This study investigated the physicochemical parameters as well as the microbial quality of certain water bodies used for irrigation purposes in Ife East and Ife Central Local Government Areas of Osun State, Nigeria. Physicochemical parameters of samples were measured following standard methods. The identity and population of autochthonous bacteria were determined using standard microbiological methods between November 2018 and March 2019. The physicochemical parameters assessed in the irrigation water samples revealed that pH values of irrigation water sampled falls between 7.06 ± 0.08–8.40 ± 0.12, mean value of Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) ranges between 104.00 ± 1.41 and 461.3 ± 1.78 ppm while temperature was around 31.83 ± 0.51°C. Turbidity of the irrigation water sampled exceeded the recommended (˂5 NTU) range. Heterotrophic plate count, Total Coliform and Feacal Coliform count were found to be relatively high (2.80 ± 0.04–7.28 ± 0.28 Log10 cfu/ml) and no significant difference (p-values˃0.05) was observed in their mean values. A total of 12-13 bacteria species were found in Ife Central and Ife East respectively. These bacteria include Aeromonas sp, Aeromonas hydrophilla Citrobacter sp, E coli; Enterococcus sp, Klebsiella sp, Proteus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Salmonella sp, Serratia sp, Shigella sp, Staphylococcus sp and Vibrio sp. This study concludes that pH and TDS were within the acceptable limits while temperature exceeded the standard in some months. The presence of pathogenic bacteria suggests that irrigation water could be a major source of transmission of waterborne diseases and consequently detrimental to human health.
{"title":"Assessment of Physicochemical and Microbial Suitability of Some Selected Surface Water around Ile?Ife Southwest Nigeria for Irrigation","authors":"Agboola Temitope Deborah, Bisi-Johnson Mary, Tomere Daubotei","doi":"10.35248/2155-9597.21.12.405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2155-9597.21.12.405","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the physicochemical parameters as well as the microbial quality of certain water bodies used for irrigation purposes in Ife East and Ife Central Local Government Areas of Osun State, Nigeria. Physicochemical parameters of samples were measured following standard methods. The identity and population of autochthonous bacteria were determined using standard microbiological methods between November 2018 and March 2019. The physicochemical parameters assessed in the irrigation water samples revealed that pH values of irrigation water sampled falls between 7.06 ± 0.08–8.40 ± 0.12, mean value of Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) ranges between 104.00 ± 1.41 and 461.3 ± 1.78 ppm while temperature was around 31.83 ± 0.51°C. Turbidity of the irrigation water sampled exceeded the recommended (˂5 NTU) range. Heterotrophic plate count, Total Coliform and Feacal Coliform count were found to be relatively high (2.80 ± 0.04–7.28 ± 0.28 Log10 cfu/ml) and no significant difference (p-values˃0.05) was observed in their mean values. A total of 12-13 bacteria species were found in Ife Central and Ife East respectively. These bacteria include Aeromonas sp, Aeromonas hydrophilla Citrobacter sp, E coli; Enterococcus sp, Klebsiella sp, Proteus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Salmonella sp, Serratia sp, Shigella sp, Staphylococcus sp and Vibrio sp. This study concludes that pH and TDS were within the acceptable limits while temperature exceeded the standard in some months. The presence of pathogenic bacteria suggests that irrigation water could be a major source of transmission of waterborne diseases and consequently detrimental to human health.","PeriodicalId":15045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86953272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.36648/2155-9597.21.12.388
V. Montes
It is very clear that the vaccines for Covid-19 are intended to function as a type of panacea for restoring confidence and reestablishing the social order. In this way, the Covid-19 vaccines will operate like therapeutics for cancer, diabetes, and other diseases because they do not address the social and environmental causes that increase susceptibility to these diseases, or in this case, the Covid-19 virus. The pervasive view that develops out of a highly fragmented bureaucratic social order is either unable or unwilling to connect medicine and healthcare with capitalist enterprise and the function they play in maintaining society. A holistic and critical perspective can situate the wellbeing of the individual in society. In this view, we would see how people are dehumanized by profit-generating industries that expose individuals to harmful conditions and chemicals on one side of the capitalist spectrum. To then, on another side, profit from providing therapeutics. To understand the system's logic, one needs to understand the manifest functions and the US capitalist social system's latent functions.
