Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-09-15DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.09.002
Junkai Ge , Huaifeng Sun , Xiaodong Li , Xushan Lu , Xuening Wang , Li Li , Kejia Hu
The Northern Wei dynasty stone Buddha was built in 517 AD and is currently housed in Qingdao Museum, located in Laoshan District, Qingdao, China (36°6′5.58″N, 120°28′23.42″E). Over the centuries, the natural weathering process and the damage caused by various relocations has led to internal cracks on its Sumeru throne that threatens the stability of the Buddha. Previous restoration attempts are visible on the surface of the throne. To guarantee the quality and effectiveness of further restoration measures, it is essential to thoroughly investigate the cracks developments and all invisible past restoration efforts that might interfere future restoration. An ultra-wideband stepped-frequency continuous wave (SFCW) ground penetrating radar (GPR) system was employed to perform a non-invasive investigation of the Buddha Sumeru throne. We used a systematic imaging method to tackle the challenges of detecting tiny internal features within the throne. Leveraging scattering-based velocity estimation, advanced GPR signal enhancement, Stolt migration, and envelope attribute extraction, this approach unveils a high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) image, offering unprecedented insights into subsurface structures. The obtained images revealed the internal cracks, details of past restoration effort, offering valuable insights for guiding future restoration efforts. Finally, we discussed the advantages of GPR for investigating stone statues.
{"title":"Decoding the stone Buddha: Three-dimensional ground penetrating radar attribute insights into cracks and restoration history of Sumeru throne","authors":"Junkai Ge , Huaifeng Sun , Xiaodong Li , Xushan Lu , Xuening Wang , Li Li , Kejia Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Northern Wei dynasty stone Buddha was built in 517 AD and is currently housed in Qingdao Museum, located in Laoshan District, Qingdao, China (36°6′5.58″N, 120°28′23.42″E). Over the centuries, the natural weathering process and the damage caused by various relocations has led to internal cracks on its Sumeru throne that threatens the stability of the Buddha. Previous restoration attempts are visible on the surface of the throne. To guarantee the quality and effectiveness of further restoration measures, it is essential to thoroughly investigate the cracks developments and all invisible past restoration efforts that might interfere future restoration. An ultra-wideband stepped-frequency continuous wave (SFCW) ground penetrating radar (GPR) system was employed to perform a non-invasive investigation of the Buddha Sumeru throne. We used a systematic imaging method to tackle the challenges of detecting tiny internal features within the throne. Leveraging scattering-based velocity estimation, advanced GPR signal enhancement, Stolt migration, and envelope attribute extraction, this approach unveils a high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) image, offering unprecedented insights into subsurface structures. The obtained images revealed the internal cracks, details of past restoration effort, offering valuable insights for guiding future restoration efforts. Finally, we discussed the advantages of GPR for investigating stone statues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"76 ","pages":"Pages 39-51"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145061174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drying oils, rich in triacylglycerols with unsaturated fatty acyl chains, are widely used in artworks for their ability to transform them into cross-linked polymer networks upon exposure to oxygen, forming protective layers. However, over time, ester bond hydrolysis releases fatty acids (FAs) that can aggregate, migrate, and interact with pigments, causing artwork degradation. Understanding the lipid profiles of siccative oils is critical for preserving cultural heritage. This study investigated the composition of free and total FAs in common drying oils, including safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.), walnut (Juglans regia), and poppy seed (Papaver somniferum), using reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) coupled with electrospray ionisation (ESI) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and tandem HRMS (MS/MS). To determine the position and geometry (cis/trans) of CC double bonds in unsaturated FAs, a mild epoxidation reaction with meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid was applied. Oils were analysed under three conditions: without prior hydrolysis, after enzymatic hydrolysis using Candida rugosa lipase (0.25 mg enzyme per mL of extracted sample, incubated at 37 °C for 45 minutes), or following chemical hydrolysis (0.5 M HCl, 100 °C, 1 h). The results demonstrate clear differences between hydrolysis methods: chemical hydrolysis induced isomerisation in the presence of metal traces, yielding additional unsaturated species compared to enzymatic hydrolysis. These transformations were characterised by MS/MS diagnostic ions of FA epoxides and their retention times. To preserve the native FA profile and minimise artefacts, enzymatic hydrolysis or mild chemical conditions are recommended, with C. rugosa lipase providing a reliable reference standard. This approach was successfully applied to a 1970s oil-on-canvas painting by F. Rispoli, revealing lipid alterations associated with aging.
