Understanding plasma-material interaction is crucial for achieving steady-state operation of magnetic confinement fusion devices. Kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulation is a powerful tool for investigating the motion of atoms in the plasma facing materials under the influence of this interaction. To predict trapping sites and migration energies necessary for kMC simulations, we developed a deep learning model based on pix2pix for predicting the spatial distribution of binding energy. Results show that the model can reproduce spatial distributions similar to the true values. However, larger errors occur in regions with steep value gradients.
{"title":"Deep learning model for predicting the spatial distribution of binding energy from atomic configurations","authors":"Seiki Saito, Shingo Sato, Hiroaki Nakamura, Chako Takahashi, Keiji Sawada, Kazuo Hoshino, Masahiro Kobayashi, Masahiro Hasuo","doi":"10.35848/1347-4065/ad6e8e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ad6e8e","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding plasma-material interaction is crucial for achieving steady-state operation of magnetic confinement fusion devices. Kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulation is a powerful tool for investigating the motion of atoms in the plasma facing materials under the influence of this interaction. To predict trapping sites and migration energies necessary for kMC simulations, we developed a deep learning model based on pix2pix for predicting the spatial distribution of binding energy. Results show that the model can reproduce spatial distributions similar to the true values. However, larger errors occur in regions with steep value gradients.","PeriodicalId":14741,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142218102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.35848/1347-4065/ad6ed6
Tai-Chen Kuo, Wen-Hsi Lee, Michael Ira Current
In this study, we investigate the effectiveness of high-pressure annealing (HPA) compared to microwave annealing (MWA) in activating n-type and p-type dopants in germanium. For phosphorus dopants, HPA at 500 °C significantly enhances the activation level, resulting in a reduction of sheet resistance to 120.1 ohms sq.−1 and a maximum active concentration of up to 5.76 × 1019 P cm−3. Similarly, for boron dopants, HPA at 800 °C reduces the sheet resistance to 80.6 ohms sq.−1 and achieves a maximum active concentration that maintains effective doping profiles. Transmission electron microscopy images reveal that the amorphous layers implanted with phosphorus and boron are significantly reduced, indicating that HPA is more effective in achieving solid-phase epitaxial regrowth compared to MWA. HPA demonstrates superior performance in minimizing dopant diffusion and reducing sheet resistance for both phosphorus and boron dopants, making it a preferable method for high-temperature annealing in germanium-based devices.
在这项研究中，我们研究了高压退火（HPA）与微波退火（MWA）相比在活化锗中 n 型和 p 型掺杂物方面的效果。对于磷掺杂剂，500 ℃ 下的 HPA 能显著提高活化水平，使薄层电阻降低到 120.1 欧姆 sq.-1，最大活性浓度高达 5.76 × 1019 P cm-3。同样，对于硼掺杂剂，800 ℃ 下的 HPA 可将薄片电阻降低到 80.6 欧姆 sq.-1 并达到最大活性浓度，从而保持有效的掺杂曲线。透射电子显微镜图像显示，植入磷和硼的无定形层明显减少，这表明与 MWA 相比，HPA 能更有效地实现固相外延再生长。对于磷和硼掺杂剂，HPA 在最大限度地减少掺杂剂扩散和降低薄片电阻方面都表现出了卓越的性能，使其成为锗基器件高温退火的首选方法。
{"title":"Investigation of the activation and diffusion of ion-implanted p-type and n-type dopants in germanium using high-pressure annealing","authors":"Tai-Chen Kuo, Wen-Hsi Lee, Michael Ira Current","doi":"10.35848/1347-4065/ad6ed6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ad6ed6","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we investigate the effectiveness of high-pressure annealing (HPA) compared to microwave annealing (MWA) in activating n-type and p-type dopants in germanium. For phosphorus dopants, HPA at 500 °C significantly enhances the activation level, resulting in a reduction of sheet resistance to 120.1 ohms sq.