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Novel report on soil infection with Metarhizium rileyi against soil-dwelling life stages of insect pests 新报告:Metarhizium rileyi 对害虫在土壤中生活阶段的土壤感染。
IF 3.5 4区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-21 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400159
Perumal Vivekanandhan, Chinnaperumal Kamaraj, Sulaiman A. Alharbi, Mohammad J. Ansari

Entomopathogenic fungi are the most effective control remedy against a wide range of medical and agricultural important pests. The present study aimed to isolate, identify, and assess the virulence of Metarhizium rileyi against Spodoptera litura and Spodoptera frugiperda pupae under soil conditions. The biotechnological methods were used to identify the isolate as M. rileyi. The fungal conidial pathogenicity (2.0 × 107, 2.0 × 108, 2.0 × 109, 2.0 × 1010, and 2.0 × 1011 conidia/mL−1) was tested against prepupae of S. litura and S. frugiperda at 3, 6, 9, and 12 days after treatments. Additionally, the artificial soil-conidial assay was performed on a nontarget species earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae, using M. rileyi conidia. The present results showed that the M. rileyi caused significant mortality rates in S. litura pupae (61-90%), and S. litura pupae were more susceptible than S. frugiperda pupae (46%–73%) at 12 day posttreatment. The LC50 and LC90 of M. rileyi against S. litura, were 3.4 × 1014–9.9 × 1017 conidia/mL−1 and 6.6 × 105–4.6 × 1014 conidia/mL−1 in S. frugiperda, respectively. The conidia of M. rileyi did not exhibit any sublethal effect on the adult stage of E. eugeniae, and Artemia salina following a 12-day treatment period. Moreover, in the histopathological evaluation no discernible harm was observed in the gut tissues of E. eugeniae, including the lumen and epithelial cells, as well as the muscles, setae, nucleus, mitochondria, and coelom. The present findings provide clear evidence that M. rileyi fungal conidia can be used as the foundation for the development of effective bio-insecticides to combat the pupae of S. litura and S. frugiperda agricultural pests.

昆虫病原真菌是防治多种重要的医疗和农业害虫的最有效的方法。本研究旨在分离、鉴定和评估 Metarhizium rileyi 在土壤条件下对 Spodoptera litura 和 Spodoptera frugiperda 蛹的毒力。采用生物技术方法鉴定分离物为 M. rileyi。在处理后 3、6、9 和 12 天,测试了真菌分生孢子对 S. litura 和 S. frugiperda 蛹的致病性(2.0 × 107、2.0 × 108、2.0 × 109、2.0 × 1010 和 2.0 × 1011 分生孢子/毫升-1)。此外,还使用 M. rileyi 分生孢子对非目标物种蚯蚓 Eudrilus eugeniae 进行了人工土壤-分生孢子试验。结果表明,M. rileyi 对 S. litura 蛹的致死率很高(61%-90%),在处理后 12 天,S. litura 蛹比 S. frugiperda 蛹更易感(46%-73%)。M. rileyi 对 S. litura 的 LC50 和 LC90 分别为 3.4 × 1014-9.9 × 1017 分生孢子/毫升-1 和 6.6 × 105-4.6 × 1014 分生孢子/毫升-1。在 12 天的处理期内,M. rileyi 的分生孢子对 E. eugeniae 和 Artemia salina 的成虫没有表现出任何亚致死效应。此外,在组织病理学评估中,也没有观察到 E. eugeniae 的肠道组织受到明显伤害,包括肠腔和上皮细胞,以及肌肉、刚毛、细胞核、线粒体和肠腔。本研究结果提供了明确的证据,证明 M. rileyi 真菌分生孢子可用作开发有效生物杀虫剂的基础,以防治农业害虫 S. litura 和 S. frugiperda 的蛹。
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引用次数: 0
Enhanced polysaccharide production through quorum sensing system in Cordyceps militaris 冬虫夏草通过法定人数感应系统提高多糖产量
IF 3.5 4区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-21 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400103
Huang Qiao, Jianshu Chen, Shengli Yang