{"title":"The Covid-19 Vaccines: A Latent Function for the Capitalist Social System","authors":"V. Montes","doi":"10.36648/2155-9597.21.12.388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36648/2155-9597.21.12.388","url":null,"abstract":"It is very clear that the vaccines for Covid-19 are intended to function as a type of panacea for restoring confidence and reestablishing the social order. In this way, the Covid-19 vaccines will operate like therapeutics for cancer, diabetes, and other diseases because they do not address the social and environmental causes that increase susceptibility to these diseases, or in this case, the Covid-19 virus. The pervasive view that develops out of a highly fragmented bureaucratic social order is either unable or unwilling to connect medicine and healthcare with capitalist enterprise and the function they play in maintaining society. A holistic and critical perspective can situate the wellbeing of the individual in society. In this view, we would see how people are dehumanized by profit-generating industries that expose individuals to harmful conditions and chemicals on one side of the capitalist spectrum. To then, on another side, profit from providing therapeutics. To understand the system's logic, one needs to understand the manifest functions and the US capitalist social system's latent functions.","PeriodicalId":15045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology","volume":"34 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85697846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.36648/2155-9597.21.12.387
W. Dorsch, J. Ring
Onions could help against the Coronavirus! As shown in numerous scientific studies (in vivo, in vitro, animal and human studies), onions (Allium cepa L.) produce anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic and probably antiviral substances, which should be valuable for the initial treatment of patients with COVID-19. Modes of preparation and application are crucial.
{"title":"Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Thrombotic and Antiviral Substances from Onions could be an Option for the Treatment of COVID-19: A Hypothesis","authors":"W. Dorsch, J. Ring","doi":"10.36648/2155-9597.21.12.387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36648/2155-9597.21.12.387","url":null,"abstract":"Onions could help against the Coronavirus! As shown in numerous scientific studies (in vivo, in vitro, animal and human studies), onions (Allium cepa L.) produce anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic and probably antiviral substances, which should be valuable for the initial treatment of patients with COVID-19. Modes of preparation and application are crucial.","PeriodicalId":15045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology","volume":"71 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74545167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2155-9597.21.12.401
U. Cornelli, G. Belcaro, M. Recchia
Background: Vaccination programmes against COVID-19 started in December 2020 in three countries (Israel, the UK and the USA) and in the first two weeks of January in a further 137 countries. No vaccination campaigns had yet been implemented in 36 countries on 30 March 2021. Objective: The aim of this research is to compare the death rates in the two sets of countries. The correlation between number of deaths due to the virus and LEEDELS data (Life Expectancy, Ecological, Demographic/Social and Lifestyle variables) was calculated to determine which of these variables were connected with COVID-19 deaths. Methods: The death and vaccination data were retrieved from the WHO coronavirus dashboard. The LEEDELS data were taken from the Atlante Geografico Agostini 2020 and CIA World Facebook 2020-2021. The statistical evaluation was conducted using the Spilt-Plot variance analysis. The profiler analysis was used to assess the correlation between deaths and vaccinations and the Spearman's ρ were used to correlate the COVID-19 deaths to LEEDELS. Results: 176 countries were considered. Death rates in the 36 countries without a vaccination programme are increasing, while in few of the other 140 which are close to herd immunity the rate seems to be flattening. However, a significant increase in number of deaths was seen in 48 of the 140 countries (34%) with vaccination programmes despite their campaigns. Death from the virus is linked to urban density and the variables that reflect prosperity (GDP, hospital beds, cars and the internet). None of the other variables were correlated. Conclusion: COVID-19 is causing a tragic number of deaths and vaccination is only one of the tools needed to tackle the disease. It can be ineffective without an appropriate approach to health policy.The poorest countries will be the next victims.