{"title":"Exploring chemical vs. enzymatic hydrolysis for fatty acid profiling of drying oils by liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry","authors":"Davide Coniglio , Cosima Damiana Calvano , Ilario Losito , Tommaso R.I. Cataldi","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.09.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.09.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Drying oils, rich in triacylglycerols with unsaturated fatty acyl chains, are widely used in artworks for their ability to transform them into cross-linked polymer networks upon exposure to oxygen, forming protective layers. However, over time, ester bond hydrolysis releases fatty acids (FAs) that can aggregate, migrate, and interact with pigments, causing artwork degradation. Understanding the lipid profiles of siccative oils is critical for preserving cultural heritage. This study investigated the composition of free and total FAs in common drying oils, including safflower (<em>Carthamus tinctorius</em>), linseed (<em>Linum usitatissimum</em> L.), walnut (<em>Juglans regia</em>), and poppy seed (<em>Papaver somniferum</em>), using reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) coupled with electrospray ionisation (ESI) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and tandem HRMS (MS/MS). To determine the position and geometry (<em>cis/trans</em>) of C<img>C double bonds in unsaturated FAs, a mild epoxidation reaction with <em>meta</em>-chloroperoxybenzoic acid was applied. Oils were analysed under three conditions: without prior hydrolysis, after enzymatic hydrolysis using <em>Candida rugosa</em> lipase (0.25 mg enzyme per mL of extracted sample, incubated at 37 °C for 45 minutes), or following chemical hydrolysis (0.5 M HCl, 100 °C, 1 h). The results demonstrate clear differences between hydrolysis methods: chemical hydrolysis induced isomerisation in the presence of metal traces, yielding additional unsaturated species compared to enzymatic hydrolysis. These transformations were characterised by MS/MS diagnostic ions of FA epoxides and their retention times. To preserve the native FA profile and minimise artefacts, enzymatic hydrolysis or mild chemical conditions are recommended, with <em>C. rugosa</em> lipase providing a reliable reference standard. This approach was successfully applied to a 1970s oil-on-canvas painting by F. Rispoli, revealing lipid alterations associated with aging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"76 ","pages":"Pages 136-147"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-09-10DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.07.028
Sara Puente-Muñoz , Jennifer Huidobro , Iñaki Vázquez-de la Fuente , Idoia Etxebarria , Ilaria Costantini , Marco Veneranda , Nagore Prieto-Taboada , Oleksii Ilchenko , Giuseppe Di Girolami , Angela Di Lillo , Marina Caso , Rossella Di Lauro , Kepa Castro , Gorka Arana , Juan Manuel Madariaga
The Archaeological Park of Herculaneum, buried by the 79 CE eruption of Mount Vesuvius, faces a significant conservation challenge, the degradation of the volcanic tuff walls. Building upon previous studies, this work presents the first large-scale assessment of this degradation phenomenon, employing a comprehensive analytical approach that extends across the entire archaeological park. In detail, this study combines in-situ and laboratory analyses to investigate the origin and composition of the soluble salts that take part in this degradation process. Thermographic imaging identified moisture accumulation at the base of walls, confirming the capillary rise of humidity from the soil. Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy revealed that sodium sulfate, in both anhydrous (thenardite) and hydrated (mirabilite) forms, is the predominant salt, with additional contributions from calcium sulfate and minor nitrates. Ion chromatography of soil samples confirmed significant spatial and seasonal variations, with sulfates more concentrated in northern areas and increasing overall in winter. The results demonstrate that a combined approach using ion chromatography, thermographic imaging, and handheld Raman spectroscopy provides an efficient diagnostic tool for assessing salt-related deterioration. This protocol could be extended to other archaeological sites to guide conservation strategies and mitigate the impact of salt-induced decay on built heritage.
