Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials最新文献

Growing ecological and public health issues brought on by the increasing presence of novel organic contaminants in wastewater need the development of innovative remediation solutions. It's usually challenging for conventional treatment methods to effectively collect these contaminants, which include pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and industrial chemicals. Scientists are, therefore, concentrating on innovative material to increase the efficiency of adsorption and removal. Because they facilitate interaction with a range of organic pollutants, 2D MXenes' unique structural and chemical properties have drawn interest from these materials. MXenes are very excellent adsorbents for a variety of contaminants because of their large surface area, many terminal groups, and distinctive 2D layer architectures. Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), dyes, antibiotics (tetracycline, sulfonamides, and ciprofloxacin), amitriptyline, verapamil, carbamazepine, 17α-ethinyl estradiol, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), diclofenac, ibuprofen heavy metals, and other contaminants have all been claimed to be eliminated by MXenes. Recent studies propose the formulation of MXene-based biocomposites, which not only harness the high surface area and electrical conductivity of MXenes but also integrate biodegradable components to promote eco-friendliness. This work explores the potential of novel 2D MXenes biocomposites in addressing the critical challenge of wastewater treatment, focussing on their efficiency, and sustainability in removing emerging contaminants.

Numerous studies have addressed the use of vancomycin (VA) to effectively treat bacterial infections. However, VA is known to cause side effects when administered intravenously. Herein, monodisperse poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) hollow nanocapsules were synthesized at the interface of a water-in-oil (W/O) single emulsion via Shirasu porous glass (SPG) membrane emulsification and UV-initiated polymerization. In water solutions, the PNIPAAm nanocapsules were able to encapsulate VA and form a new nanoscale water-soluble drug delivery system, namely, PNIPAAm-VA. In vitro experiments showed that PNIPAAm and PNIPAAm-VA had no cytotoxicity toward human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. In addition, the slow hydrolysis of PNIPAAm-VA in vitro led to the progressive release of VA, which was discharged at more than 50% and 80% of its initial concentration within 10 days at 37°C and 40°C, respectively; this subsequently inhibited the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. We believe that our PNIPAAm-VA nanoparticles can potentially be used as an effective injectable for temperature-sensitive materials in vivo to achieve the localized controlled release of drugs as safe and specific therapeutic agents.

Bruxism affects millions worldwide, leading to dental damage like worn teeth and tooth loss. Resin 3D printing presents a promising method for creating intricate, comfortable, and durable occlusal splints. This study examines how printing parameters-layer thickness, orientation angle, and curing time-affect the mechanical (compressive strength, wear rate, impact strength) and physical (water sorption, surface roughness, dimensional accuracy) properties of occlusal splints made from a methacrylate-based resin. A total of 120 specimens were produced according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards using different parametric combinations. The response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize key parameters. The optimum printing parameters for compressive strength include a layer height of 16.5 mm, curing time of 93.6 min, an orientation angle of 12.8º, yielding a compressive strength of 9.05 MPa, wear rate of 159 mm³/min, and impact strength of 71.58 J/m. Similarly, the optimum results for minimum surface roughness (8.013 microns), maximum dimensional accuracy (97.67 and minimum water sorption (0.386%) are achieved at a layer thickness of 16 mm, curing time of 93 min, and orientation angle of 12º. Results show that optimizing resin 3D printing parameters for occlusal splints significantly reduces production costs, particularly in regions with limited access to dental care, while promoting sustainable dental solutions by minimizing the environmental impact of traditional manufacturing methods and enhancing the efficiency of splint production.

Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to investigate, identify, and summarize the existing literature on the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines present in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of primary teeth restored with stainless steel crowns (SSC) versus control teeth.

Materials and methods: The systematic review was registered in the Open Science Framework (ID): 10.17605/OSF.IO/39U4D. In addition, it was prepared following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Five electronic databases were used to identify studies for this systematic review: PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, from January 10, 1999, to September 15, 2024. The risk of bias in the included studies was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute (cross-sectional studies) and the Cochrane Risk of Bias for Randomized Trials (RoB 2.0) in randomized clinical trials.

Results: The review includes four studies (two cross-sectional and two randomized clinical trials). A total of 75 children aged 3 to 10 years were studied. GCF samples were taken from 98 upper and lower molars rehabilitated with SSC and control teeth (without SSC). ELISA analyzed all samples. This way, the levels of four proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, IL-1β, IL-6, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β, were determined. The studies reported significant differences between both study groups: IL-1β: 27.30 versus 23.56 p < 0.05; MIP-1α: 682.55 versus 197.60 p < 0.05; and MIP-1β: 884.35 versus 287.85, p < 0.05.