{"title":"COVID-19 Vaccination: Hopes and Facts to Cover Incompetence","authors":"U. Cornelli, G. Belcaro, M. Recchia","doi":"10.35248/2155-9597.21.12.401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2155-9597.21.12.401","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Vaccination programmes against COVID-19 started in December 2020 in three countries (Israel, the UK and the USA) and in the first two weeks of January in a further 137 countries. No vaccination campaigns had yet been implemented in 36 countries on 30 March 2021. Objective: The aim of this research is to compare the death rates in the two sets of countries. The correlation between number of deaths due to the virus and LEEDELS data (Life Expectancy, Ecological, Demographic/Social and Lifestyle variables) was calculated to determine which of these variables were connected with COVID-19 deaths. Methods: The death and vaccination data were retrieved from the WHO coronavirus dashboard. The LEEDELS data were taken from the Atlante Geografico Agostini 2020 and CIA World Facebook 2020-2021. The statistical evaluation was conducted using the Spilt-Plot variance analysis. The profiler analysis was used to assess the correlation between deaths and vaccinations and the Spearman's ρ were used to correlate the COVID-19 deaths to LEEDELS. Results: 176 countries were considered. Death rates in the 36 countries without a vaccination programme are increasing, while in few of the other 140 which are close to herd immunity the rate seems to be flattening. However, a significant increase in number of deaths was seen in 48 of the 140 countries (34%) with vaccination programmes despite their campaigns. Death from the virus is linked to urban density and the variables that reflect prosperity (GDP, hospital beds, cars and the internet). None of the other variables were correlated. Conclusion: COVID-19 is causing a tragic number of deaths and vaccination is only one of the tools needed to tackle the disease. It can be ineffective without an appropriate approach to health policy.The poorest countries will be the next victims.","PeriodicalId":15045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89606471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2155-9597.21.S11.E004
Jeremy Walton
{"title":"Role of Bacteria in Bloodstream Infections","authors":"Jeremy Walton","doi":"10.35248/2155-9597.21.S11.E004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2155-9597.21.S11.E004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology","volume":"31 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74849639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: The consumption of lettuce provides several benefits, such as high source of dietary fiber, minerals and vitamins. However, despite these benefits, it can be a vehicle for the transmission of parasitic diseases, taking into account that its consumption is done in a raw way. Thus, this study aimed to assess the parasitological quality of lettuce that is sold in the markets of Maxixe city in Inhambane Province, the southern of Mozambique. Materials and Methods: In June and July 2018, 50 samples of lettuce were purchased in three markets from Maxixe city. The samples were placed in plastic bags, correctly identified and transported to the Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology at the Faculty of Health Sciences of Pedagogical University of Mozambique, where the parasites' eggs and larvae were investigated, using the method of Hoffmann and Pons-Janer. The statistical analysis of data was performed by using SPSS program, version 24. Results and Discussion: From 50 samples of lettuce analyzed, 35 of them were positive that corresponds to 70% of the contaminated samples, with the remaining 15 (30%) being negative, with significant differences (X2, P=0.002). The highest contamination rate was found in the Tsuhula market, with 100% of the contaminated samples, followed by Dumbanengue market with 64.7% and finally the Xicadjuanine market with 43.75% of contaminated samples. The parasites found in the lettuce samples were Ascaris lumbricoides, Entamoeba histolytica cysts, Strongyloid stereoralis larvae and Hepatic Fasciola Conclusion: Expressive contamination rates of lettuce sold in the three markets were obtained, with the need to adopt proper hygiene practices before its consumption, in addition to the need to strengthen the health surveillance system.
{"title":"Parasitological Assessment of Lettuce Quality in the Maxixe City Markets, Mozambique","authors":"Alfredo Clio, Nchowela Guido, Muchanga Izaidino, Nharrave Adrito, Mussa Yazido, M. Jorge","doi":"10.35248/2155-9597.21.S8.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2155-9597.21.S8.002","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The consumption of lettuce provides several benefits, such as high source of dietary fiber, minerals and vitamins. However, despite these benefits, it can be a vehicle for the transmission of parasitic diseases, taking into account that its consumption is done in a raw way. Thus, this study aimed to assess the parasitological quality of lettuce that is sold in the markets of Maxixe city in Inhambane Province, the southern of Mozambique. Materials and Methods: In June and July 2018, 50 samples of lettuce were purchased in three markets from Maxixe city. The samples were placed in plastic bags, correctly identified and transported to the Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology at the Faculty of Health Sciences of Pedagogical University of Mozambique, where the parasites' eggs and larvae were investigated, using the method of Hoffmann and Pons-Janer. The statistical analysis of data was performed by using SPSS program, version 24. Results and Discussion: From 50 samples of lettuce analyzed, 35 of them were positive that corresponds to 70% of the contaminated samples, with the remaining 15 (30%) being negative, with significant differences (X2, P=0.002). The highest contamination rate was found in the Tsuhula market, with 100% of the contaminated samples, followed by Dumbanengue market with 64.7% and finally the Xicadjuanine market with 43.75% of contaminated samples. The parasites found in the lettuce samples were Ascaris lumbricoides, Entamoeba histolytica cysts, Strongyloid stereoralis larvae and Hepatic Fasciola Conclusion: Expressive contamination rates of lettuce sold in the three markets were obtained, with the need to adopt proper hygiene practices before its consumption, in addition to the need to strengthen the health surveillance system.","PeriodicalId":15045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology","volume":"30 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81909636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2155-9597.21.12.402