{"title":"A site-wide and comprehensive assessment of salt-induced tuff deterioration in the Archaeological Park of Herculaneum","authors":"Sara Puente-Muñoz , Jennifer Huidobro , Iñaki Vázquez-de la Fuente , Idoia Etxebarria , Ilaria Costantini , Marco Veneranda , Nagore Prieto-Taboada , Oleksii Ilchenko , Giuseppe Di Girolami , Angela Di Lillo , Marina Caso , Rossella Di Lauro , Kepa Castro , Gorka Arana , Juan Manuel Madariaga","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.07.028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.07.028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Archaeological Park of Herculaneum, buried by the 79 CE eruption of Mount Vesuvius, faces a significant conservation challenge, the degradation of the volcanic tuff walls. Building upon previous studies, this work presents the first large-scale assessment of this degradation phenomenon, employing a comprehensive analytical approach that extends across the entire archaeological park. In detail, this study combines in-situ and laboratory analyses to investigate the origin and composition of the soluble salts that take part in this degradation process. Thermographic imaging identified moisture accumulation at the base of walls, confirming the capillary rise of humidity from the soil. Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy revealed that sodium sulfate, in both anhydrous (thenardite) and hydrated (mirabilite) forms, is the predominant salt, with additional contributions from calcium sulfate and minor nitrates. Ion chromatography of soil samples confirmed significant spatial and seasonal variations, with sulfates more concentrated in northern areas and increasing overall in winter. The results demonstrate that a combined approach using ion chromatography, thermographic imaging, and handheld Raman spectroscopy provides an efficient diagnostic tool for assessing salt-related deterioration. This protocol could be extended to other archaeological sites to guide conservation strategies and mitigate the impact of salt-induced decay on built heritage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"76 ","pages":"Pages 11-20"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-10-08DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.09.013
Annamaria Alabiso , Danilo Bersani , Maria Grazia Bridelli , Elisabetta Cilli , Luigi Cristofolini , Irene Faenza , Gianandrea Pasquinelli , Sara Salucci , Mirko Traversari
A human skeleton exhibiting extensive green coloration and partial mummification was discovered inside a copper-alloy cist beneath an ancient villa in Bologna (Italy). The preservation of bone and soft tissue, together with the green staining, prompted to infer the diagenetic processes that occurred in this unique case during the post-mortem period, analyzing the chemical and structural alterations of the tissues in a copper-rich burial environment.
A multidisciplinary analytical approach was employed, by combining Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). These techniques were applied to both stained and unstained samples of bone and skin in order to characterize their organic and inorganic components, identify potential corrosion products—specifically malachite (Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂) and pseudomalachite (Cu₅(PO₄)₂(OH)₄)—and evaluate the role of the burial context—particularly the copper container—in shaping the state of preservation.