Conclusions: This systematic review provides a comprehensive and current overview of the concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines present in GCF, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of gingival inflammation in children with SSC. IL-1β, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β levels increased in the GCF of upper and lower molars rehabilitated with stainless steel crowns compared to control primary teeth.

Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is a potent osteoinductive factor; however, current clinical applications using Escherichia coli-derived recombinant human BMP-2 are constrained by structural deficiencies and high-dose requirements, which increases the risk of adverse effects. In this study, we aimed to address these limitations by developing a novel approach leveraging genetically engineered human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) to synthesize human cell-derived BMP-2 (hBMP-2) within a collagen-based bone graft matrix. ARPE-19 cells were transduced using a lentiviral vector encoding BMP-2 and subsequently cultured in a porcine-collagen mixed graft material. The efficacy of this hBMP-2-enriched graft was evaluated in a rat calvaria defect model over 6 weeks, with comparisons made against empty defects and grafts lacking hBMP-2. Micro-computed tomography analysis revealed improved bone regeneration parameters in the hBMP-2 group compared with those in the graft-only group, although statistical significance was limited to the trabecular number, which approached borderline significance (p < 0.1). Histological analysis corroborated these findings, revealing significantly enhanced new bone formation but only a reducing tendency of residual graft material in the hBMP-2 group. This study presents a promising approach for bone regeneration by utilizing genetically engineered human cells to produce BMP-2 within clinically available bone graft materials, potentially mitigating the high-dose requirements and associated complications of conventional BMP-2 therapies.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), defined as a permanent and often asymptomatic dilatation of the abdominal aorta, poses a significant threat of rupture with high mortality, yet lacks effective pharmacological interventions for stabilisation or regression. Current surgical options are invasive or require strict anatomical suitability, leaving patients with small aneurysms under passive surveillance. This critical gap underscores the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. Nanomedicine has emerged as a promising approach, offering solutions for targeted drug delivery, precise imaging, and dynamic monitoring of AAA progression. This review comprehensively analyses recent advances in nanomaterial-based systems for AAA management. We classify and discuss key nanocarriers-inorganic nanomaterials, organic nanomaterials, and hybrid nanomaterials-highlighting their unique design strategies, targeting mechanisms, and therapeutic functions. Specific applications include the targeted delivery of anti-inflammatory agents, modulation of matrix metalloproteinase activity via siRNA delivery, protection of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from oxidative stress and apoptosis, and strategies for in situ vascular repair and regeneration. Furthermore, the role of nanomaterials in enhanced diagnostics and intelligent sensing for rupture risk prediction is explored. Despite encouraging preclinical results, challenges regarding long-term biosafety, translatability from rodent models to human pathophysiology, and optimisation of hemodynamic delivery remain significant hurdles. Future directions involve closed-loop theranostic systems, artificial intelligence integration, hemodynamic-optimised nanoparticle design, and exploring gene-editing nanocarriers. This review concludes that engineered nanomaterials hold substantial potential to transform AAA management from passive monitoring to active prevention and precision therapy, paving the way for future clinical translation.

Background: Bioactive cerium-doped (Ce-BGs) glasses with proven antioxidant properties, which may reduce post-implant oxidative stress, were studied in vitro and in vivo to evaluate their application in bone regeneration. Based on the Kokubo (K) composition, they contain 3.6 and 5.3 mol% cerium (referred to as K3.6 and K5.3, respectively).

Methods: Ce-BGs were synthesized by melting and sieved to produce granules (size range = 200-500 µm). In vitro studies were conducted against MLO-Y4 cells using direct Neutral Red (NR) and indirect Bromo-2-deoxyUridine (BrdU) assays to assess cell viability and proliferation respectively. In vivo studies were carried out using a New Zealand white rabbit model to evaluate bone healing potential.

Results and discussion: NR results showed a significant increase in cell viability for Ce-BGs: 77% for K and 79 and 85% for K3.6 and K5.3, after 24 h. After 72 h, cell viability decreased for K to 58% and increased for K3.6 and K5.3 (76% and 116% respectively). Cerium inhibits cell proliferation in BrdU assay as explainable by the increased durability of Ce-BGs. In vivo studies, after 30 and 60 days, revealed a delayed degradation for Ce-BGs that can stimulate the osteo-regeneration without inflammatory or degenerative effects. Moreover, the new bone area (NBA) was higher for Ce-BGs compared to control; after 60 days 32% for K5.3 versus 21% for K.