J. Morán-López, A. Calles
In fourteen months the number of infected people with SARS-COV-2 has reached more than 159 millions and from those more than 3 million have resulted in death. There is now a consensus that the airborne saliva droplets, that are produced while speaking, coughingor sneezing by infected people is one of the most likely routes of transmission of the corona virus disease (COVID-19). The expelled droplets can measure between 0.4 and 450 μm in diameter. Once the droplets are in the air, they are subject to the gravitational, and air frictional forces that dictate their motion. Through exhaustive aerodynamic studies it has been shown that the aerosol droplets (less than 5 μm) can remain in the environment for very long periods of time and be transported by air currents. Larger droplets take shorter times and land within a circle of 1.5 to 2 m radius. Of key importance is the droplet size distribution and many efforts have been done to characterize this. By modeling the production of the number of saliva droplets with log-log Gaussian distributions, the virial load of the expelled droplets is estimated as a function of droplet size. Assuming a constant virus density, we estimate the amount of virus delivered into the environment. The use of face masks reduce drastically the amount of droplets emitted to the air by an infected person and to be inhaled by a healthy one. We emphasize the great importance of using adequate face protection to minimize COVID-19, transmission and to reduce the death toll due to this disease.
{"title":"Why Nose and Mouth Coverings are Highly Recommended to Impede SARS-Cov-2 Spread","authors":"J. Morán-López, A. Calles","doi":"10.35248/2155-9597.21.12.402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2155-9597.21.12.402","url":null,"abstract":"In fourteen months the number of infected people with SARS-COV-2 has reached more than 159 millions and from those more than 3 million have resulted in death. There is now a consensus that the airborne saliva droplets, that are produced while speaking, coughingor sneezing by infected people is one of the most likely routes of transmission of the corona virus disease (COVID-19). The expelled droplets can measure between 0.4 and 450 μm in diameter. Once the droplets are in the air, they are subject to the gravitational, and air frictional forces that dictate their motion. Through exhaustive aerodynamic studies it has been shown that the aerosol droplets (less than 5 μm) can remain in the environment for very long periods of time and be transported by air currents. Larger droplets take shorter times and land within a circle of 1.5 to 2 m radius. Of key importance is the droplet size distribution and many efforts have been done to characterize this. By modeling the production of the number of saliva droplets with log-log Gaussian distributions, the virial load of the expelled droplets is estimated as a function of droplet size. Assuming a constant virus density, we estimate the amount of virus delivered into the environment. The use of face masks reduce drastically the amount of droplets emitted to the air by an infected person and to be inhaled by a healthy one. We emphasize the great importance of using adequate face protection to minimize COVID-19, transmission and to reduce the death toll due to this disease.","PeriodicalId":15045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology","volume":"21 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82032454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2155-9597.21.S9.002
N. H. Alzahrani, Fareed Shawky El-Shenawy
Six clinical Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from different clinical samples. Isolates ASIA1 and ASIA2 isolated from urine samples of urinary tract infected patients; ASIA3 isolated from swab samples of burn abscess patients at Assiut University hospital as well as ASIA4, ASIA5 and ASIA6 obtained from blood samples of different cancer patients at South Egypt Cancer Institute. All isolates showed varied abilities to produce halo zones of hydrolysis with different diameters on blood agar, heated plasma agar, casein agar and skim milk agar plates along with different clot lyses percent. Staphylococcus aureus ASIA3, ASIA4 and ASIA6 produced 4.83, 5.98 and 2.08 U/mL of staphylokinase on tryptone soy broth reduced to 1.95, 2.08 and 1.70 U/mL on casein hydrolysate yeast extract broth,respectively. On the other hand, Staphylococcus aureus ASIA1, ASIA2 and ASIA5 gave 2.20, 2.93 and 3.65 U/mL on CYEB compared to 2.10, 1.88 and 3.41 U/mL on TSB as production medium. The staphylokinase yielded from the hyperactive producer Staphylococcus aureus ASIA4 was increased for 7.64-fold (from 2.08 U/mL to 15.88 U/mL) on the optimized fermentation medium composed of 5.0 g sucrose as carbon source, 10.0 g soy bean as nitrogen source, 5.0 g NaCl, K2HPO4 5.0 g and pH 7.0 that inoculated with isolate ASIA4 and incubated for 24 h at 35°C. Moreover, Staphylokinase activity reached its peak at the optimal enzymatic reaction conditions which were reaction time 25 min, casein as substrate, reaction pH 8.0, reaction temperature 40°C. In addition it retained 100% of its activity at temperature ranged between 15 and 45°C and pH ranged from pH 6.0 to 9.0 EDTA inhibited the enzyme activity by 3.0% to 32.2% with increasing its values from 30.0 to 90.0 mM. MgCl2 at a concentration of 30 mM increased the enzyme activity by 4% and then slightly decreased at higher concentrations but NaCl was potent staphylokinase activator at concentrations lower than 90 mM.