This study aimed to enhance extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production in Cordyceps militaris by constructing a quorum sensing (QS) system to regulate the expression of biosynthetic enzyme genes, including phosphoglucomutase, hexokinase, phosphomannomutase, polysaccharide synthase, and UDP-glucose 4-epimerase genes. The study found higher EPS concentrations in seven recombinant strains compared to the wild-type C. militaris, indicating that the overexpression of key enzyme genes increased EPS production. Among them, the CM-pgm-2 strain exhibited the highest EPS production, reaching a concentration of 3.82 ± 0.26 g/L, which was 1.52 times higher than the amount produced by the wild C. militaris strain. Additionally, the regulatory effects of aromatic amino acids on the QS system of the CM-pgm-2 strain were investigated. Under the influence of 45 mg/L tryptophan, the EPS production in CM-pgm-2 reached 4.75 ± 0.20 g/L, representing a 1.90-fold increase compared to wild C. militaris strains. This study provided an effective method for the large-scale production of EPSs in C. militaris, and opened up new avenues for research into fungal QS mechanisms.

本研究旨在通过构建一个法定量感应(QS)系统来调控冬虫夏草生物合成酶基因的表达,包括磷酸葡萄糖转氨酶、己糖激酶、磷酸甘露转氨酶、多糖合成酶和 UDP-葡萄糖 4-表聚酶基因,从而提高冬虫夏草细胞外多糖(EPS)的产量。研究发现,与野生型米氏杆菌相比,7 个重组菌株的 EPS 浓度更高,这表明关键酶基因的过度表达增加了 EPS 的产量。其中,CM-pgm-2 菌株的 EPS 产量最高,达到 3.82 ± 0.26 克/升,是野生型 C. militaris 菌株产量的 1.52 倍。此外,还研究了芳香族氨基酸对 CM-pgm-2 菌株 QS 系统的调节作用。在 45 mg/L 色氨酸的影响下,CM-pgm-2 的 EPS 产量达到 4.75 ± 0.20 g/L,是野生 C. militaris 菌株产量的 1.90 倍。该研究为军事菌大规模生产 EPS 提供了有效方法,为真菌 QS 机制的研究开辟了新途径。
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引用次数: 0
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa A8, a potential helper strain in a vitamin C microbial fermentation process 黏液藻 A8,维生素 C 微生物发酵过程中的潜在辅助菌株。
IF 3.5 4区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400132
Qian Zhang, Lin Liao, Shuxia Lyu

In the vitamin C microbial fermentation system, oxidative stress limits the growth and 2-keto-l-gulonic acid (2-KLG, the precursor of vitamin C) production of Ketogulonicigenium vulgare. Most Bacillus strains, as helper strains, have been reported to release key biomolecules to reduce oxidative stress and promote the growth and 2-KLG production of K. vulgare. To understand the specific mechanism by which the helper strain and K. vulgare interact to reduce oxidative stress, a novel helper strain, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa A8, was used to construct a consortium in the co-culture fermentation system. Based on the activities of the antioxidant enzymes and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis, R. mucilaginosa A8 could reduce oxidative stress and increase 2-KLG production in K. vulgare by upregulating antioxidant enzyme activities and related gene-expression levels. In addition, the carotenoids of R. mucilaginosa promoted 2-KLG production in K. vulgare. Coculture of R. mucilaginosa with K. vulgare increased the yield of carotenoids. This study suggested that helper strains with the ability to reduce oxidative stress in K. vulgare would likely act as potential helper strains for facilitating 2-KLG biosynthesis. This work could provide a theoretical basis for the search for potential helper strains for vitamin C microbial fermentation and for the construction of synthetic microbial communities to produce valuable products.