{"title":"The curious case of the green-colored body: A multidisciplinary investigation of a mummy preserved in a copper-rich environment","authors":"Annamaria Alabiso , Danilo Bersani , Maria Grazia Bridelli , Elisabetta Cilli , Luigi Cristofolini , Irene Faenza , Gianandrea Pasquinelli , Sara Salucci , Mirko Traversari","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.09.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.09.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A human skeleton exhibiting extensive green coloration and partial mummification was discovered inside a copper-alloy cist beneath an ancient villa in Bologna (Italy). The preservation of bone and soft tissue, together with the green staining, prompted to infer the diagenetic processes that occurred in this unique case during the post-mortem period, analyzing the chemical and structural alterations of the tissues in a copper-rich burial environment.</div><div>A multidisciplinary analytical approach was employed, by combining Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). These techniques were applied to both stained and unstained samples of bone and skin in order to characterize their organic and inorganic components, identify potential corrosion products—specifically malachite (Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂) and pseudomalachite (Cu₅(PO₄)₂(OH)₄)—and evaluate the role of the burial context—particularly the copper container—in shaping the state of preservation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"76 ","pages":"Pages 157-164"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145267591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-09-27DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.09.008
Mauro Bernabei , Stefano Celletti
In his constant search for inspiration, William Turner embarked on numerous trips to Europe, especially Italy. The Italian landscape, rich in history and nature, profoundly influenced his artistic production, frequently resurfacing in his later paintings. During these trips, Turner produced a substantial number of sketches and some paintings, often of landscapes that were difficult to identify. One such painting, created during his second visit to Italy in 1828, was tentatively attributed to Civita di Bagnoregio (VT) or Pitigliano (GR). This study proposes to revisit these hypotheses in light of new geomorphological and topographical evaluations, suggesting an alternative site in the countryside of Tuscia (VT) that Turner visited in 1828. This location matches all systematically compared characteristics, including the painting’s essential compositional elements, such as a small road and bridge, situated in a similar landscape context.
{"title":"The Devil’s Bridge in Blera (VT, Italy) in a painting by William Turner","authors":"Mauro Bernabei , Stefano Celletti","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.09.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.09.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In his constant search for inspiration, William Turner embarked on numerous trips to Europe, especially Italy. The Italian landscape, rich in history and nature, profoundly influenced his artistic production, frequently resurfacing in his later paintings. During these trips, Turner produced a substantial number of sketches and some paintings, often of landscapes that were difficult to identify. One such painting, created during his second visit to Italy in 1828, was tentatively attributed to Civita di Bagnoregio (VT) or Pitigliano (GR). This study proposes to revisit these hypotheses in light of new geomorphological and topographical evaluations, suggesting an alternative site in the countryside of Tuscia (VT) that Turner visited in 1828. This location matches all systematically compared characteristics, including the painting’s essential compositional elements, such as a small road and bridge, situated in a similar landscape context.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"76 ","pages":"Pages 121-125"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-09-27DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.08.002
Qing Wu , Jack Harrison , Patrycja Janina Petrasz , Lidia Mathys , Edith Joseph
We present a preliminary study of the cleaning of artificially tarnished silver mock-ups with several greener materials, including sodium glycinate, ethylenediamine-N,N’-disuccinic acid (EDDS), saponin, and deep eutectic solvents (DESs), in comparison to a commercial silver polish product. While sodium glycinate, EDDS and saponin did not show substantial cleaning effects on light silver tarnish, a two-step method combining (i) oxidative DESs and (ii) sodium glycinate-based suspension proved effective for the removal of heavy tarnish. However, observations via colorimetry, interferometry microscopy, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy showed that this two-step method could lead to surface roughening. While clear scratches and over-polishing issues were observed on coupon surfaces cleaned by the commercial silver polish product, the use of a slurry composed of sodium glycinate, citric acid, glycerol and water resulted in optimal cleaning effects, despite its relatively low cleaning rate.