Conclusions: Ce-BGs granules show improved direct cytocompatibility in vitro and enhance the long-term bone remodeling process in vivo, contributing to a more controlled and effective bone healing compared to the K granules. This improved behavior can be linked to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of cerium, that can assist bone regeneration and reduce implant-associated inflammation, and to their slower dissolution rate that supports the controlled release of ions. These results suggest Ce-BGs as a promising device for therapeutic applications on hard tissues.

The current study was conducted to test the early osteogenic potential of strontium (Sr) doped titanium-aluminum-vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V) alloy using an in vitro cell culture experiment. Thirty Ti-6Al-4V alloy sheets were sandblasted and etched with large grit acid. Of these, 10 alloy sheets represented group I, 10 sheets doped with Sr using a hydrothermal process represented group II, and 10 sheets also coated with Sr-supplemented hydroxyapatite using a hydrothermal process represented group III. The surfaces of the three groups were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The three groups were also compared in terms of their water contact angle, protein adsorption, and Sr ion release profile. Further, bone marrow mesenchymal cells (BMSCs) obtained from the femora of 10 Sprague Dawley rats were used for the in vitro cell culture experiment, and the viability of the cultured cells was evaluated using the MTT assay and confocal microscopy; in addition, their osteogenic potential was assessed using alkaline phosphatase ALP activity. For statistical analysis, data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA; IBM SPSS statistics 23), and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. SEM images revealed that the three groups had surface roughness, and EDS and XRD revealed the success of incorporating Sr to their surfaces. Group III had the best contact angle, protein adsorption, and Sr ion release rate. The cell culture also revealed that the surfaces of the titanium alloy sheets in group III were the most viable and had the best osteogenic potential; however, there was no statistically significant difference between groups I and II. In Conclusion, Sr alone was not able to improve the osteogenic potential of titanium alloy surfaces.

In this study, biocomposite membranes were developed by incorporating resveratrol (RSV)-loaded PCL-PEG composites, modified with graphene oxide (GO) and hydroxyapatite (HAP). The aim was to enhance hydrophilicity with GO and improve bioactivity with HAP. The release kinetics of RSV was evaluated by using Franz diffusion cells and compared with various kinetic models, including Korsmeyer-Peppas, Higuchi, and Baker, all of which showed high correlation coefficients (R²) close to 0.99. Mechanical tests was performed to determine the suitability of these membranes for tissue engineering applications. The composite membrane modified with GO and HAP exhibited tensile strength of 105.2 ± 5.8 MPa, tensile modulus of 3895 ± 159 MPa, elongation at break of 8.4 ± 0.9%, and toughness of 5.88 ± 0.46 MJ/m³. In vitro cell adhesion studies, visualized using DAPI fluorescence staining, demonstrated increased cell adhesion to the composite membranes over periods of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days. These findings highlight the potential of the RSV-loaded PCL-PEG membranes, enhanced with GO and HAP, for applications in bone tissue engineering.

In current study, microstructural, mechanical and corrosion behaviour were investigated with incorporation of dual reinforced AZ91D surface composites. This research was carried out for enhancement of the bio-degradability in biological environment. The surface composites were successfully fabricated by friction stir processing method with a rotation speed of 800 rpm, travel speed of 80 mm/min and 2.5° tilt angle at multi-passes. The surface properties were characterized via optical, SEM, EDS, XRD and EBSD techniques. The microstructure showed that the reinforcements were equally distributed into the surface matrix after 3-passes for sets of composites. After 3-passes FSP average grain diameter of the composite C (1.61 μm) was smaller than that of composite A (1.86 μm) and composite B (1.63 μm), because of the strong shear deformation and generated friction heat, which occurred via dynamic recrystallization between grains in the processed zones. The microhardness of Composite C (162 Hv) has a higher than the composite A (125.2 Hv) and composite B (146.2 Hv). The ultimate tensile strength of composite A (152.7 MPa) was greater than that of composite B (133 MPa) and composite C (111.3 MPa). Furthermore, the corrosion resistance at 7, 15 and 30 days of immersion of composite C was higher than that of composite A and composite B, because of the domino effects and better bio-mineralization with the addition of Y₂O₃ and ZrO₂ particles. The typically worn surface revealed reduced deep pits, pits and cracks due to better ionization of the hydrogen generated during immersion. Finally, this research was carried out for treatment of bone defects and fractures as well as improving corrosion resistance of the mg-containing biocompatible implants.