在维生素 C 微生物发酵系统中,氧化应激限制了 Ketogulonicigenium vulgare 的生长和 2-Keto-l-gulonic acid(2-KLG,维生素 C 的前体)的产生。据报道,大多数芽孢杆菌菌株作为辅助菌株,会释放关键的生物大分子来减少氧化应激,促进 K. vulgare 的生长和 2-KLG 的产生。为了解辅助菌株与 K. vulgare 相互作用以降低氧化应激的具体机制,研究人员利用新型辅助菌株 Rhodotorula mucilaginosa A8 在共培养发酵系统中构建了一个联合体。根据抗氧化酶的活性和定量聚合酶链式反应(qPCR)分析,R. mucilaginosa A8 可通过上调抗氧化酶活性和相关基因表达水平来降低氧化应激,增加 K. vulgare 的 2-KLG 产量。此外,R. mucilaginosa A8 的类胡萝卜素还能促进 K. vulgare 的 2-KLG 生成。R. mucilaginosa 与 K. vulgare 的共培养提高了类胡萝卜素的产量。这项研究表明,具有降低 K. vulgare 氧化应激能力的辅助菌株很可能成为促进 2-KLG 生物合成的潜在辅助菌株。这项工作可为寻找维生素 C 微生物发酵的潜在辅助菌株以及构建合成微生物群落以生产有价值的产品提供理论依据。
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引用次数: 0
Antarctica's hidden mycoviral treasures in fungi isolated from mosses: A first genomic approach 从苔藓中分离出的真菌中隐藏的南极真菌病毒宝藏:第一种基因组学方法
IF 3.5 4区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-12 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300671
Steffany V. A. Nobre, Guilherme A. K. de Andrade, Geferson F. Metz, Fabíola Lucini, Margéli P. de Albuquerque, Filipe de C. Victória

This study investigates the presence of mycoviruses in Antarctic fungi and elucidates their evolutionary relationships. To achieve this, we aligned mycoviral gene sequences with genomes of previously sequenced Antarctic endophytic fungi, made available by our research group and accessible via Joint Genome Institute. Our findings reveal that the most prevalent genetic regions in all endophytic fungi are homologous to Partitiviruses, Baculoviridae, and Phycodnaviridae. These regions display evidence of positive selection pressure, suggesting genetic diversity and the accumulation of nonsynonymous mutations. This phenomenon implies a crucial role for these regions in the adaptation and survival of these fungi in the challenging Antarctic ecosystems. The presence of mycoviruses in Antarctic endophytic fungi may indicate shared survival strategies between the virus and its host, shedding light on their evolutionary dynamics. This study underscores the significance of exploring mycoviruses within endophytic fungi and their contributions to genetic diversity. Future research avenues could delve into the functional implications of these conserved mycoviral genetic regions in Antarctic endophytic fungi, providing a comprehensive understanding of this intriguing association and genomic retention of viral region in fungi.

本研究调查了南极真菌中霉菌病毒的存在,并阐明了它们之间的进化关系。为此,我们将霉菌病毒基因序列与之前测序的南极内生真菌基因组进行了比对,这些基因组由我们的研究小组提供,可通过联合基因组研究所访问。我们的研究结果表明,所有内生真菌中最普遍的基因区域都与 Partitiviruses、Baculoviridae 和 Phycodnaviridae 同源。这些区域显示出正向选择压力,表明遗传多样性和非同义突变的积累。这一现象表明,这些区域对这些真菌在充满挑战的南极生态系统中的适应和生存起着至关重要的作用。南极内生真菌中霉菌病毒的存在可能表明病毒与其宿主共享生存策略,从而揭示了它们的进化动态。这项研究强调了探索内生真菌中的霉菌病毒及其对遗传多样性的贡献的重要性。未来的研究途径可以深入探讨南极内生真菌中这些保守的真菌病毒基因区域的功能意义,从而全面了解真菌中这种有趣的关联和病毒区域的基因组保留。
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引用次数: 0
Bioprospecting of endophytic fungi from semidesert candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc): Potential for extracellular enzyme production 半荒漠蜡烛草(Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc)内生真菌的生物勘探:生产细胞外酶的潜力。
IF 3.5 4区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-07 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400049
Itzel C. Núñez-García, Guillermo Cristian G. Martínez-Ávila, Silvia M. González-Herrera, Julio C. Tafolla-Arellano, O. Miriam Rutiaga-Quiñones

