A. Omar","doi":"10.1109/ICED.2014.7015804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICED.2014.7015804","url":null,"abstract":"Fruits and vegetables are generally valued based on their visual appearance, particularly their color. Color is an important quality attribute that affects consumer acceptance and preference in the food industry. Human perception of color has been used as an indirect measure for classifying fruits in indices as fruits matured and ripened. This study was conducted to measure fruit quality by using visible optical fiber sensors that contains of RGB LEDs which are red, green and blue with peak wavelengths at 635 nm, 525 nm, and 470 nm, respectively. Moreover, this study aims to provide an innovative and low-cost approach for nondestructive fruit quality measurement. Multiple linear regressions was applied to develop calibration models for classifying fruits based on the index. Results showed that the proposed optical instruments can produce good and accurate measurements when evaluating the index. The highest coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.879), was obtained by using a combination of red, green, and blue data sets at various ripeness indices. Meanwhile, the optical fiber of red system generated by the monochromatic wavelength exhibited better precision (R2 = 0.795) compared with the other two wavelengths. In conclusion, the application of these systems leads to the rapid and efficient assessment of the quality measurement of mangoes.","PeriodicalId":143806,"journal":{"name":"2014 2nd International Conference on Electronic Design (ICED)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133424843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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