{"title":"A preliminary study of using greener materials including deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for the cleaning of silver tarnish","authors":"Qing Wu , Jack Harrison , Patrycja Janina Petrasz , Lidia Mathys , Edith Joseph","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present a preliminary study of the cleaning of artificially tarnished silver mock-ups with several greener materials, including sodium glycinate, ethylenediamine-N,N’-disuccinic acid (EDDS), saponin, and deep eutectic solvents (DESs), in comparison to a commercial silver polish product. While sodium glycinate, EDDS and saponin did not show substantial cleaning effects on light silver tarnish, a two-step method combining (i) oxidative DESs and (ii) sodium glycinate-based suspension proved effective for the removal of heavy tarnish. However, observations via colorimetry, interferometry microscopy, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy showed that this two-step method could lead to surface roughening. While clear scratches and over-polishing issues were observed on coupon surfaces cleaned by the commercial silver polish product, the use of a slurry composed of sodium glycinate, citric acid, glycerol and water resulted in optimal cleaning effects, despite its relatively low cleaning rate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"76 ","pages":"Pages 126-135"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-09-24DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.09.007
Pia Götz , David Melamed , Hendrik Bohling , Christine Brovkina , Istabraq Hussain , Nils Reims , Luca Junge , Dennis Hoffmann , Karolin Wiskandt , Ruth Schilling , Martin Hering-Bertram , Lucio Colombi Ciacchi
X-ray computed tomography (CT) has become a common method for conservators, historians and archaeologists to examine the interior of museum objects in a non-destructive way. This paper demonstrates an additional application of CT data sets. We namely show how the data can be processed and converted to interactive, computer-animated models embedded in web applications to bring back the historical objects to novel virtual life. This opens up a new way for museum visitors to interact with the virtual objects in both on-site and online exhibitions. The use of freely accessible software at all stages ensures that the involved costs remain accessible to public institutions. The approach is demonstrated using three technical instruments of historical significance spanning three centuries of maritime navigation: a pocket sundial, a maritime chronometer, and a pocket barometer manufactured in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries. Each object presents its own attributes and characteristics that require different approaches and solutions along the data process chains. The outcomes of these chains are interactive applications demonstrating the functionalities of the old instruments. This contributes to a better understanding of their modes of operation, and can focus the attention of the visitors to individual technical details, material composition and appearance, or other attributes of historical significance. The accessibility and appeal of the virtual objects results in a more immersive interaction experience facilitating a better transfer of knowledge to the visitors.
{"title":"Embedding of X-ray computed tomography data of cultural heritage objects in interactive web applications – old technical instruments brought back to novel virtual life","authors":"Pia Götz , David Melamed , Hendrik Bohling , Christine Brovkina , Istabraq Hussain , Nils Reims , Luca Junge , Dennis Hoffmann , Karolin Wiskandt , Ruth Schilling , Martin Hering-Bertram , Lucio Colombi Ciacchi","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.09.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.09.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>X-ray computed tomography (CT) has become a common method for conservators, historians and archaeologists to examine the interior of museum objects in a non-destructive way. This paper demonstrates an additional application of CT data sets. We namely show how the data can be processed and converted to interactive, computer-animated models embedded in web applications to bring back the historical objects to novel virtual life. This opens up a new way for museum visitors to interact with the virtual objects in both on-site and online exhibitions. The use of freely accessible software at all stages ensures that the involved costs remain accessible to public institutions. The approach is demonstrated using three technical instruments of historical significance spanning three centuries of maritime navigation: a pocket sundial, a maritime chronometer, and a pocket barometer manufactured in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries. Each object presents its own attributes and characteristics that require different approaches and solutions along the data process chains. The outcomes of these chains are interactive applications demonstrating the functionalities of the old instruments. This contributes to a better understanding of their modes of operation, and can focus the attention of the visitors to individual technical details, material composition and appearance, or other attributes of historical significance. The accessibility and appeal of the virtual objects results in a more immersive interaction experience facilitating a better transfer of knowledge to the visitors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"76 ","pages":"Pages 100-110"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/S1296-2074(25)00248-1
{"title":"ours Elsevier","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S1296-2074(25)00248-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1296-2074(25)00248-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"76 ","pages":"Page iv"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145576121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-09-08DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.08.003
Jennifer Huidobro , Marco Veneranda , Ilaria Costantini , Idoia Etxebarria , Iñaki Vázquez de la Fuente , Sara Puente-Muñoz , Nagore Prieto-Taboada , Giuseppe Di Girolami , Valeria Amoretti , Kepa Castro , Gorka Arana , Juan Manuel Madariaga
This work reports on a multidisciplinary study conducted by the IBeA Research Group on mural paintings from Pompeii (Casa dei Pittori al Lavoro, Insula dei Casti Amanti) as they were being retrieved from burial.