Endophytic microbial communities colonize plants growing under various abiotic stress conditions. Candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc.) is a shrub that develops functionally in arid and semi-arid zones of Mexico; these conditions generate an association between the plant and the microorganisms, contributing to the production of enzymes as a defense mechanism for resistance to abiotic stress. The objective of this research was to isolate and identify endophyte fungi of candelilla and bioprospection of these endophytic fungi for enzyme production using candelilla by-products. Fungi were isolated and identified using ITS1/ITS4 sequencing. Their potency index (PI) was evaluated in producing endoglucanase, xylanase, amylase, and laccase. Fermentation was carried out at 30°C for 8 days at 200 rpm, with measurements every 2 days, using candelilla by-products as substrate. All fungi exhibited higher cellulase, amylase, and laccase activities on the 2nd, 6th, and 8th day of fermentation, respectively, of fermentation. The fungus Aspergillus niger ITD-IN4.1 showed the highest amylase activity (246.84 U/mg), the genus Neurospora showed the highest cellulase activity, reaching up to 13.45 FPU/mg, and the strain Neurospora sp. ITD-IN5.2 showed the highest laccase activity (3.46 U/mg). This work provides the first report on the endophytic diversity of E. antisyphilitica and its potential role in enzyme production.

内生微生物群落定植于各种非生物压力条件下生长的植物。蒲公英(Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc.)是一种在墨西哥干旱和半干旱地区生长的灌木;这些条件在植物和微生物之间形成了一种联系,有助于产生酶作为抵抗非生物压力的防御机制。这项研究的目的是分离和鉴定蜡烛草的内生真菌,并利用蜡烛草副产品对这些内生真菌进行生物研究,以生产酶。利用 ITS1/ITS4 测序法对真菌进行了分离和鉴定。评估了它们生产内切葡聚糖酶、木聚糖酶、淀粉酶和漆酶的效力指数(PI)。以蜡烛花副产品为底物,在 30℃、200 转/分钟的条件下发酵 8 天,每两天测量一次。所有真菌分别在发酵的第 2 天、第 6 天和第 8 天表现出较高的纤维素酶、淀粉酶和漆酶活性。黑曲霉 ITD-IN4.1 的淀粉酶活性最高(246.84 U/mg),黑孢子菌属的纤维素酶活性最高,达到 13.45 FPU/mg,黑孢子菌株 ITD-IN5.2 的漆酶活性最高(3.46 U/mg)。这项工作首次报道了 E. antisyphilitica 的内生多样性及其在酶生产中的潜在作用。
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引用次数: 0
Wastewater monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 gene for COVID-19 epidemiological surveillance in Tucumán, Argentina 阿根廷图库曼为 COVID-19 流行病监测而进行的 SARS-CoV-2 基因废水监测。
IF 3.5 4区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-07 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300773
María Cecilia D'Arpino, Pedro Eugenio Sineli, Gustavo Goroso, William Watanabe, María Lucila Saavedra, Elvira María Hebert, María Alejandra Martínez, Julieta Migliavacca, Silvina Gerstenfeld, Rossana Elena Chahla, Augusto Bellomio, Virginia Helena Albarracín

Wastewater-based epidemiology provides temporal and spatial information about the health status of a population. The objective of this study was to analyze and report the epidemiological dynamics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the province of Tucumán, Argentina during the second and third waves of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) between April 2021 and March 2022. The study aimed to quantify SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater, correlating it with clinically reported COVID-19 cases. Wastewater samples (n = 72) were collected from 16 sampling points located in three cities of Tucumán (San Miguel de Tucumán, Yerba Buena y Banda del Río Salí). Detection of viral nucleocapsid markers (N1 gene) was carried out using one-step reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Viral loads were determined for each positive sample using a standard curve. A positive correlation (p < 0.05) was observed between viral load (copies/mL) and the clinically confirmed COVID-19 cases reported at specific sampling points in San Miguel de Tucumán (SP4, SP7, and SP8) in both months, May and June. Indeed, the high viral load concurred with the peaks of COVID-19 cases. This method allowed us to follow the behavior of SARS-CoV-2 infection during epidemic outbreaks. Thus, wastewater monitoring is a valuable epidemiological indicator that enables the anticipation of increases in COVID-19 cases and tracking the progress of the pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 genome-based surveillance should be implemented as a routine practice to prepare for any future surge in infections.

以废水为基础的流行病学提供了有关人口健康状况的时间和空间信息。本研究旨在分析和报告 2021 年 4 月至 2022 年 3 月期间阿根廷图库曼省在 2019 年冠状病毒疾病(COVID-19)第二波和第三波期间严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒 2(SARS-CoV-2)的流行动态。该研究旨在量化废水中的 SARS-CoV-2 RNA,并将其与临床报告的 COVID-19 病例进行关联。废水样本(n = 72)从图库曼三个城市(San Miguel de Tucumán、Yerba Buena 和 Banda del Río Salí)的 16 个采样点采集。病毒核壳标记(N1 基因)的检测采用一步逆转录-定量聚合酶链反应(RT-qPCR)法进行。使用标准曲线测定每个阳性样本的病毒载量。正相关(p
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引用次数: 0
Linalool-zinc oxide nanocomposite controls Toxoplasma gondii infection through inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress, and pathogenicity 芳樟醇-氧化锌纳米复合材料通过抑制炎症、氧化应激和致病性控制弓形虫感染
IF 3.5 4区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400039
Hanadi B. A. Baghdadi, Aishah E. Albalawi, Abdullah F. Shater, Hamdan Almohammed, Abdullah D. Alanazi

The present in vitro and in vivo study aimed to fabricate and characterize linalool-zinc oxide nanoparticles (Lin-ZNP) and evaluate their effectiveness against Toxoplasma gondii infection in terms of inflammation, oxidative stress, and pathogenicity. Lin-ZNP was synthesized using an ethanolic solution of polyvinyl alcohol. The anti-Toxoplasma and cytotoxicity activities of Lin-ZNP were investigated, along with its effects on nitric oxide (NO) production, caspase-3 activity, and pro-inflammatory genes. After treating T. gondii-infected mice with Lin-ZNP for 14 days, the number and size of tissue cysts, antioxidant potential, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and T. gondii pathogenicity-related genes were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. The Lin-ZNP composite showed a reduced tendency with an average size of 105 nm. Lin-ZNP significantly reduced the viability of tachyzoites. The obtained selectivity index higher than 10, indicating high specificity for parasites with low cytotoxicity to normal cells. The Lin-ZNP significantly (p < 0.05) increased the production of NO, caspase-3 activity, and the expression levels of pro-inflammatory genes. Lin-ZNP significantly (p < 0.001) decreased the size and number of tissue cysts and caused a significant reduction in the level of malondialdehyde and a considerable increase (p < 0.001) in antioxidant enzymes and their expression genes. Lin-ZNP significantly downregulated both mRNA and protein expression of the inflammation-related markers associated with the TLRs/NF-κB pathway. The expression levels of the T. gondii pathogenicity-related genes were significantly downregulated (p < 0.05). The recent survey indicated that Lin-ZNP manages T. gondii infection by its antioxidant activity and inhibiting the TLRs/NF-κB pathway without toxicity in mice.