<sup>−1</sup> and a maximum active concentration of up to 5.76 × 10<sup>19</sup> P cm<sup>−3</sup>. Similarly, for boron dopants, HPA at 800 °C reduces the sheet resistance to 80.6 ohms sq.<sup>−1</sup> and achieves a maximum active concentration that maintains effective doping profiles. Transmission electron microscopy images reveal that the amorphous layers implanted with phosphorus and boron are significantly reduced, indicating that HPA is more effective in achieving solid-phase epitaxial regrowth compared to MWA. HPA demonstrates superior performance in minimizing dopant diffusion and reducing sheet resistance for both phosphorus and boron dopants, making it a preferable method for high-temperature annealing in germanium-based devices.","PeriodicalId":14741,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142218104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.35848/1347-4065/ad6e90
Andrey Ushakov, Ad Verlaan, Ulf Stephan, Olaff Steinke, Cederik Meekes, André Rijfers, Peter Giesen, Eiichi Yatsuka, Maarten de Bock, Michele Bassan, Lucas Moser, Masahito Yokoyama, Erik van Beekum, Shobhit Yadav
New plasma sources are proposed to clean optical mirrors in diagnostic instruments of the ITER experiment considering RF discharges operating at low pressures (1–10 Pa) in inert gases. There are nearly twenty optical diagnostics where the front-end optical mirrors may require plasma cleaning. The mirrors vary in size and would need up to 400 W in the discharge to form ion fluxes capable of removing Be- and W-containing contaminants to restore the optical performance with tolerable damage to the mirror. The plasma sources suggested to clean contaminants include a vacuum matching circuit placed close to the mirror and a quarter wavelength band stop notch filter when mirror water cooling is needed. Long-term operation stability and cleaning homogeneity may employ a driving frequency variation to tune the circuit and a phase shift for RF voltages to clean two mirrors simultaneously. In this paper, the plasma sources based on 40 MHz RF discharge to clean first mirrors are studied experimentally for two ITER optical instruments: the Edge Thomson Scattering and the Visible Spectroscopy Reference System. Frequency tuning and phase shifting are studied in realistic configurations prototyping diagnostic port plug geometries.
考虑到在惰性气体中以低压（1-10 帕）运行的射频放电，建议采用新的等离子源来清洁热核实验堆实验诊断仪器中的光学镜。有近二十种光学诊断仪器的前端光学镜可能需要等离子清洗。这些反射镜的尺寸各不相同，需要高达 400 W 的放电功率才能形成能够清除含 Be 和 W 污染物的离子通量，从而在对反射镜造成可容忍损坏的情况下恢复光学性能。建议用于清洁污染物的等离子源包括一个靠近反射镜的真空匹配电路，以及一个四分之一波长的带阻带陷波滤波器（当需要对反射镜进行水冷时）。长期运行的稳定性和清洁的均匀性可以利用驱动频率的变化来调整电路，并利用射频电压的相移来同时清洁两个反射镜。本文针对两个热核实验堆光学仪器：边缘汤姆逊散射和可见光谱参考系统，对基于 40 MHz 射频放电的等离子源进行了实验研究，以清洁第一面反射镜。在诊断端口插头几何原型的实际配置中对频率调整和相移进行了研究。
{"title":"Plasma sources sputtering nanoscale contaminants with low-energy ion flux on front-end mirrors in ITER optical diagnostics","authors":"Andrey Ushakov, Ad Verlaan, Ulf Stephan, Olaff Steinke, Cederik Meekes, André Rijfers, Peter Giesen, Eiichi Yatsuka, Maarten de Bock, Michele Bassan, Lucas Moser, Masahito Yokoyama, Erik van Beekum, Shobhit Yadav","doi":"10.35848/1347-4065/ad6e90","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ad6e90","url":null,"abstract":"New plasma sources are proposed to clean optical mirrors in diagnostic instruments of the ITER experiment considering RF discharges operating at low pressures (1–10 Pa) in inert gases. There are nearly twenty optical diagnostics where the front-end optical mirrors may require plasma cleaning. The mirrors vary in size and would need up to 400 W in the discharge to form ion fluxes capable of removing Be- and W-containing contaminants to restore the optical performance with tolerable damage to the mirror. The plasma sources suggested to clean contaminants include a vacuum matching circuit placed close to the mirror and a quarter wavelength band stop notch filter when mirror water cooling is needed. Long-term operation stability and cleaning homogeneity may employ a driving frequency variation to tune the circuit and a phase shift for RF voltages to clean two mirrors simultaneously. In this paper, the plasma sources based on 40 MHz RF discharge to clean first mirrors are studied experimentally for two ITER optical instruments: the Edge Thomson Scattering and the Visible Spectroscopy Reference System. Frequency tuning and phase shifting are studied in realistic configurations prototyping diagnostic port plug geometries.","PeriodicalId":14741,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142218103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.35848/1347-4065/ad6f86