In detail, in-situ spectroscopic analysis (Raman, infrared and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopies) were combined with thermographic imaging to evaluate the composition of the paintings and their alteration products. These results guided the collection of micrometric samples, which were subsequently analyzed in the laboratory using Raman, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Ionic Chromatography techniques.
To assist conservators in the selection of the optimal preservation procedures, the analytical results obtained in this work proved that the investigated paintings are threatened by two main alteration pathways. The first alteration is related to the formation of saline efflorescence on the lower parts of the walls. This phenomenon may be due to the presence of a shallow water table in the vicinity of the house, but more studies should be conducted. Regarding the second alteration pathway, biological remains were detected on the wall paintings, which may be attributed to the presence of volcanic debris acting as a substrate for biological colonization. However, further studies are required to confirm this hypothesis.
While providing the Archaeological Park of Pompeii with the analytical results needed to plan tailored conservation treatments, this work demonstrates that cultural heritage conservation can strongly benefit from the synergistic collaboration between restorers and conservation scientists.
这项工作报告了IBeA研究小组对庞贝壁画（Casa dei Pittori al Lavoro, Insula dei Casti Amanti）进行的多学科研究，因为它们被从埋葬中取回。详细地，将原位光谱分析（拉曼光谱、红外光谱和x射线荧光光谱）与热成像相结合，以评估绘画及其蚀变产物的成分。这些结果指导了微米样品的收集，随后在实验室中使用拉曼、傅里叶变换红外光谱和离子色谱技术进行分析。为了帮助保护人员选择最佳的保护程序，本工作获得的分析结果证明，所调查的绘画受到两种主要的改变途径的威胁。第一个变化与壁下部形成的含盐花期有关。这种现象可能是由于房屋附近的地下水位较浅，但需要进行更多的研究。对于第二种蚀变途径，在壁画上发现了生物遗骸，这可能是由于火山碎屑的存在作为生物定植的基质。然而，需要进一步的研究来证实这一假设。在为庞贝考古公园提供量身定制的保护措施所需的分析结果的同时，这项工作表明，文化遗产保护可以从修复者和保护科学家之间的协同合作中受益匪浅。
{"title":"New excavations at Pompeii: Analyzing the alteration risks of mural paintings recently retrieved from burial","authors":"Jennifer Huidobro , Marco Veneranda , Ilaria Costantini , Idoia Etxebarria , Iñaki Vázquez de la Fuente , Sara Puente-Muñoz , Nagore Prieto-Taboada , Giuseppe Di Girolami , Valeria Amoretti , Kepa Castro , Gorka Arana , Juan Manuel Madariaga","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work reports on a multidisciplinary study conducted by the IBeA Research Group on mural paintings from Pompeii (<em>Casa dei Pittori al Lavoro, Insula dei Casti Amanti</em>) as they were being retrieved from burial.</div><div>In detail, in-situ spectroscopic analysis (Raman, infrared and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopies) were combined with thermographic imaging to evaluate the composition of the paintings and their alteration products. These results guided the collection of micrometric samples, which were subsequently analyzed in the laboratory using Raman, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Ionic Chromatography techniques.</div><div>To assist conservators in the selection of the optimal preservation procedures, the analytical results obtained in this work proved that the investigated paintings are threatened by two main alteration pathways. The first alteration is related to the formation of saline efflorescence on the lower parts of the walls. This phenomenon may be due to the presence of a shallow water table in the vicinity of the house, but more studies should be conducted. Regarding the second alteration pathway, biological remains were detected on the wall paintings, which may be attributed to the presence of volcanic debris acting as a substrate for biological colonization. However, further studies are required to confirm this hypothesis.</div><div>While providing the Archaeological Park of Pompeii with the analytical results needed to plan tailored conservation treatments, this work demonstrates that cultural heritage conservation can strongly benefit from the synergistic collaboration between restorers and conservation scientists.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"76 ","pages":"Pages 1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145011008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.10.003