本体外和体内研究旨在制造芳樟醇-氧化锌纳米粒子(Lin-ZNP)并确定其特性,并从炎症、氧化应激和致病性方面评估其抗弓形虫感染的效果。Lin-ZNP 是用聚乙烯醇乙醇溶液合成的。研究了 Lin-ZNP 的抗弓形虫和细胞毒性活性,以及它对一氧化氮(NO)产生、Caspase-3 活性和促炎基因的影响。用 Lin-ZNP 治疗淋球菌感染的小鼠 14 天后,通过实时聚合酶链式反应和 Western 印迹分析评估了组织囊肿的数量和大小、抗氧化潜力、促炎细胞因子和淋球菌致病相关基因。Lin-ZNP 复合物显示出平均尺寸为 105 nm 的缩小趋势。Lin-ZNP 能明显降低鲎的存活率。获得的选择性指数高于 10,表明其对寄生虫具有高度特异性,而对正常细胞的细胞毒性较低。Lin-ZNP 能明显增加 NO 的产生、Caspase-3 的活性和促炎基因的表达水平(p < 0.05)。Lin-ZNP 能明显降低组织囊肿的大小和数量(p < 0.001),并能显著降低丙二醛的水平,显著提高抗氧化酶及其表达基因的水平(p < 0.001)。Lin-ZNP 能明显下调与 TLRs/NF-κB 通路相关的炎症相关标志物的 mRNA 和蛋白质表达。淋病致病相关基因的表达水平也明显下调(p < 0.05)。最近的调查表明,Lin-ZNP通过抗氧化活性和抑制TLRs/NF-κB通路来控制淋球菌感染,对小鼠无毒性。
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引用次数: 0
Cover: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 5/2024 封面:基础微生物学杂志》。5/2024
IF 3.1 4区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202470041

Cover illustration:

The wood-rot basidiomycete can infect trees and leads to long-term phytopathogenic killing of the host. The fruitbodies for basidiospore dispersal are developed on the infected tree trunk. Infection of logged wood is also possible.

(Photo: Erika Kothe, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany)

封面插图:木腐病基原霉菌可感染树木,导致寄主长期被植物病原菌杀死。在受感染的树干上会形成用于传播基孢子的子实体。也有可能感染伐木:Erika Kothe,德国耶拿,弗里德里希-席勒耶拿大学微生物研究所)
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引用次数: 0
Issue Information: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 5/2024 期刊信息:基础微生物学杂志》。5/2024
IF 3.1 4区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202470042
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引用次数: 0
Ganoderma lucidum: Insights on host range, diagnosis, and management strategies 灵芝:关于宿主范围、诊断和管理策略的见解
IF 3.5 4区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-30 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300769
Ashwani Kumari, Ashwani Tapwal, Neha Thakur

Forest ecosystems play an important role in upholding life on our planet. However, the onslaught of fungal pathogens like Ganoderma lucidum, poses a threat by decimating numerous tree species. G. lucidum identified as a root pathogen, causing root rot in numerous tree species of horticulture and forestry importance. The fungus initiates infection through basidiospores, which germinate and penetrate within roots and start to degrade lignocellulosic components of plant cells. Early-stage detection of G. lucidum, is challenging, while in advance stages, the wood undergoes softening and a loss of tensile strength, rendering the disease incurable. Hence, effective management of G. lucidum necessitates a pivotal role of disease diagnostic techniques, which are currently underutilized or inadequately accessible. Subsequent implementation of suitable control measures becomes imperative to thwart disease occurrence and mitigate its impact in early stages, thus preserving the vitality of forest ecosystems. This study provides comprehensive overview of G. lucidum, covering taxonomy, pathogenicity, disease cycle, diagnosis and effective control measures, which will be helpful in formulating effective diagnostic techniques for early management of root rot disease.

森林生态系统在维护地球生命方面发挥着重要作用。然而,灵芝等真菌病原体的侵袭造成了威胁,使众多树种灭绝。灵芝是一种根部病原体,会导致许多园艺和林业树种根部腐烂。真菌通过基生孢子开始感染,基生孢子在根部发芽并穿透根部,开始降解植物细胞中的木质纤维素成分。在早期阶段检测露孢褐斑病具有挑战性,而在后期阶段,木材会发生软化并失去抗拉强度,从而导致疾病无法治愈。因此,要想有效地防治褐斑病,病害诊断技术就必须发挥关键作用,而目前这些技术还没有得到充分利用,或者还不够普及。因此,必须采取适当的控制措施,在早期阶段阻止疾病的发生并减轻其影响,从而保护森林生态系统的活力。本研究全面概述了G. lucidum,包括分类、致病性、疾病周期、诊断和有效控制措施,这将有助于制定有效的诊断技术,以便对根腐病进行早期管理。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Basic Microbiology
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