Perumal Vivekanandhan, Chinnaperumal Kamaraj, Sulaiman A. Alharbi, Mohammad J. Ansari
Entomopathogenic fungi are the most effective control remedy against a wide range of medical and agricultural important pests. The present study aimed to isolate, identify, and assess the virulence of Metarhizium rileyi against Spodoptera litura and Spodoptera frugiperda pupae under soil conditions. The biotechnological methods were used to identify the isolate as M. rileyi. The fungal conidial pathogenicity (2.0 × 107, 2.0 × 108, 2.0 × 109, 2.0 × 1010, and 2.0 × 1011 conidia/mL−1) was tested against prepupae of S. litura and S. frugiperda at 3, 6, 9, and 12 days after treatments. Additionally, the artificial soil-conidial assay was performed on a nontarget species earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae, using M. rileyi conidia. The present results showed that the M. rileyi caused significant mortality rates in S. litura pupae (61-90%), and S. litura pupae were more susceptible than S. frugiperda pupae (46%–73%) at 12 day posttreatment. The LC50 and LC90 of M. rileyi against S. litura, were 3.4 × 1014–9.9 × 1017 conidia/mL−1 and 6.6 × 105–4.6 × 1014 conidia/mL−1 in S. frugiperda, respectively. The conidia of M. rileyi did not exhibit any sublethal effect on the adult stage of E. eugeniae, and Artemia salina following a 12-day treatment period. Moreover, in the histopathological evaluation no discernible harm was observed in the gut tissues of E. eugeniae, including the lumen and epithelial cells, as well as the muscles, setae, nucleus, mitochondria, and coelom. The present findings provide clear evidence that M. rileyi fungal conidia can be used as the foundation for the development of effective bio-insecticides to combat the pupae of S. litura and S. frugiperda agricultural pests.
昆虫病原真菌是防治多种重要的医疗和农业害虫的最有效的方法。本研究旨在分离、鉴定和评估 Metarhizium rileyi 在土壤条件下对 Spodoptera litura 和 Spodoptera frugiperda 蛹的毒力。采用生物技术方法鉴定分离物为 M. rileyi。在处理后 3、6、9 和 12 天,测试了真菌分生孢子对 S. litura 和 S. frugiperda 蛹的致病性(2.0 × 107、2.0 × 108、2.0 × 109、2.0 × 1010 和 2.0 × 1011 分生孢子/毫升-1)。此外,还使用 M. rileyi 分生孢子对非目标物种蚯蚓 Eudrilus eugeniae 进行了人工土壤-分生孢子试验。结果表明,M. rileyi 对 S. litura 蛹的致死率很高(61%-90%),在处理后 12 天,S. litura 蛹比 S. frugiperda 蛹更易感(46%-73%)。M. rileyi 对 S. litura 的 LC50 和 LC90 分别为 3.4 × 1014-9.9 × 1017 分生孢子/毫升-1 和 6.6 × 105-4.6 × 1014 分生孢子/毫升-1。在 12 天的处理期内,M. rileyi 的分生孢子对 E. eugeniae 和 Artemia salina 的成虫没有表现出任何亚致死效应。此外,在组织病理学评估中,也没有观察到 E. eugeniae 的肠道组织受到明显伤害,包括肠腔和上皮细胞,以及肌肉、刚毛、细胞核、线粒体和肠腔。本研究结果提供了明确的证据,证明 M. rileyi 真菌分生孢子可用作开发有效生物杀虫剂的基础,以防治农业害虫 S. litura 和 S. frugiperda 的蛹。
{"title":"Novel report on soil infection with Metarhizium rileyi against soil-dwelling life stages of insect pests","authors":"Perumal Vivekanandhan, Chinnaperumal Kamaraj, Sulaiman A. Alharbi, Mohammad J. Ansari","doi":"10.1002/jobm.202400159","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jobm.202400159","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Entomopathogenic fungi are the most effective control remedy against a wide range of medical and agricultural important pests. The present study aimed to isolate, identify, and assess the virulence of <i>Metarhizium rileyi</i> against <i>Spodoptera litura</i> and <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> pupae under soil conditions. The biotechnological methods were used to identify the isolate as <i>M. rileyi</i>. The fungal conidial pathogenicity (2.0 × 10<sup>7</sup>, 2.0 × 10<sup>8</sup>, 2.0 × 10<sup>9</sup>, 2.0 × 10<sup>10</sup>, and 2.0 × 10<sup>11</sup> conidia/mL<sup>−1</sup>) was tested against prepupae of <i>S. litura</i> and <i>S. frugiperda</i> at 3, 6, 9, and 12 days after treatments. Additionally, the artificial soil-conidial assay was performed on a nontarget species earthworm <i>Eudrilus eugeniae</i>, using <i>M. rileyi</i> conidia. The present results showed that the <i>M. rileyi</i> caused significant mortality rates in <i>S. litura</i> pupae (61-90%), and <i>S. litura</i> pupae were more susceptible than <i>S. frugiperda</i> pupae (46%–73%) at 12 day posttreatment. The LC<sub>50</sub> and LC<sub>90</sub> of <i>M. rileyi</i> against <i>S. litura</i>, were 3.4 × 10<sup>14</sup>–9.9 × 10<sup>17</sup> conidia/mL<sup>−1</sup> and 6.6 × 10<sup>5</sup>–4.6 × 10<sup>14</sup> conidia/mL<sup>−1</sup> in <i>S. frugiperda</i>, respectively. The conidia of <i>M. rileyi</i> did not exhibit any sublethal effect on the adult stage of <i>E. eugeniae</i>, and <i>Artemia salina</i> following a 12-day treatment period. Moreover, in the histopathological evaluation no discernible harm was observed in the gut tissues of <i>E. eugeniae</i>, including the lumen and epithelial cells, as well as the muscles, setae, nucleus, mitochondria, and coelom. The present findings provide clear evidence that <i>M. rileyi</i> fungal conidia can be used as the foundation for the development of effective bio-insecticides to combat the pupae of <i>S. litura</i> and <i>S. frugiperda</i> agricultural pests.</p>","PeriodicalId":15101,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Basic Microbiology","volume":"64 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141070979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to enhance extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production in Cordyceps militaris by constructing a quorum sensing (QS) system to regulate the expression of biosynthetic enzyme genes, including phosphoglucomutase, hexokinase, phosphomannomutase, polysaccharide synthase, and UDP-glucose 4-epimerase genes. The study found higher EPS concentrations in seven recombinant strains compared to the wild-type C. militaris, indicating that the overexpression of key enzyme genes increased EPS production. Among them, the CM-pgm-2 strain exhibited the highest EPS production, reaching a concentration of 3.82 ± 0.26 g/L, which was 1.52 times higher than the amount produced by the wild C. militaris strain. Additionally, the regulatory effects of aromatic amino acids on the QS system of the CM-pgm-2 strain were investigated. Under the influence of 45 mg/L tryptophan, the EPS production in CM-pgm-2 reached 4.75 ± 0.20 g/L, representing a 1.90-fold increase compared to wild C. militaris strains. This study provided an effective method for the large-scale production of EPSs in C. militaris, and opened up new avenues for research into fungal QS mechanisms.