Jiahao Wang, Takahiro Kozawa
In the lithography used for the high-volume production of semiconductor devices, the photoresist film becomes thin with the reduction in pattern size to prevent the pattern collapse due to the surface tension of rinsing liquids. The interfacial effect becomes strong with the reduction in photoresist film thickness. In the development process, it is of importance to clarify the relationship between the photoresist and the underlayer for fine patterning. In this study, the dissolution kinetics of poly(4-hydroxystyrene) (PHS) partially protected by t-butoxycarbonyl (t-Boc) groups in tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) aqueous solution was found to be related to the surface free energy of the underlayer. The attenuation rate of developer viscosity first decreased and then increased with the polar-to-dispersion component ratio. An inflection point with the lowest rate existed. The TMAH concentration affected not only the attenuation rate but also the ratio of polar to dispersion components at the minimum attenuation rate.
{"title":"Relationship between the surface free energy of underlayers and the dissolution kinetics of poly(4-hydroxystyrene) partially protected by t-butoxycarbonyl groups in tetramethylammonium hydroxide aqueous developer","authors":"Jiahao Wang, Takahiro Kozawa","doi":"10.35848/1347-4065/ad6f86","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ad6f86","url":null,"abstract":"In the lithography used for the high-volume production of semiconductor devices, the photoresist film becomes thin with the reduction in pattern size to prevent the pattern collapse due to the surface tension of rinsing liquids. The interfacial effect becomes strong with the reduction in photoresist film thickness. In the development process, it is of importance to clarify the relationship between the photoresist and the underlayer for fine patterning. In this study, the dissolution kinetics of poly(4-hydroxystyrene) (PHS) partially protected by <italic toggle=\"yes\">t</italic>-butoxycarbonyl (<italic toggle=\"yes\">t</italic>-Boc) groups in tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) aqueous solution was found to be related to the surface free energy of the underlayer. The attenuation rate of developer viscosity first decreased and then increased with the polar-to-dispersion component ratio. An inflection point with the lowest rate existed. The TMAH concentration affected not only the attenuation rate but also the ratio of polar to dispersion components at the minimum attenuation rate.","PeriodicalId":14741,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"303 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142218107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.35848/1347-4065/ad6f84
Tomohiro Shiozaki, Ariasu Tamura, Yosuke Mizuno
We investigate a simple structure in which a polarization-maintaining fiber (PMF) is sandwiched between two single-mode fibers (SMFs). By injecting broadband light and observing the modal interference spectrum of the transmitted light in the 870 nm range, we identify a clear shift dependent on the strain applied to the PMF. In addition, we demonstrate that in the same wavelength range, the strain applied to the SMFs before and after the PMF does not influence the interference spectrum. This result confirms that only the PMF segment exhibits strain sensitivity.