Alice Dal Fovo , Laura Maestro-Guijarro , Paula María Carmona-Quiroga , Raffaella Fontana , Francesca Rosi , Martina Alunni Cardinali , Aldo Romani , Lucia Comez , Cristiano Riminesi , Magdalena Iwanicka , Piotr Targowski , Magdalena Kowalska , Aggelos Philippidis , Paraskevi Pouli , Marta Castillejo , Mohamed Oujja
Preventing varnish degradation is a major challenge in painting conservation. Despite extensive research, the mechanisms behind varnish alteration are not yet fully understood due to the complexity of the concurrent processes involved. Moreover, the extent to which organic and inorganic pigments, dispersed in various binding media within the paint substrate, influence this process remains unclear. Due to this complexity, detecting early signs of varnish degradation is a crucial step in protecting the underlying painting from irreversible damage.
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of thermo-hygrometric and photochemical ageing at both surface and subsurface levels on natural (dammar resin) and synthetic (acrylic resin) coatings. These were analysed both as standalone layers and in combination with oil paint materials containing two common inorganic pigments: titanium dioxide and yellow ochre. A comprehensive suite of complementary, non-invasive techniques, spanning nano- to macroscale resolution, was employed. This optimized monitoring protocol, with potential in situ applicability, enabled high-resolution mapping of varnish degradation patterns, elucidating the complex interplay between compositional factors, environmental ageing conditions, and substrate-paint interactions.
This study establishes a robust framework for evaluating material stability through the identification of early degradation markers, which can directly inform conservation strategies for painted artworks. Furthermore, it provides scientific support for varnish selection criteria, condition assessment protocols, and predictive conservation models.
{"title":"Ageing-induced changes in varnish-coated oil paints: Surface and subsurface multi-technical analysis","authors":"Alice Dal Fovo , Laura Maestro-Guijarro , Paula María Carmona-Quiroga , Raffaella Fontana , Francesca Rosi , Martina Alunni Cardinali , Aldo Romani , Lucia Comez , Cristiano Riminesi , Magdalena Iwanicka , Piotr Targowski , Magdalena Kowalska , Aggelos Philippidis , Paraskevi Pouli , Marta Castillejo , Mohamed Oujja","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.10.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Preventing varnish degradation is a major challenge in painting conservation. Despite extensive research, the mechanisms behind varnish alteration are not yet fully understood due to the complexity of the concurrent processes involved. Moreover, the extent to which organic and inorganic pigments, dispersed in various binding media within the paint substrate, influence this process remains unclear. Due to this complexity, detecting early signs of varnish degradation is a crucial step in protecting the underlying painting from irreversible damage.</div><div>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of thermo-hygrometric and photochemical ageing <img> at both surface and subsurface levels <img> on natural (dammar resin) and synthetic (acrylic resin) coatings. These were analysed both as standalone layers and in combination with oil paint materials containing two common inorganic pigments: titanium dioxide and yellow ochre. A comprehensive suite of complementary, non-invasive techniques, spanning nano- to macroscale resolution, was employed. This optimized monitoring protocol, with potential in situ applicability, enabled high-resolution mapping of varnish degradation patterns, elucidating the complex interplay between compositional factors, environmental ageing conditions, and substrate-paint interactions.</div><div>This study establishes a robust framework for evaluating material stability through the identification of early degradation markers, which can directly inform conservation strategies for painted artworks. Furthermore, it provides scientific support for varnish selection criteria, condition assessment protocols, and predictive conservation models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"76 ","pages":"Pages 263-276"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145416511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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