{"title":"Enhanced polysaccharide production through quorum sensing system in Cordyceps militaris","authors":"Huang Qiao, Jianshu Chen, Shengli Yang","doi":"10.1002/jobm.202400103","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jobm.202400103","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study aimed to enhance extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production in <i>Cordyceps militaris</i> by constructing a quorum sensing (QS) system to regulate the expression of biosynthetic enzyme genes, including <i>phosphoglucomutase</i>, <i>hexokinase</i>, <i>phosphomannomutase</i>, <i>polysaccharide synthase</i>, and <i>UDP-glucose 4-epimerase</i> genes. The study found higher EPS concentrations in seven recombinant strains compared to the wild-type <i>C. militaris</i>, indicating that the overexpression of key enzyme genes increased EPS production. Among them, the CM-<i>pgm</i>-2 strain exhibited the highest EPS production, reaching a concentration of 3.82 ± 0.26 g/L, which was 1.52 times higher than the amount produced by the wild <i>C. militaris</i> strain. Additionally, the regulatory effects of aromatic amino acids on the QS system of the CM-<i>pgm</i>-2 strain were investigated. Under the influence of 45 mg/L tryptophan, the EPS production in CM-<i>pgm</i>-2 reached 4.75 ± 0.20 g/L, representing a 1.90-fold increase compared to wild <i>C. militaris</i> strains. This study provided an effective method for the large-scale production of EPSs in <i>C. militaris</i>, and opened up new avenues for research into fungal QS mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":15101,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Basic Microbiology","volume":"64 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141070977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the vitamin C microbial fermentation system, oxidative stress limits the growth and 2-keto-l-gulonic acid (2-KLG, the precursor of vitamin C) production of Ketogulonicigenium vulgare. Most Bacillus strains, as helper strains, have been reported to release key biomolecules to reduce oxidative stress and promote the growth and 2-KLG production of K. vulgare. To understand the specific mechanism by which the helper strain and K. vulgare interact to reduce oxidative stress, a novel helper strain, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa A8, was used to construct a consortium in the co-culture fermentation system. Based on the activities of the antioxidant enzymes and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis, R. mucilaginosa A8 could reduce oxidative stress and increase 2-KLG production in K. vulgare by upregulating antioxidant enzyme activities and related gene-expression levels. In addition, the carotenoids of R. mucilaginosa promoted 2-KLG production in K. vulgare. Coculture of R. mucilaginosa with K. vulgare increased the yield of carotenoids. This study suggested that helper strains with the ability to reduce oxidative stress in K. vulgare would likely act as potential helper strains for facilitating 2-KLG biosynthesis. This work could provide a theoretical basis for the search for potential helper strains for vitamin C microbial fermentation and for the construction of synthetic microbial communities to produce valuable products.
在维生素 C 微生物发酵系统中,氧化应激限制了 Ketogulonicigenium vulgare 的生长和 2-Keto-l-gulonic acid(2-KLG,维生素 C 的前体)的产生。据报道,大多数芽孢杆菌菌株作为辅助菌株,会释放关键的生物大分子来减少氧化应激,促进 K. vulgare 的生长和 2-KLG 的产生。为了解辅助菌株与 K. vulgare 相互作用以降低氧化应激的具体机制,研究人员利用新型辅助菌株 Rhodotorula mucilaginosa A8 在共培养发酵系统中构建了一个联合体。根据抗氧化酶的活性和定量聚合酶链式反应(qPCR)分析,R. mucilaginosa A8 可通过上调抗氧化酶活性和相关基因表达水平来降低氧化应激,增加 K. vulgare 的 2-KLG 产量。此外,R. mucilaginosa A8 的类胡萝卜素还能促进 K. vulgare 的 2-KLG 生成。R. mucilaginosa 与 K. vulgare 的共培养提高了类胡萝卜素的产量。这项研究表明,具有降低 K. vulgare 氧化应激能力的辅助菌株很可能成为促进 2-KLG 生物合成的潜在辅助菌株。这项工作可为寻找维生素 C 微生物发酵的潜在辅助菌株以及构建合成微生物群落以生产有价值的产品提供理论依据。
{"title":"Rhodotorula mucilaginosa A8, a potential helper strain in a vitamin C microbial fermentation process","authors":"Qian Zhang, Lin Liao, Shuxia Lyu","doi":"10.1002/jobm.202400132","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jobm.202400132","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the vitamin C microbial fermentation system, oxidative stress limits the growth and 2-keto-<span>l</span>-gulonic acid (2-KLG, the precursor of vitamin C) production of <i>Ketogulonicigenium vulgare</i>. Most <i>Bacillus</i> strains, as helper strains, have been reported to release key biomolecules to reduce oxidative stress and promote the growth and 2-KLG production of <i>K. vulgare</i>. To understand the specific mechanism by which the helper strain and <i>K. vulgare</i> interact to reduce oxidative stress, a novel helper strain, <i>Rhodotorula mucilaginosa</i> A8, was used to construct a consortium in the co-culture fermentation system. Based on the activities of the antioxidant enzymes and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis, <i>R. mucilaginosa</i> A8 could reduce oxidative stress and increase 2-KLG production in <i>K. vulgare</i> by upregulating antioxidant enzyme activities and related gene-expression levels. In addition, the carotenoids of <i>R. mucilaginosa</i> promoted 2-KLG production in <i>K. vulgare</i>. Coculture of <i>R. mucilaginosa</i> with <i>K. vulgare</i> increased the yield of carotenoids. This study suggested that helper strains with the ability to reduce oxidative stress in <i>K. vulgare</i> would likely act as potential helper strains for facilitating 2-KLG biosynthesis. This work could provide a theoretical basis for the search for potential helper strains for vitamin C microbial fermentation and for the construction of synthetic microbial communities to produce valuable products.