{"title":"Strain sensing based on modal interference spectrum in polarization-maintaining fiber","authors":"Tomohiro Shiozaki, Ariasu Tamura, Yosuke Mizuno","doi":"10.35848/1347-4065/ad6f84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ad6f84","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate a simple structure in which a polarization-maintaining fiber (PMF) is sandwiched between two single-mode fibers (SMFs). By injecting broadband light and observing the modal interference spectrum of the transmitted light in the 870 nm range, we identify a clear shift dependent on the strain applied to the PMF. In addition, we demonstrate that in the same wavelength range, the strain applied to the SMFs before and after the PMF does not influence the interference spectrum. This result confirms that only the PMF segment exhibits strain sensitivity.","PeriodicalId":14741,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142218110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hot carrier instability (HCI) in a floating body cell (FBC) has been investigated. The FBC is a dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) made entirely of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI)-MOS without a capacitor. For FBC realization, there is an influence of a physical phenomenon different from the normal MOS because of its structural and operational characteristics of SOI-MOS. The difference between bulk and SOI-MOS is not yet clear, especially for HCI. In this study, we clarified the importance of the structural and geometrical factors of the FBC cell transistor and the SOI-specific floating body effect in the HCI regime of FBCs.
对浮动体单元（FBC）中的热载流子不稳定性（HCI）进行了研究。FBC 是一种动态随机存取存储器（DRAM），完全由无电容的硅绝缘体（SOI）-MOS 制成。由于 SOI-MOS 的结构和工作特性，在实现 FBC 时会受到不同于普通 MOS 的物理现象的影响。体MOS和SOI-MOS之间的区别尚不明确，特别是在人机交互方面。在这项研究中，我们阐明了 FBC 单元晶体管的结构和几何因素以及 SOI 特定浮体效应在 FBC 的 HCI 机制中的重要性。
{"title":"Analysis of hot carrier instability in a floating body cell","authors":"Hiroomi Nakajima, Tomoaki Shino, Hironobu Furuhashi, Jun Nishimura, Tomoki Higashi, Katsuyuki Fujita, Kosuke Hatsuda, Ryo Fukuda, Takeshi Kajiyama","doi":"10.35848/1347-4065/ad69eb","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ad69eb","url":null,"abstract":"Hot carrier instability (HCI) in a floating body cell (FBC) has been investigated. The FBC is a dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) made entirely of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI)-MOS without a capacitor. For FBC realization, there is an influence of a physical phenomenon different from the normal MOS because of its structural and operational characteristics of SOI-MOS. The difference between bulk and SOI-MOS is not yet clear, especially for HCI. In this study, we clarified the importance of the structural and geometrical factors of the FBC cell transistor and the SOI-specific floating body effect in the HCI regime of FBCs.","PeriodicalId":14741,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142218111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Measured electronic stopping powers along the 〈0001〉 direction (Se) of 4H-SiC and 2H-GaN for low-velocity 12Mg, 13Al, and 15P ions were reproduced with the modified El-Hoshy−Gibbons model that reduced not only the atomic numbers of projectiles and targets but also the impact parameter for small-angle collisions (based on the Kohn−Sham radii of projectiles) in the Firsov model. Unreported Se of 2H-GaN for low-velocity 14Si ions was then predicted to be between Se of 2H-GaN for 12Mg ions and Se of 4H-SiC for 13Al ions, indicating not only Al and Mg but also Si channeling being usable for fabricating cost-effective superjunctions.