{"title":"Production and Characterization of Staphylokinase Enzyme from Staphylococcusaureus ASIA4","authors":"N. H. Alzahrani, Fareed Shawky El-Shenawy","doi":"10.35248/2155-9597.21.S9.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2155-9597.21.S9.002","url":null,"abstract":"Six clinical Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from different clinical samples. Isolates ASIA1 and ASIA2 isolated from urine samples of urinary tract infected patients; ASIA3 isolated from swab samples of burn abscess patients at Assiut University hospital as well as ASIA4, ASIA5 and ASIA6 obtained from blood samples of different cancer patients at South Egypt Cancer Institute. All isolates showed varied abilities to produce halo zones of hydrolysis with different diameters on blood agar, heated plasma agar, casein agar and skim milk agar plates along with different clot lyses percent. Staphylococcus aureus ASIA3, ASIA4 and ASIA6 produced 4.83, 5.98 and 2.08 U/mL of staphylokinase on tryptone soy broth reduced to 1.95, 2.08 and 1.70 U/mL on casein hydrolysate yeast extract broth,respectively. On the other hand, Staphylococcus aureus ASIA1, ASIA2 and ASIA5 gave 2.20, 2.93 and 3.65 U/mL on CYEB compared to 2.10, 1.88 and 3.41 U/mL on TSB as production medium. The staphylokinase yielded from the hyperactive producer Staphylococcus aureus ASIA4 was increased for 7.64-fold (from 2.08 U/mL to 15.88 U/mL) on the optimized fermentation medium composed of 5.0 g sucrose as carbon source, 10.0 g soy bean as nitrogen source, 5.0 g NaCl, K2HPO4 5.0 g and pH 7.0 that inoculated with isolate ASIA4 and incubated for 24 h at 35°C. Moreover, Staphylokinase activity reached its peak at the optimal enzymatic reaction conditions which were reaction time 25 min, casein as substrate, reaction pH 8.0, reaction temperature 40°C. In addition it retained 100% of its activity at temperature ranged between 15 and 45°C and pH ranged from pH 6.0 to 9.0 EDTA inhibited the enzyme activity by 3.0% to 32.2% with increasing its values from 30.0 to 90.0 mM. MgCl2 at a concentration of 30 mM increased the enzyme activity by 4% and then slightly decreased at higher concentrations but NaCl was potent staphylokinase activator at concentrations lower than 90 mM.","PeriodicalId":15045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology","volume":"46 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85681240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2155-9597.21.S8.001
E. E. J. Eyong, Makebe Sylvie, G. Tiburce, Y. Wenceslas
Objective: To assess the impact of intestinal parasite/malaria co-infection on haemoglobin in patients of Melong and Denzo health facilities, Littoral region, Cameroon. Materials and methods: This study took place from November 2019-March 2020. Blood samples were collected from patients after informed consent by finger pricking. Stool samples were examined using normal saline and the Kato-Katz technique for the presence and intensity of IPs. Thick blood films were prepared, Giemsa-stained and examined under x100 to detect the presence of parasites and estimate GMPD. Hb values were determined using a haemoglobinometer. Data was analysed using SPSS version 23 and the significance level was set at P<0.05. Results: The overall prevalence of IP was 28.3% (113/400). Entamoeba histolytica was the most prevalent IP 22.0% (88/400) while Taenia spp 0.3% (1/400) and Trichuris trichiura 0.3% (1/400) recorded the lowest prevalences. E. histolytica was significantly more in Melong (27.7%, 76/274) than in Denzo (9.5%, 12/126), (P=0.001). Ascaris lumbricoides was significantly more in Denzo (10.3%, 13/126) than in Melong (0.3%, 1/274), P=0.001. Trichomonas hominis was the only parasite which was significantly different (p=0.009) between age groups. The overall prevalence of malaria was 66.5% (266/400). The prevalence of malaria was higher in Denzo (79.3%, 100/126) than in Melong (60.5, 166/274), P=0.001. Children ≤ 5 years recorded the highest (75.4%, 83/110) prevalence of malaria, and the difference between age groups was significant, p=0.016. The overall prevalence of co-infection and anaemia were 16.3% (65/400) and 58.8% (235/400), respectively. Higher prevalence (20.6%, 37/180) of intestinal parasites/ malaria was seen in anaemic patients than in non-anemic (12.7%, 28/220), p=0.035. Conclusion: Malaria was a strong predictor of anemia and the malaria intensity was highly correlated with anemia in patients from Melong and Denzo localities. Interventions targeting groups at risk will help reduce morbidity and mortality caused by these diseases in Melong and Denzo localities.