</p>","PeriodicalId":15101,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Basic Microbiology","volume":"64 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140944234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Steffany V. A. Nobre, Guilherme A. K. de Andrade, Geferson F. Metz, Fabíola Lucini, Margéli P. de Albuquerque, Filipe de C. Victória
This study investigates the presence of mycoviruses in Antarctic fungi and elucidates their evolutionary relationships. To achieve this, we aligned mycoviral gene sequences with genomes of previously sequenced Antarctic endophytic fungi, made available by our research group and accessible via Joint Genome Institute. Our findings reveal that the most prevalent genetic regions in all endophytic fungi are homologous to Partitiviruses, Baculoviridae, and Phycodnaviridae. These regions display evidence of positive selection pressure, suggesting genetic diversity and the accumulation of nonsynonymous mutations. This phenomenon implies a crucial role for these regions in the adaptation and survival of these fungi in the challenging Antarctic ecosystems. The presence of mycoviruses in Antarctic endophytic fungi may indicate shared survival strategies between the virus and its host, shedding light on their evolutionary dynamics. This study underscores the significance of exploring mycoviruses within endophytic fungi and their contributions to genetic diversity. Future research avenues could delve into the functional implications of these conserved mycoviral genetic regions in Antarctic endophytic fungi, providing a comprehensive understanding of this intriguing association and genomic retention of viral region in fungi.
{"title":"Antarctica's hidden mycoviral treasures in fungi isolated from mosses: A first genomic approach","authors":"Steffany V. A. Nobre, Guilherme A. K. de Andrade, Geferson F. Metz, Fabíola Lucini, Margéli P. de Albuquerque, Filipe de C. Victória","doi":"10.1002/jobm.202300671","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jobm.202300671","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the presence of mycoviruses in Antarctic fungi and elucidates their evolutionary relationships. To achieve this, we aligned mycoviral gene sequences with genomes of previously sequenced Antarctic endophytic fungi, made available by our research group and accessible via Joint Genome Institute. Our findings reveal that the most prevalent genetic regions in all endophytic fungi are homologous to Partitiviruses, Baculoviridae, and Phycodnaviridae. These regions display evidence of positive selection pressure, suggesting genetic diversity and the accumulation of nonsynonymous mutations. This phenomenon implies a crucial role for these regions in the adaptation and survival of these fungi in the challenging Antarctic ecosystems. The presence of mycoviruses in Antarctic endophytic fungi may indicate shared survival strategies between the virus and its host, shedding light on their evolutionary dynamics. This study underscores the significance of exploring mycoviruses within endophytic fungi and their contributions to genetic diversity. Future research avenues could delve into the functional implications of these conserved mycoviral genetic regions in Antarctic endophytic fungi, providing a comprehensive understanding of this intriguing association and genomic retention of viral region in fungi.</p>","PeriodicalId":15101,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Basic Microbiology","volume":"64 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140910953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Itzel C. Núñez-García, Guillermo Cristian G. Martínez-Ávila, Silvia M. González-Herrera, Julio C. Tafolla-Arellano, O. Miriam Rutiaga-Quiñones
