Pub Date : 2018-04-20DOI: 10.4172/1948-5948.1000392
M. K. Shrivash, Sonal Mishra, S. Panwar, Shabnam Sircaik, J. Pandey, K. Misra
Candida albicans is one of the most pathogenic and opportunistic class of fungi. Its emergence disturbs the human biome and can create serious damage in immunocompromised conditions. Hyphal growth and biofilm formation are mainly the core factors leading to progression of pathogenicity in C. albicans. The drug resistance towards azoles has created a demand of new novel pharmacologically active compounds. Although there are several pathways and factors known for causing pathogenicity there is none single connected pathway known for the whole mechanism such as SAP5, N-myrstyltransferase, Erg11 and Efg1 proteins. In the present study we have focussed on all the pathways and sorted major factors contributing in more than one pathways. The plant based polyphenols that have been studied here are non-toxic and more efficient as compared to the marketed azoles. These selected polyphenols were found to be capable of causing cell death of C. albicans up to 20% and inhibiting hyphal growth up to 90% as compared to Fluconazole. Biologically the polyphenols have been found to be more active on glyoxylate pathway.
{"title":"Attenuation of Pathogenicity in Candida albicans by Application of Polyphenols","authors":"M. K. Shrivash, Sonal Mishra, S. Panwar, Shabnam Sircaik, J. Pandey, K. Misra","doi":"10.4172/1948-5948.1000392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5948.1000392","url":null,"abstract":"Candida albicans is one of the most pathogenic and opportunistic class of fungi. Its emergence disturbs the human biome and can create serious damage in immunocompromised conditions. Hyphal growth and biofilm formation are mainly the core factors leading to progression of pathogenicity in C. albicans. The drug resistance towards azoles has created a demand of new novel pharmacologically active compounds. Although there are several pathways and factors known for causing pathogenicity there is none single connected pathway known for the whole mechanism such as SAP5, N-myrstyltransferase, Erg11 and Efg1 proteins. In the present study we have focussed on all the pathways and sorted major factors contributing in more than one pathways. The plant based polyphenols that have been studied here are non-toxic and more efficient as compared to the marketed azoles. These selected polyphenols were found to be capable of causing cell death of C. albicans up to 20% and inhibiting hyphal growth up to 90% as compared to Fluconazole. Biologically the polyphenols have been found to be more active on glyoxylate pathway.","PeriodicalId":16453,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology","volume":"10 1","pages":"27-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88060358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-02-26DOI: 10.4172/1948-5948.1000389
Sarah K. Amer, R. Bedwani, G. Shehata, A. Abouelfetouh
Background: Antibiotic resistance, as a major public health problem, has its roots in the irrational use of antibiotics, consequently causing treatment failure. It is commonly seen in treating acute upper respiratory tract infections. AURTI include sinusitis, pharyngitis and bronchitis. Adherence to guidelines is not completely afforded due to poor knowledge of physicians in management of AURTI. They fail to perform a definite differentiation between the viral and the bacterial type of the infection. Also patients affect physicians’ prescribing habits; as patients feel satisfied being prescribed antibiotics. Aim: This study aims to increase physicians' adherence to current clinical guidelines for AURTI regarding the use of antibiotics Methods: A predesigned questionnaire was used for the assessment of the physicians' adherence to the guidelines before and after the intervention. Active and passive interventions to improve physicians' adherence to guidelines as short-session for physicians of didactic teaching and antibiotic guideline posters in respiratory unit clinics. Throat swab using Rapid Strep A Test strip (RADT) Conclusion: Using active and passive interventions can change prescribing habits. Physicians' adherence to guidelines will be perceptible, resulting in improvement of appropriate antibiotic use for AURTI, reduction of unnecessary healthcare costs and advance in quality of care provided by outpatient clinics. Physicians’ qualifications and the use of RADT in Pharyngeal Infection play a significant role affecting the adherence to guidelines and prescribing of the proper antibiotic.
{"title":"Improving Physicians' Adherence to Guidelines Regarding Antibiotics Use in Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Adult Patients Attending Ministry of Health Hospitals in Alexandria, Egypt: An Interventional Study","authors":"Sarah K. Amer, R. Bedwani, G. Shehata, A. Abouelfetouh","doi":"10.4172/1948-5948.1000389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5948.1000389","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Antibiotic resistance, as a major public health problem, has its roots in the irrational use of antibiotics, consequently causing treatment failure. It is commonly seen in treating acute upper respiratory tract infections. AURTI include sinusitis, pharyngitis and bronchitis. Adherence to guidelines is not completely afforded due to poor knowledge of physicians in management of AURTI. They fail to perform a definite differentiation between the viral and the bacterial type of the infection. Also patients affect physicians’ prescribing habits; as patients feel satisfied being prescribed antibiotics. \u0000Aim: This study aims to increase physicians' adherence to current clinical guidelines for AURTI regarding the use of antibiotics \u0000Methods: A predesigned questionnaire was used for the assessment of the physicians' adherence to the guidelines before and after the intervention. Active and passive interventions to improve physicians' adherence to guidelines as short-session for physicians of didactic teaching and antibiotic guideline posters in respiratory unit clinics. Throat swab using Rapid Strep A Test strip (RADT) \u0000Conclusion: Using active and passive interventions can change prescribing habits. Physicians' adherence to guidelines will be perceptible, resulting in improvement of appropriate antibiotic use for AURTI, reduction of unnecessary healthcare costs and advance in quality of care provided by outpatient clinics. Physicians’ qualifications and the use of RADT in Pharyngeal Infection play a significant role affecting the adherence to guidelines and prescribing of the proper antibiotic.","PeriodicalId":16453,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology","volume":"50 1","pages":"16-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74073611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-22DOI: 10.4172/1948-5948.1000386
D. Ryandini, O. Radjasa, Oedjijono
The screening of antibiotic-producing actinomycetes from the mangrove environment is increasing to search for bioactive compounds capable of inhibiting the growth of Multi-Drugs Resistant (MDR) bacteria. The research aimed to isolate actinomycetes from mangrove mud rhizosphere in Segara Anakan lagoon that is capable of producing bioactive compounds inhibiting MDR bacterial growth, to characterize phenotypically along with 16S rRNA gene sequence, to cover out inhibition potencies toward MDR bacterial growth, and to characterize antibacterial compounds produced. Isolate actinomycetes SA32 was isolated from rhizosphere mud of Rhizophora mucronata from east Segara Anakan. It showed fragmented aerial mycelium similar to Streptomyces sp. NEAE-102; however, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis yielded 96% similarity to Streptomyces sp. N56. In antagonism assay, it inhibited the growth of MDR bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas areuginosa, Enterococcus cloacae and Enterobacter sp. The diffusion antagonism assay results in the highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus with clear zone diameter 20 mm. The result of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assay showed that 20% crude extract has been able to inhibit the growth of MDR bacteria characterized by the decrease of turbidity. The antibacterial compound produced was not known yet but has an Rf value of 0.7-0.9 in the TLC test. Isolate actinomycetes SA32 is potent to be developed as an MDR antibacterial substance source and it is proposed as a new strain of Streptomyces.
{"title":"Isolate Actinomycetes SA32 Origin of Segara Anakan Mangrove Rhizosphere and its Capability in Inhibiting Multi-Drugs Resistant Bacteria Growth","authors":"D. Ryandini, O. Radjasa, Oedjijono","doi":"10.4172/1948-5948.1000386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5948.1000386","url":null,"abstract":"The screening of antibiotic-producing actinomycetes from the mangrove environment is increasing to search for bioactive compounds capable of inhibiting the growth of Multi-Drugs Resistant (MDR) bacteria. The research aimed to isolate actinomycetes from mangrove mud rhizosphere in Segara Anakan lagoon that is capable of producing bioactive compounds inhibiting MDR bacterial growth, to characterize phenotypically along with 16S rRNA gene sequence, to cover out inhibition potencies toward MDR bacterial growth, and to characterize antibacterial compounds produced. Isolate actinomycetes SA32 was isolated from rhizosphere mud of Rhizophora mucronata from east Segara Anakan. It showed fragmented aerial mycelium similar to Streptomyces sp. NEAE-102; however, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis yielded 96% similarity to Streptomyces sp. N56. In antagonism assay, it inhibited the growth of MDR bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas areuginosa, Enterococcus cloacae and Enterobacter sp. The diffusion antagonism assay results in the highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus with clear zone diameter 20 mm. The result of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assay showed that 20% crude extract has been able to inhibit the growth of MDR bacteria characterized by the decrease of turbidity. The antibacterial compound produced was not known yet but has an Rf value of 0.7-0.9 in the TLC test. Isolate actinomycetes SA32 is potent to be developed as an MDR antibacterial substance source and it is proposed as a new strain of Streptomyces.","PeriodicalId":16453,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75583187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1948-5948.1000387
P. Rathkjen, J. Dall
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes substantial economic losses to the worldwide swine industry and effective long-term control measures are greatly needed. Strategies exist for controlling PRRSV in individual herds, but these can be expensive due to losses of production time, and are frequently undermined by inadequate biosecurity practices and reinfection from surrounding areas. Regional initiatives, involving cooperation between owners of multiple farms, have been shown to achieve long-term PRRSV control and are more likely to result in sustained elimination that is difficult to achieve in individual farms. One year ago the authors published results from an area regional control project, in which PRRSV was eliminated from 12 Danish swine herds in just over 18 months. Underlying this initiative was a novel, 5-step process that provided a robust framework for cooperation between participants and helped contribute to the project’s success. This paper describes the 5 step process in detail using examples from the Danish elimination study, discusses its usefulness for future area regional control projects and explains how it can be adapted to meet the needs of diverse swine production systems.
{"title":"Maximising the Chances of Success for PRRSV Area-Regional Control and Elimination Programmes: A 5-Step Process in Practice","authors":"P. Rathkjen, J. Dall","doi":"10.4172/1948-5948.1000387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5948.1000387","url":null,"abstract":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes substantial economic losses to the worldwide swine industry and effective long-term control measures are greatly needed. Strategies exist for controlling PRRSV in individual herds, but these can be expensive due to losses of production time, and are frequently undermined by inadequate biosecurity practices and reinfection from surrounding areas. Regional initiatives, involving cooperation between owners of multiple farms, have been shown to achieve long-term PRRSV control and are more likely to result in sustained elimination that is difficult to achieve in individual farms. One year ago the authors published results from an area regional control project, in which PRRSV was eliminated from 12 Danish swine herds in just over 18 months. Underlying this initiative was a novel, 5-step process that provided a robust framework for cooperation between participants and helped contribute to the project’s success. This paper describes the 5 step process in detail using examples from the Danish elimination study, discusses its usefulness for future area regional control projects and explains how it can be adapted to meet the needs of diverse swine production systems.","PeriodicalId":16453,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology","volume":"47 1","pages":"8-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73525869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1948-5948.1000405
Arogunjo Ao, Arotupin Dj
Microbial enzymes have significant biotechnological application in industries. The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify microorganisms associated with millet cobs, determine the enzyme activity (lipase, protease, pectinase, cellulase and amylase) of the millet cob samples, screen the isolated microorganisms for enzyme production and determine the physicochemical parameters of the degrading medium. A total of seven bacteria and twelve fungi consisting of yeasts and moulds were isolated during the study. Day 20 of the degradation period has the highest enzyme activity for all the enzymes in the degraded millet cobs; lipase has the highest enzyme activity with a value of 0.496 mg/mL/min while protease has the lowest with a value of 0.003 mg/mL/min. All of the isolated microorganisms exhibited enzymatic activity except Zygosaccharomyces rouxii in which Bacillus spp were screened positive for all the enzymes assayed for. The temperature (oC), pH and titratable acidity (%) ranged from 24.03- 28.47, 3.81-6.50 and 2.31-4.21 respectively. This study contributes to catalogue of microorganisms that has been identified as enzyme producers and provides additional information to support future research about the industrial potential of these microorganisms that may produce enzymes and other metabolites of industrial importance.
{"title":"Millet Cobs: A Source of Microbial Enzymes","authors":"Arogunjo Ao, Arotupin Dj","doi":"10.4172/1948-5948.1000405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5948.1000405","url":null,"abstract":"Microbial enzymes have significant biotechnological application in industries. The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify microorganisms associated with millet cobs, determine the enzyme activity (lipase, protease, pectinase, cellulase and amylase) of the millet cob samples, screen the isolated microorganisms for enzyme production and determine the physicochemical parameters of the degrading medium. A total of seven bacteria and twelve fungi consisting of yeasts and moulds were isolated during the study. Day 20 of the degradation period has the highest enzyme activity for all the enzymes in the degraded millet cobs; lipase has the highest enzyme activity with a value of 0.496 mg/mL/min while protease has the lowest with a value of 0.003 mg/mL/min. All of the isolated microorganisms exhibited enzymatic activity except Zygosaccharomyces rouxii in which Bacillus spp were screened positive for all the enzymes assayed for. The temperature (oC), pH and titratable acidity (%) ranged from 24.03- 28.47, 3.81-6.50 and 2.31-4.21 respectively. This study contributes to catalogue of microorganisms that has been identified as enzyme producers and provides additional information to support future research about the industrial potential of these microorganisms that may produce enzymes and other metabolites of industrial importance.","PeriodicalId":16453,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology","volume":"35 1","pages":"124-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86813758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1948-5948.1000406
A. Al-Beloushi, A. Elbehiry, E. Marzouk, R. Zahran
Diabetic foot infections (DFIs) are a progressively serious health problem worldwide. Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is one of the most frequent bacteria in DFIs. The antibiotic resistance patterns of this bacterium remain a significant tool for monitoring infection. Therefore, our study aimed to determine the susceptibility of E. faecalis recovered from the wounds of hospitalized diabetic foot patients to various antimicrobial drugs. Fifty-two E. faecalis strains were recovered from 630 diabetic foot patients. All isolates were identified biochemically by a Vitek® 2 system and via a mass spectrometer (MALDI Biotyper). Antimicrobial sensitivity testing used Vitek 2 cards and Kirby-Bauer as the reference method. The findings indicated that the susceptibility of E. faecalis was 100% for ampicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam, benzylpenicillin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin; 92% for nitrofurantoin, teicoplanin, and vancomycin; 87% for imipenem; 81% for kanamycin (high concentration) and tetracycline; 73% for levofloxacin; and 52% for streptomycin (high concentrations). The resistance was 100% for clindamycin and quinupristin-dalfopristin, 96% for cefuroxime, 90% for ciprofloxacin and erythromycin, 86% for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 54% for gentamicin (high concentration), and 48% for streptomycin (high concentration). All E. faecalis strains were resistant against numerous antibiotics with a multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of 0.20-0.60. The mean value of MAR indices for all tested E. faecalis species was 0. 373. The high levels of antimicrobial resistance patterns to E. faecalis seen here are important because they restrict treatment possibilities and adversely affect the health of diabetic foot patients. Consequently, our findings should be carefully considered in public health and awareness programs.
{"title":"Highlight on the Multi-Drug Resistance of Enterococcus faecalis Recovered from Diabetic Foot Patients","authors":"A. Al-Beloushi, A. Elbehiry, E. Marzouk, R. Zahran","doi":"10.4172/1948-5948.1000406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5948.1000406","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetic foot infections (DFIs) are a progressively serious health problem worldwide. Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is one of the most frequent bacteria in DFIs. The antibiotic resistance patterns of this bacterium remain a significant tool for monitoring infection. Therefore, our study aimed to determine the susceptibility of E. faecalis recovered from the wounds of hospitalized diabetic foot patients to various antimicrobial drugs. Fifty-two E. faecalis strains were recovered from 630 diabetic foot patients. All isolates were identified biochemically by a Vitek® 2 system and via a mass spectrometer (MALDI Biotyper). Antimicrobial sensitivity testing used Vitek 2 cards and Kirby-Bauer as the reference method. The findings indicated that the susceptibility of E. faecalis was 100% for ampicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam, benzylpenicillin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin; 92% for nitrofurantoin, teicoplanin, and vancomycin; 87% for imipenem; 81% for kanamycin (high concentration) and tetracycline; 73% for levofloxacin; and 52% for streptomycin (high concentrations). The resistance was 100% for clindamycin and quinupristin-dalfopristin, 96% for cefuroxime, 90% for ciprofloxacin and erythromycin, 86% for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 54% for gentamicin (high concentration), and 48% for streptomycin (high concentration). All E. faecalis strains were resistant against numerous antibiotics with a multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of 0.20-0.60. The mean value of MAR indices for all tested E. faecalis species was 0. 373. The high levels of antimicrobial resistance patterns to E. faecalis seen here are important because they restrict treatment possibilities and adversely affect the health of diabetic foot patients. Consequently, our findings should be carefully considered in public health and awareness programs.","PeriodicalId":16453,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology","volume":"32 1","pages":"134-139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77114057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1948-5948.1000393
A. Hiko
Staphylococcus aureus is common food contaminant and responsible for food poising. The aim of this study was to assess prevalence of S. aureus and Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in Commercial Soft Drinks (CSDs) with antimicrobial resistance test on the isolates in two towns of Ethiopia. A total of 774 samples of ready-to-drink CSDs were randomly purchases from different public supply locations and analyzed for S. aureus. MRSA were screened phenotypically using Cefoxitin (FOX 30 μg) disk diffusion method. All of studied CSD products were within manufacturer shelf life. An overall 28 (3.6%) and 5 (0.6%) S. aureus and MRSA were observed, respectively. Similar prevalence of S. aureus ranging from 1.0-4.8% and 1.2-6.6% were observed by product category and by public supply location, respectively. Significantly higher (10.7%; OR=12, 95%OR CI: 6.1-23.7) S. aureus in carton box packed than in glass bottle canned (2.3%) and metal canned (2.4%) products were observed. S. aureus prevalence was higher in CSD products from Bangladesh (17.9%; OR=21.6, 95% OR CI: 10.3-45.6) and Portugal (8.9%; OR=9.8, 95% OR CI: 3.6-26.2) than from Ethiopia (1.3%; OR=1.3, 95% OR CI: 0.5-3.3). Prevalence of MRSA ranged from 0-6.7% within studied variable. High (64.3%) S. aureus were resistant to erythromycin followed by 32.2% to ampicillin. Equal, (21.4%) of S. aureus were resistant to streptomycin, amoxicillin and chloramphenicol. All of MRSA were resistant erythromycin. Equal, 4 (80.0%) MRSA were resistant to amoxicillin and chloramphenicol. No resistant S. aureus and MRSA were observed to gentamycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. All MRSA isolates were also not resistant to ciprofloxacin. Eighteen S. aureus isolates were resistant to at least single to multiple of six drugs used in the study. Data indicated possible contamination of CDS products with S. aureus and MRSA including MDR strain during processing and post-process handling.
金黄色葡萄球菌是常见的食品污染物，是导致食物中毒的主要原因。本研究的目的是通过对埃塞俄比亚两个城镇的商业软饮料(CSDs)中金黄色葡萄球菌和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的耐药性试验，评估其流行情况。本署从不同的公共供应地点随机购入774份即食食物样本，分析是否含有金黄色葡萄球菌。采用头孢西丁(FOX 30 μg)圆盘扩散法对MRSA进行表型筛选。所有研究的CSD产品都在制造商的保质期内。共检出金黄色葡萄球菌28例(3.6%)，MRSA 5例(0.6%)。不同产品类别和公共供应地点的金黄色葡萄球菌患病率相似，分别为1.0-4.8%和1.2-6.6%。显著提高(10.7%;OR=12, 95%OR CI: 6.1 ~ 23.7)纸箱包装中金黄色葡萄球菌的检出率高于玻璃瓶罐装(2.3%)和金属罐装(2.4%)。金黄色葡萄球菌在来自孟加拉国的CSD产品中的患病率较高(17.9%;OR=21.6, 95% OR CI: 10.3-45.6)和葡萄牙(8.9%;OR=9.8, 95% OR CI: 3.6-26.2)比埃塞俄比亚(1.3%;Or =1.3, 95%或ci: 0.5-3.3)。MRSA的患病率在研究变量范围内为0-6.7%。金黄色葡萄球菌对红霉素耐药率高(64.3%)，对氨苄西林耐药率高(32.2%)。对链霉素、阿莫西林和氯霉素耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌各占21.4%。所有MRSA均对红霉素耐药。4例(80.0%)MRSA对阿莫西林和氯霉素耐药。庆大霉素和甲氧苄啶磺胺甲恶唑均未发现耐药金黄色葡萄球菌和MRSA。所有MRSA分离株对环丙沙星也无耐药性。18株金黄色葡萄球菌对研究中使用的6种药物中的至少一种或多种具有耐药性。数据表明，CDS产品在加工和加工后处理过程中可能受到金黄色葡萄球菌和MRSA(包括MDR菌株)的污染。
{"title":"Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin Resistant S. aureus in Commercial Soft Drink with Antimicrobial Resistance Test on Isolates in Ethiopia","authors":"A. Hiko","doi":"10.4172/1948-5948.1000393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5948.1000393","url":null,"abstract":"Staphylococcus aureus is common food contaminant and responsible for food poising. The aim of this study was to assess prevalence of S. aureus and Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in Commercial Soft Drinks (CSDs) with antimicrobial resistance test on the isolates in two towns of Ethiopia. A total of 774 samples of ready-to-drink CSDs were randomly purchases from different public supply locations and analyzed for S. aureus. MRSA were screened phenotypically using Cefoxitin (FOX 30 μg) disk diffusion method. All of studied CSD products were within manufacturer shelf life. An overall 28 (3.6%) and 5 (0.6%) S. aureus and MRSA were observed, respectively. Similar prevalence of S. aureus ranging from 1.0-4.8% and 1.2-6.6% were observed by product category and by public supply location, respectively. Significantly higher (10.7%; OR=12, 95%OR CI: 6.1-23.7) S. aureus in carton box packed than in glass bottle canned (2.3%) and metal canned (2.4%) products were observed. S. aureus prevalence was higher in CSD products from Bangladesh (17.9%; OR=21.6, 95% OR CI: 10.3-45.6) and Portugal (8.9%; OR=9.8, 95% OR CI: 3.6-26.2) than from Ethiopia (1.3%; OR=1.3, 95% OR CI: 0.5-3.3). Prevalence of MRSA ranged from 0-6.7% within studied variable. High (64.3%) S. aureus were resistant to erythromycin followed by 32.2% to ampicillin. Equal, (21.4%) of S. aureus were resistant to streptomycin, amoxicillin and chloramphenicol. All of MRSA were resistant erythromycin. Equal, 4 (80.0%) MRSA were resistant to amoxicillin and chloramphenicol. No resistant S. aureus and MRSA were observed to gentamycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. All MRSA isolates were also not resistant to ciprofloxacin. Eighteen S. aureus isolates were resistant to at least single to multiple of six drugs used in the study. Data indicated possible contamination of CDS products with S. aureus and MRSA including MDR strain during processing and post-process handling.","PeriodicalId":16453,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology","volume":"118 1","pages":"40-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87098723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1948-5948.1000402
Jonathan Gs, Omotayo Oo, Baysah Gi, Asemoloye, A. Da
The global commercial mushroom production today is increasing yearly. To enhance the supply, many food processing industries normally provide a wide range of canned and processed edible mushroom products such as frozen, sterilized, dried, pickled, marinated and salted mushrooms in forms of mushroom powder, paste, concentrates and extracts. This study was therefore aimed at investigating the effects of popular preservation methods on the nutrient and mineral compositions of three selected oyster mushrooms of economic importance (Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus florida and Pleurotus sajor-caju). Fresh mushroom samples were purchased from mushroom farms; each mushroom was shared into five different groups and processed as fresh, refrigerated, sundried, oven dried and micro-wave dried groups, they were thereafter analyzed for nutrient and mineral compositions. The results obtained revealed that the preservation method had significant effects on the nutrient and mineral compositions of the mushroom samples. Notably, the lowest weight values were obtained from the sundried mushroom samples while the highest value was obtained from the fresh samples. The microwave mushroom samples were richer in nutrient and mineral compositions as compared to the other three preservation methods but in all lower than the fresh samples. It is therefore concluded that the preservation methods had effects on the nutrient and mineral contents of mushrooms. However, if there is need for preservation of excess mushrooms, preservation through micro-wave drying is recommended best among the four processing methods for mushrooms preservation since it was able to retain the highest value of protein in all the studied mushrooms.
{"title":"Effects of Some Preservation Methods on the Nutrient and Mineral Compositions of Three Selected Edible Mushrooms","authors":"Jonathan Gs, Omotayo Oo, Baysah Gi, Asemoloye, A. Da","doi":"10.4172/1948-5948.1000402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5948.1000402","url":null,"abstract":"The global commercial mushroom production today is increasing yearly. To enhance the supply, many food processing industries normally provide a wide range of canned and processed edible mushroom products such as frozen, sterilized, dried, pickled, marinated and salted mushrooms in forms of mushroom powder, paste, concentrates and extracts. This study was therefore aimed at investigating the effects of popular preservation methods on the nutrient and mineral compositions of three selected oyster mushrooms of economic importance (Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus florida and Pleurotus sajor-caju). Fresh mushroom samples were purchased from mushroom farms; each mushroom was shared into five different groups and processed as fresh, refrigerated, sundried, oven dried and micro-wave dried groups, they were thereafter analyzed for nutrient and mineral compositions. The results obtained revealed that the preservation method had significant effects on the nutrient and mineral compositions of the mushroom samples. Notably, the lowest weight values were obtained from the sundried mushroom samples while the highest value was obtained from the fresh samples. The microwave mushroom samples were richer in nutrient and mineral compositions as compared to the other three preservation methods but in all lower than the fresh samples. It is therefore concluded that the preservation methods had effects on the nutrient and mineral contents of mushrooms. However, if there is need for preservation of excess mushrooms, preservation through micro-wave drying is recommended best among the four processing methods for mushrooms preservation since it was able to retain the highest value of protein in all the studied mushrooms.","PeriodicalId":16453,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology","volume":"117 1","pages":"106-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86060496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1948-5948.1000399
D. StephaniaFuentes, M. MagdaCarvajal, S. Ruiz, R. NallelyCeciliaMartínez, C. AriadnaAzucenaGomez, C. FranciscoRojo
Introduction: The Aflatoxin contamination in dog food poses a serious health threat for dogs and it affects pet food industry, veterinarians and owners. Pets that are long-lived and healthy consumers contribute to sales, so any reduction in product quality has an effect on profits or even a company’s survival. Pet food safety is the responsibility of the pet food industry. Aims: To determine the type and amount of aflatoxins in 29 samples of dry food and 24 brands of canned food for dogs. Methodology: The chemical extraction method used immunoaffinity columns with antibodies for total aflatoxins, and the quantification was performed with liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. The method was validated, so the results were considered to be reliable once the recovery percentage was applied. Results and Discussion: With respect to dry food, the average Aflatoxins (μg kg-1) contamination was AFB1 (1.6), B2 (0.1), AFG1 (28.2), AFG2 (1.3), AFM1 (1.8), AFM2 (0.2), P1 (1.7), Aflatoxicol (28.6), and Total aflatoxins (59.1), and the average of dry food samples was 7.9 μg kg-1 total aflatoxins. Canned food contained AFB1 (14.2), AFB2 (2.3), AFG1 (60.4), AFG2 (4.5), AFM1 (2.1), AFM2 (4.6), AFP1 (18.4), AFL (13.1), and AFt (119.5), and the average of all of the samples was 15.3 μg kg-1. According to statistical analysis, significant differences (p-value) between dry food and canned food were observed for AFB1 (p<0.001) and AFL (p<0.001). Canned food was more contaminated than dry food.Conclusion: Aflatoxins are common carcinogens of food for dog. The dry food croquettes for dogs had 51.6% less aflatoxins, with an average of 7.9 μg kg-1 total aflatoxins, under the tolerable legal limit, and the canned food, more contaminated (15.3 μg kg-1), and surpassed the tolerable limit for Codex Alimentarius. The addition of hydroxylated metabolites gaves the true ingestion measure of Aflatoxins.
{"title":"Presence of Mutagens and Carcinogens, Called Aflatoxins, and their Hydroxylated Metabolites in Industrialized Food for Dogs","authors":"D. StephaniaFuentes, M. MagdaCarvajal, S. Ruiz, R. NallelyCeciliaMartínez, C. AriadnaAzucenaGomez, C. FranciscoRojo","doi":"10.4172/1948-5948.1000399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5948.1000399","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The Aflatoxin contamination in dog food poses a serious health threat for dogs and it affects pet food industry, veterinarians and owners. Pets that are long-lived and healthy consumers contribute to sales, so any reduction in product quality has an effect on profits or even a company’s survival. Pet food safety is the responsibility of the pet food industry. Aims: To determine the type and amount of aflatoxins in 29 samples of dry food and 24 brands of canned food for dogs. Methodology: The chemical extraction method used immunoaffinity columns with antibodies for total aflatoxins, and the quantification was performed with liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. The method was validated, so the results were considered to be reliable once the recovery percentage was applied. Results and Discussion: With respect to dry food, the average Aflatoxins (μg kg-1) contamination was AFB1 (1.6), B2 (0.1), AFG1 (28.2), AFG2 (1.3), AFM1 (1.8), AFM2 (0.2), P1 (1.7), Aflatoxicol (28.6), and Total aflatoxins (59.1), and the average of dry food samples was 7.9 μg kg-1 total aflatoxins. Canned food contained AFB1 (14.2), AFB2 (2.3), AFG1 (60.4), AFG2 (4.5), AFM1 (2.1), AFM2 (4.6), AFP1 (18.4), AFL (13.1), and AFt (119.5), and the average of all of the samples was 15.3 μg kg-1. According to statistical analysis, significant differences (p-value) between dry food and canned food were observed for AFB1 (p<0.001) and AFL (p<0.001). Canned food was more contaminated than dry food.Conclusion: Aflatoxins are common carcinogens of food for dog. The dry food croquettes for dogs had 51.6% less aflatoxins, with an average of 7.9 μg kg-1 total aflatoxins, under the tolerable legal limit, and the canned food, more contaminated (15.3 μg kg-1), and surpassed the tolerable limit for Codex Alimentarius. The addition of hydroxylated metabolites gaves the true ingestion measure of Aflatoxins.","PeriodicalId":16453,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology","volume":"43 1","pages":"76-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82206337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1948-5948.1000400
S. Murugan, T. Subha, Asha Krt
Halophiles are salt loving organisms that inhabit hypersaline environments. They possess the potential to provide significant opportunities for pharmacology. Moreover, by the concentration of seawater in arid environments, hypersaline environments may easily be created. These facts, along with the presence of novel and stable biomolecules in halophilic bacteria and Archaea, suggest that these microorganisms will prove even more treasured in coming. In the present investigation, water samples were collected from three different sites of Puthalam salt pan. The samples were aseptically transported to the laboratory and subjected to serial dilution using sea water. Among that 10-6 dilution was taken for the study. 3 different coloured colonies were observed on Zobell marine agar plates, incubated at 37°C for 12 days whereas red coloured colony was taken for further study such as biochemical characterization, pH and temperature optima, halophilicity, growth in the presence of various carbon, N2 as well as inorganic sources and various organic solvents. The observed results indicated that the strain is a red coloured, motile, gram negative rod with evenly spreaded colonies. It shows positive results with catalase, oxidase, gelatin liquefaction, starch hydrolysate, casein production, glucose, sucrose, dextrose and mannitol tests. The isolate shows its well established growth at pH 8.8, temperature 42°C and NaCl of 29% (excluding the media salinity). It utilizes wide range of carbon, N2 and inorganic sources as well as organic solvents for its growth. The isolate was identified as Halomonas utahensis by 16S rRNA sequencing. The nucleotide sequence was submitted to Gen Bank and assigned the accession number KY986725.
{"title":"Isolation and Characterization of Haloarchaeal Strain from Puthalam Salt Pan located in the Southern Peninsular Coast of India","authors":"S. Murugan, T. Subha, Asha Krt","doi":"10.4172/1948-5948.1000400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5948.1000400","url":null,"abstract":"Halophiles are salt loving organisms that inhabit hypersaline environments. They possess the potential to provide significant opportunities for pharmacology. Moreover, by the concentration of seawater in arid environments, hypersaline environments may easily be created. These facts, along with the presence of novel and stable biomolecules in halophilic bacteria and Archaea, suggest that these microorganisms will prove even more treasured in coming. In the present investigation, water samples were collected from three different sites of Puthalam salt pan. The samples were aseptically transported to the laboratory and subjected to serial dilution using sea water. Among that 10-6 dilution was taken for the study. 3 different coloured colonies were observed on Zobell marine agar plates, incubated at 37°C for 12 days whereas red coloured colony was taken for further study such as biochemical characterization, pH and temperature optima, halophilicity, growth in the presence of various carbon, N2 as well as inorganic sources and various organic solvents. The observed results indicated that the strain is a red coloured, motile, gram negative rod with evenly spreaded colonies. It shows positive results with catalase, oxidase, gelatin liquefaction, starch hydrolysate, casein production, glucose, sucrose, dextrose and mannitol tests. The isolate shows its well established growth at pH 8.8, temperature 42°C and NaCl of 29% (excluding the media salinity). It utilizes wide range of carbon, N2 and inorganic sources as well as organic solvents for its growth. The isolate was identified as Halomonas utahensis by 16S rRNA sequencing. The nucleotide sequence was submitted to Gen Bank and assigned the accession number KY986725.","PeriodicalId":16453,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology","volume":"29 1","pages":"87-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81031819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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