目的:评估肠道寄生虫/疟疾合并感染对喀麦隆沿海地区Melong和Denzo卫生机构患者血红蛋白的影响。材料和方法:本研究于2019年11月- 2020年3月进行。经患者知情同意后，采用刺指法采集血样。使用生理盐水和Kato-Katz技术检测粪便样本中IPs的存在和强度。制备厚血膜，giemsa染色，在x100下检测寄生虫的存在和估计GMPD。用血红蛋白计测定Hb值。数据分析采用SPSS version 23，显著性水平设为P<0.05。结果:总患病率为28.3%(113/400)。溶组织内阿米巴患病率最高，为22.0%(88/400)，带绦虫0.3%(1/400)和毛滴虫0.3%(1/400)患病率最低。溶组织芽孢杆菌在梅龙(27.7%，76/274)的检出率显著高于丹佐(9.5%，12/126)，差异有统计学意义(P=0.001)。Denzo的蛔虫数量(10.3%，13/126)显著高于Melong (0.3%， 1/274)， P=0.001。人毛滴虫是唯一的寄生虫，不同年龄组间差异有统计学意义(p=0.009)。疟疾总流行率为66.5%(266/400)。Denzo地区疟疾患病率为79.3%(100/126)，高于Melong地区(60.5%，166/274)，P=0.001。5岁以下儿童疟疾患病率最高(75.4%，83/110)，年龄组间差异有统计学意义(p=0.016)。合并感染和贫血的总体患病率分别为16.3%(65/400)和58.8%(235/400)。贫血患者肠道寄生虫/疟疾患病率(20.6%，37/180)高于非贫血患者(12.7%，28/220)，p=0.035。结论:疟疾是Melong和Denzo地区患者贫血的重要预测因子，疟疾强度与贫血高度相关。针对高危人群的干预措施将有助于减少这些疾病在梅隆和登佐地区造成的发病率和死亡率。
{"title":"Impact of Intestinal Parasite/Malaria Co-Infection on Haemoglobin in Patients of Melong and Denzo Health Facilities, Littoral Region, Cameroon","authors":"E. E. J. Eyong, Makebe Sylvie, G. Tiburce, Y. Wenceslas","doi":"10.35248/2155-9597.21.S8.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2155-9597.21.S8.001","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To assess the impact of intestinal parasite/malaria co-infection on haemoglobin in patients of Melong and Denzo health facilities, Littoral region, Cameroon. Materials and methods: This study took place from November 2019-March 2020. Blood samples were collected from patients after informed consent by finger pricking. Stool samples were examined using normal saline and the Kato-Katz technique for the presence and intensity of IPs. Thick blood films were prepared, Giemsa-stained and examined under x100 to detect the presence of parasites and estimate GMPD. Hb values were determined using a haemoglobinometer. Data was analysed using SPSS version 23 and the significance level was set at P<0.05. Results: The overall prevalence of IP was 28.3% (113/400). Entamoeba histolytica was the most prevalent IP 22.0% (88/400) while Taenia spp 0.3% (1/400) and Trichuris trichiura 0.3% (1/400) recorded the lowest prevalences. E. histolytica was significantly more in Melong (27.7%, 76/274) than in Denzo (9.5%, 12/126), (P=0.001). Ascaris lumbricoides was significantly more in Denzo (10.3%, 13/126) than in Melong (0.3%, 1/274), P=0.001. Trichomonas hominis was the only parasite which was significantly different (p=0.009) between age groups. The overall prevalence of malaria was 66.5% (266/400). The prevalence of malaria was higher in Denzo (79.3%, 100/126) than in Melong (60.5, 166/274), P=0.001. Children ≤ 5 years recorded the highest (75.4%, 83/110) prevalence of malaria, and the difference between age groups was significant, p=0.016. The overall prevalence of co-infection and anaemia were 16.3% (65/400) and 58.8% (235/400), respectively. Higher prevalence (20.6%, 37/180) of intestinal parasites/ malaria was seen in anaemic patients than in non-anemic (12.7%, 28/220), p=0.035. Conclusion: Malaria was a strong predictor of anemia and the malaria intensity was highly correlated with anemia in patients from Melong and Denzo localities. Interventions targeting groups at risk will help reduce morbidity and mortality caused by these diseases in Melong and Denzo localities.","PeriodicalId":15045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology","volume":"54 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86924693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2155-9597.21.S11.002
Rabeya Nahar Ferdous, Rashed Zaman, Shahedur Rahman, Oliullah Rafi, S. Dey, A. Khaleque, A. Parvez