Endophytic microbial communities colonize plants growing under various abiotic stress conditions. Candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc.) is a shrub that develops functionally in arid and semi-arid zones of Mexico; these conditions generate an association between the plant and the microorganisms, contributing to the production of enzymes as a defense mechanism for resistance to abiotic stress. The objective of this research was to isolate and identify endophyte fungi of candelilla and bioprospection of these endophytic fungi for enzyme production using candelilla by-products. Fungi were isolated and identified using ITS1/ITS4 sequencing. Their potency index (PI) was evaluated in producing endoglucanase, xylanase, amylase, and laccase. Fermentation was carried out at 30°C for 8 days at 200 rpm, with measurements every 2 days, using candelilla by-products as substrate. All fungi exhibited higher cellulase, amylase, and laccase activities on the 2nd, 6th, and 8th day of fermentation, respectively, of fermentation. The fungus Aspergillus niger ITD-IN4.1 showed the highest amylase activity (246.84 U/mg), the genus Neurospora showed the highest cellulase activity, reaching up to 13.45 FPU/mg, and the strain Neurospora sp. ITD-IN5.2 showed the highest laccase activity (3.46 U/mg). This work provides the first report on the endophytic diversity of E. antisyphilitica and its potential role in enzyme production.
{"title":"Bioprospecting of endophytic fungi from semidesert candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc): Potential for extracellular enzyme production","authors":"Itzel C. Núñez-García, Guillermo Cristian G. Martínez-Ávila, Silvia M. González-Herrera, Julio C. Tafolla-Arellano, O. Miriam Rutiaga-Quiñones","doi":"10.1002/jobm.202400049","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jobm.202400049","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Endophytic microbial communities colonize plants growing under various abiotic stress conditions. Candelilla (<i>Euphorbia antisyphilitica</i> Zucc.) is a shrub that develops functionally in arid and semi-arid zones of Mexico; these conditions generate an association between the plant and the microorganisms, contributing to the production of enzymes as a defense mechanism for resistance to abiotic stress. The objective of this research was to isolate and identify endophyte fungi of candelilla and bioprospection of these endophytic fungi for enzyme production using candelilla by-products. Fungi were isolated and identified using ITS1/ITS4 sequencing. Their potency index (PI) was evaluated in producing endoglucanase, xylanase, amylase, and laccase. Fermentation was carried out at 30°C for 8 days at 200 rpm, with measurements every 2 days, using candelilla by-products as substrate. All fungi exhibited higher cellulase, amylase, and laccase activities on the 2nd, 6th, and 8th day of fermentation, respectively, of fermentation. The fungus <i>Aspergillus niger</i> ITD-IN4.1 showed the highest amylase activity (246.84 U/mg), the genus <i>Neurospora</i> showed the highest cellulase activity, reaching up to 13.45 FPU/mg, and the strain <i>Neurospora</i> sp. ITD-IN5.2 showed the highest laccase activity (3.46 U/mg). This work provides the first report on the endophytic diversity of <i>E. antisyphilitica</i> and its potential role in enzyme production.</p>","PeriodicalId":15101,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Basic Microbiology","volume":"64 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140876553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
María Cecilia D'Arpino, Pedro Eugenio Sineli, Gustavo Goroso, William Watanabe, María Lucila Saavedra, Elvira María Hebert, María Alejandra Martínez, Julieta Migliavacca, Silvina Gerstenfeld, Rossana Elena Chahla, Augusto Bellomio, Virginia Helena Albarracín
Wastewater-based epidemiology provides temporal and spatial information about the health status of a population. The objective of this study was to analyze and report the epidemiological dynamics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the province of Tucumán, Argentina during the second and third waves of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) between April 2021 and March 2022. The study aimed to quantify SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater, correlating it with clinically reported COVID-19 cases. Wastewater samples (n = 72) were collected from 16 sampling points located in three cities of Tucumán (San Miguel de Tucumán, Yerba Buena y Banda del Río Salí). Detection of viral nucleocapsid markers (N1 gene) was carried out using one-step reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Viral loads were determined for each positive sample using a standard curve. A positive correlation (p < 0.05) was observed between viral load (copies/mL) and the clinically confirmed COVID-19 cases reported at specific sampling points in San Miguel de Tucumán (SP4, SP7, and SP8) in both months, May and June. Indeed, the high viral load concurred with the peaks of COVID-19 cases. This method allowed us to follow the behavior of SARS-CoV-2 infection during epidemic outbreaks. Thus, wastewater monitoring is a valuable epidemiological indicator that enables the anticipation of increases in COVID-19 cases and tracking the progress of the pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 genome-based surveillance should be implemented as a routine practice to prepare for any future surge in infections.