用修正的 El-Hoshy-Gibbons 模型再现了 4H-SiC 和 2H-GaN 对低速 12Mg、13Al 和 15P 离子沿〈0001〉方向的电子阻挡力（Se），该模型不仅减少了射弹和目标的原子序数，还减少了 Firsov 模型中小角碰撞的碰撞参数（基于射弹的 Kohn-Sham 半径）。根据预测，低速 14Si 离子的 2H-GaN 的未报告 Se 值介于 12Mg 离子的 2H-GaN 的 Se 值和 13Al 离子的 4H-SiC 的 Se 值之间，这表明不仅 Al 和 Mg，而且 Si 沟道也可用于制造具有成本效益的超级结。
{"title":"Comparison of electronic stopping powers of 4H-SiC and 2H-GaN for low-velocity 〈0001〉 channeled ions with atomic numbers of 12 to 15","authors":"Kazuhiro Mochizuki, Tomoaki Nishimura, Tomoyoshi Mishima","doi":"10.35848/1347-4065/ad6bda","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ad6bda","url":null,"abstract":"Measured electronic stopping powers along the 〈0001〉 direction (<italic toggle=\"yes\">S</italic>\u0000<sub>e</sub>) of 4H-SiC and 2H-GaN for low-velocity <sub>12</sub>Mg, <sub>13</sub>Al, and <sub>15</sub>P ions were reproduced with the modified El-Hoshy−Gibbons model that reduced not only the atomic numbers of projectiles and targets but also the impact parameter for small-angle collisions (based on the Kohn−Sham radii of projectiles) in the Firsov model. Unreported <italic toggle=\"yes\">S</italic>\u0000<sub>e</sub> of 2H-GaN for low-velocity <sub>14</sub>Si ions was then predicted to be between <italic toggle=\"yes\">S</italic>\u0000<sub>e</sub> of 2H-GaN for <sub>12</sub>Mg ions and <italic toggle=\"yes\">S</italic>\u0000<sub>e</sub> of 4H-SiC for <sub>13</sub>Al ions, indicating not only Al and Mg but also Si channeling being usable for fabricating cost-effective superjunctions.","PeriodicalId":14741,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142218112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-02DOI: 10.35848/1347-4065/ad6bd9
Quoc-Phong Pham, Le Ngoc Quynh Hoa, Muhamad Amirul Haq, Le Nam Quoc Huy
Thin-film copper offers excellent film texture for multilevel interconnections in integrated circuit fabrication due to its superior resistance to electromigration and high electrical conductivity. To perform a chemical mechanical planarization process during semiconductor fabrication of copper, it is necessary to have a thorough understanding of the nanomechanical properties of thin-film copper. In this study, thin-film copper and reacted passivation layers on silicon substrate wafers are investigated for their nanomechanical properties under various environmental conditions. The results of this study indicate that thin-film copper passivation layers have different properties in deionized (DI) water and polishing slurry environments compared to thin-film copper exposed to ambient air. Interestingly, variations in temperature within wet environments do not significantly affect the properties of thin-film copper wafers; but changes in properties are largely driven by chemical processes. The insights gained from this study emphasize the significance of considering both the passivation layers and wet environments in semiconductor fabrication processes, which contributes to the advancement of copper-based interconnect materials and optimization of the chemical mechanical planarization process in semiconductor manufacturing.
{"title":"Investigation of the impact of environmental conditions on the mechanical properties of thin-film copper wafers","authors":"Quoc-Phong Pham, Le Ngoc Quynh Hoa, Muhamad Amirul Haq, Le Nam Quoc Huy","doi":"10.35848/1347-4065/ad6bd9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ad6bd9","url":null,"abstract":"Thin-film copper offers excellent film texture for multilevel interconnections in integrated circuit fabrication due to its superior resistance to electromigration and high electrical conductivity. To perform a chemical mechanical planarization process during semiconductor fabrication of copper, it is necessary to have a thorough understanding of the nanomechanical properties of thin-film copper. In this study, thin-film copper and reacted passivation layers on silicon substrate wafers are investigated for their nanomechanical properties under various environmental conditions. The results of this study indicate that thin-film copper passivation layers have different properties in deionized (DI) water and polishing slurry environments compared to thin-film copper exposed to ambient air. Interestingly, variations in temperature within wet environments do not significantly affect the properties of thin-film copper wafers; but changes in properties are largely driven by chemical processes. The insights gained from this study emphasize the significance of considering both the passivation layers and wet environments in semiconductor fabrication processes, which contributes to the advancement of copper-based interconnect materials and optimization of the chemical mechanical planarization process in semiconductor manufacturing.","PeriodicalId":14741,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142218117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A self-doped conducting polyaniline was used as a hole transport layer (HTL) in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) [indium tin oxide/HTL/zinc-phthalocyanine/C70/bathocuproine/Al]. This polyaniline was characterized by phosphonic acid neutralized with pyridine (PMAP:Py). The current–voltage characteristics were evaluated and were comparable to those of the devices using a conventional hole transport material, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). PMAP:Py-based OPVs stored in both nitrogen and ambient atmosphere had a longer lifetime than PEDOT:PSS-based ones.
{"title":"Self-doped conducting polyaniline bearing phosphonic acid as a hole transport layer in organic photovoltaics","authors":"Yuhi Inada, Ryota Kuroda, Kahori Kiriyama, Masato Daijo, Toru Amaya, Takeshi Yamao and Toshikazu Hirao","doi":"10.35848/1347-4065/ad7180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ad7180","url":null,"abstract":"A self-doped conducting polyaniline was used as a hole transport layer (HTL) in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) [indium tin oxide/HTL/zinc-phthalocyanine/C70/bathocuproine/Al]. This polyaniline was characterized by phosphonic acid neutralized with pyridine (PMAP:Py). The current–voltage characteristics were evaluated and were comparable to those of the devices using a conventional hole transport material, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). PMAP:Py-based OPVs stored in both nitrogen and ambient atmosphere had a longer lifetime than PEDOT:PSS-based ones.","PeriodicalId":14741,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142218109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The crystal structures of relaxor ferroelectric Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PMN) have been investigated using synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction. Two different types of cubic components coexist in the paraelectric phase at 600 K. The first is Cubic-I, in which the Pb ion is isotropically off-centered from the corner of the perovskite-type unit cell. The other, Cubic-II, has the Pb ion preferentially off-centered in the <111> directions from the corner. The volume fractions of Cubic-I and Cubic-II are approximately 83% and 17%, respectively. Previous studies have shown that only approximately 20% of PMN transitions to a rhombohedral structure at 100 K. This observation suggests a close relationship between Cubic-II and the rhombohedral structure at low temperatures. The intrinsic structural inhomogeneity observed in the paraelectric phase, such as variations in the disordering behavior of Pb ions, is potentially linked to the relaxor characteristics of PMN.
利用同步辐射 X 射线粉末衍射研究了弛豫铁电体 Pb（Mg1/3Nb2/3）O3（PMN）的晶体结构。第一种是立方体-I，其中的铅离子从包晶型单位晶胞的角上同向偏离中心。另一种是立方体-II，其中的铅离子偏离角的方向为 <111>。立方体-I 和立方体-II 的体积分数分别约为 83% 和 17%。以往的研究表明，在 100 K 时，只有约 20% 的 PMN 转变为斜方体结构。这一观察结果表明，在低温条件下，立方体-II 与斜方体结构之间有着密切的关系。在副电相中观察到的内在结构不均匀性，如铅离子无序行为的变化，可能与 PMN 的弛豫特性有关。
{"title":"Two types of cubic components coexisting in the paraelectric phase of relaxor ferroelectric Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 revealed by synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction","authors":"Kayoko Sakaguchi, Sangwook Kim, Hidehiro Ohwa, Kenji Ohwada, Norihiro Oshime, Shinya Tsukada, Yoshihiro Kuroiwa","doi":"10.35848/1347-4065/ad6a6b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ad6a6b","url":null,"abstract":"The crystal structures of relaxor ferroelectric Pb(Mg<sub>1/3</sub>Nb<sub>2/3</sub>)O<sub>3</sub> (PMN) have been investigated using synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction. Two different types of cubic components coexist in the paraelectric phase at 600 K. The first is Cubic-I, in which the Pb ion is isotropically off-centered from the corner of the perovskite-type unit cell. The other, Cubic-II, has the Pb ion preferentially off-centered in the <111> directions from the corner. The volume fractions of Cubic-I and Cubic-II are approximately 83% and 17%, respectively. Previous studies have shown that only approximately 20% of PMN transitions to a rhombohedral structure at 100 K. This observation suggests a close relationship between Cubic-II and the rhombohedral structure at low temperatures. The intrinsic structural inhomogeneity observed in the paraelectric phase, such as variations in the disordering behavior of Pb ions, is potentially linked to the relaxor characteristics of PMN.","PeriodicalId":14741,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142218119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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