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has long been a common pathogen in healthcare facilities, but now, it has emerged as a problematic pathogen in the community setting as well. Healthcare-Associated Methicillin- Resistant S. aureus (HA-MRSA) and Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) strains have appeared as a significant pathogen in healthcare and community-associated settings. The CA-MRSA used to be susceptible to mostly used antibiotics, but the criteria have been changed for past decade. Although HA-MRSA most commonly found in urine but CA-MRSA responsible for causing UTI. So Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) can be used as gold standard to characterize S. aureus (nuc gene), MRSA (mecA gene), CA-MRSA (PVL gene in SCCmec types IV). On the other hand, HA-MRSA can be detected by the detection of SCCmec types I, II, or III. But detection of PVL gene may reduce cost and time to screen CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA. After identifying targeting gene, sequencing can be carried out to know amino acid changes or any mutation that may occur in PVL gene and may change the characteristics of CA-MRSA. Whole genome sequencing can play a vital role for shaping the future and identifying transmission of MRSA in outbreak or endemic settings. Another way to control infection associated with HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA is to control risk factors and important to identify the antibiotics before prescribing to the infected person. Though vancomycin has susceptibility to most of MRSA but resistant pattern has also been found. Development of vaccines against MRSA may have dramatic impacts upon morbidity and mortality caused by a number of infection associated with HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA. However, further work is required to assess their long-term roles in controlling infection associated with MRSA
{"title":"Characterization, Associated Risk Factors and Possible Treatment of Healthcare Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) and Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA)","authors":"Rabeya Nahar Ferdous, Rashed Zaman, Shahedur Rahman, Oliullah Rafi, S. Dey, A. Khaleque, A. Parvez","doi":"10.35248/2155-9597.21.S11.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2155-9597.21.S11.002","url":null,"abstract":"Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has long been a common pathogen in healthcare facilities, but now, it has emerged as a problematic pathogen in the community setting as well. Healthcare-Associated Methicillin- Resistant S. aureus (HA-MRSA) and Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) strains have appeared as a significant pathogen in healthcare and community-associated settings. The CA-MRSA used to be susceptible to mostly used antibiotics, but the criteria have been changed for past decade. Although HA-MRSA most commonly found in urine but CA-MRSA responsible for causing UTI. So Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) can be used as gold standard to characterize S. aureus (nuc gene), MRSA (mecA gene), CA-MRSA (PVL gene in SCCmec types IV). On the other hand, HA-MRSA can be detected by the detection of SCCmec types I, II, or III. But detection of PVL gene may reduce cost and time to screen CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA. After identifying targeting gene, sequencing can be carried out to know amino acid changes or any mutation that may occur in PVL gene and may change the characteristics of CA-MRSA. Whole genome sequencing can play a vital role for shaping the future and identifying transmission of MRSA in outbreak or endemic settings. Another way to control infection associated with HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA is to control risk factors and important to identify the antibiotics before prescribing to the infected person. Though vancomycin has susceptibility to most of MRSA but resistant pattern has also been found. Development of vaccines against MRSA may have dramatic impacts upon morbidity and mortality caused by a number of infection associated with HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA. However, further work is required to assess their long-term roles in controlling infection associated with MRSA","PeriodicalId":15045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology","volume":"48 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74283929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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