以废水为基础的流行病学提供了有关人口健康状况的时间和空间信息。本研究旨在分析和报告 2021 年 4 月至 2022 年 3 月期间阿根廷图库曼省在 2019 年冠状病毒疾病(COVID-19)第二波和第三波期间严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒 2(SARS-CoV-2)的流行动态。该研究旨在量化废水中的 SARS-CoV-2 RNA,并将其与临床报告的 COVID-19 病例进行关联。废水样本(n = 72)从图库曼三个城市(San Miguel de Tucumán、Yerba Buena 和 Banda del Río Salí)的 16 个采样点采集。病毒核壳标记(N1 基因)的检测采用一步逆转录-定量聚合酶链反应(RT-qPCR)法进行。使用标准曲线测定每个阳性样本的病毒载量。正相关(p
{"title":"Wastewater monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 gene for COVID-19 epidemiological surveillance in Tucumán, Argentina","authors":"María Cecilia D'Arpino, Pedro Eugenio Sineli, Gustavo Goroso, William Watanabe, María Lucila Saavedra, Elvira María Hebert, María Alejandra Martínez, Julieta Migliavacca, Silvina Gerstenfeld, Rossana Elena Chahla, Augusto Bellomio, Virginia Helena Albarracín","doi":"10.1002/jobm.202300773","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jobm.202300773","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wastewater-based epidemiology provides temporal and spatial information about the health status of a population. The objective of this study was to analyze and report the epidemiological dynamics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the province of Tucumán, Argentina during the second and third waves of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) between April 2021 and March 2022. The study aimed to quantify SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater, correlating it with clinically reported COVID-19 cases. Wastewater samples (<i>n</i> = 72) were collected from 16 sampling points located in three cities of Tucumán (San Miguel de Tucumán, Yerba Buena y Banda del Río Salí). Detection of viral nucleocapsid markers (N1 gene) was carried out using one-step reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Viral loads were determined for each positive sample using a standard curve. A positive correlation (<i>p</i> < 0.05) was observed between viral load (copies/mL) and the clinically confirmed COVID-19 cases reported at specific sampling points in San Miguel de Tucumán (SP4, SP7, and SP8) in both months, May and June. Indeed, the high viral load concurred with the peaks of COVID-19 cases. This method allowed us to follow the behavior of SARS-CoV-2 infection during epidemic outbreaks. Thus, wastewater monitoring is a valuable epidemiological indicator that enables the anticipation of increases in COVID-19 cases and tracking the progress of the pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 genome-based surveillance should be implemented as a routine practice to prepare for any future surge in infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":15101,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Basic Microbiology","volume":"64 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140856475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hanadi B. A. Baghdadi, Aishah E. Albalawi, Abdullah F. Shater, Hamdan Almohammed, Abdullah D. Alanazi
The present in vitro and in vivo study aimed to fabricate and characterize linalool-zinc oxide nanoparticles (Lin-ZNP) and evaluate their effectiveness against Toxoplasma gondii infection in terms of inflammation, oxidative stress, and pathogenicity. Lin-ZNP was synthesized using an ethanolic solution of polyvinyl alcohol. The anti-Toxoplasma and cytotoxicity activities of Lin-ZNP were investigated, along with its effects on nitric oxide (NO) production, caspase-3 activity, and pro-inflammatory genes. After treating T. gondii-infected mice with Lin-ZNP for 14 days, the number and size of tissue cysts, antioxidant potential, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and T. gondii pathogenicity-related genes were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. The Lin-ZNP composite showed a reduced tendency with an average size of 105 nm. Lin-ZNP significantly reduced the viability of tachyzoites. The obtained selectivity index higher than 10, indicating high specificity for parasites with low cytotoxicity to normal cells. The Lin-ZNP significantly (p < 0.05) increased the production of NO, caspase-3 activity, and the expression levels of pro-inflammatory genes. Lin-ZNP significantly (p < 0.001) decreased the size and number of tissue cysts and caused a significant reduction in the level of malondialdehyde and a considerable increase (p < 0.001) in antioxidant enzymes and their expression genes. Lin-ZNP significantly downregulated both mRNA and protein expression of the inflammation-related markers associated with the TLRs/NF-κB pathway. The expression levels of the T. gondii pathogenicity-related genes were significantly downregulated (p < 0.05). The recent survey indicated that Lin-ZNP manages T. gondii infection by its antioxidant activity and inhibiting the TLRs/NF-κB pathway without toxicity in mice.
{"title":"Linalool-zinc oxide nanocomposite controls Toxoplasma gondii infection through inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress, and pathogenicity","authors":"Hanadi B. A. Baghdadi, Aishah E. Albalawi, Abdullah F. Shater, Hamdan Almohammed, Abdullah D. Alanazi","doi":"10.1002/jobm.202400039","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jobm.202400039","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The present in vitro and in vivo study aimed to fabricate and characterize linalool-zinc oxide nanoparticles (Lin-ZNP) and evaluate their effectiveness against <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> infection in terms of inflammation, oxidative stress, and pathogenicity. Lin-ZNP was synthesized using an ethanolic solution of polyvinyl alcohol. The anti-<i>Toxoplasma</i> and cytotoxicity activities of Lin-ZNP were investigated, along with its effects on nitric oxide (NO) production, caspase-3 activity, and pro-inflammatory genes. After treating <i>T. gondii</i>-infected mice with Lin-ZNP for 14 days, the number and size of tissue cysts, antioxidant potential, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and <i>T. gondii</i> pathogenicity-related genes were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. The Lin-ZNP composite showed a reduced tendency with an average size of 105 nm. Lin-ZNP significantly reduced the viability of tachyzoites. The obtained selectivity index higher than 10, indicating high specificity for parasites with low cytotoxicity to normal cells. The Lin-ZNP significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) increased the production of NO, caspase-3 activity, and the expression levels of pro-inflammatory genes. Lin-ZNP significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.001) decreased the size and number of tissue cysts and caused a significant reduction in the level of malondialdehyde and a considerable increase (<i>p</i> < 0.001) in antioxidant enzymes and their expression genes. Lin-ZNP significantly downregulated both mRNA and protein expression of the inflammation-related markers associated with the TLRs/NF-κB pathway. The expression levels of the <i>T. gondii</i> pathogenicity-related genes were significantly downregulated (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The recent survey indicated that Lin-ZNP manages <i>T. gondii</i> infection by its antioxidant activity and inhibiting the TLRs/NF-κB pathway without toxicity in mice.</p>","PeriodicalId":15101,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Basic Microbiology","volume":"64 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140834624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The wood-rot basidiomycete can infect trees and leads to long-term phytopathogenic killing of the host. The fruitbodies for basidiospore dispersal are developed on the infected tree trunk. Infection of logged wood is also possible.
(Photo: Erika Kothe, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany)