Pub Date : 2002-03-26DOI: 10.1002/3527600035.BPOL6008
K. Draget, O. Smidsrod, G. Skjåk-Bræk
Introduction Historical Outline Chemical Structure Conformation Occurrence and Source Dependence Physiological Function Chemical Analysis and Detection Chemical Composition and Sequence Molecular Mass Detection and Quantification Biosynthesis and Biodegradation Production: Biotechnological and Traditional Isolation from Natural Sources / Fermentative Production Molecular Genetics and in vitro Modification Current and Expected World Market and Costs Alginate Manufacturers Properties Physical Properties Material Properties “Biological” Properties Applications Technical Utilization Medicine and Pharmacy Foods Relevant Patents Outlook and Perspectives Acknowledgements Keywords: alginates; alginic acid gels; biological source dependence; composition and sequence; gel formation; gel swelling; immobilization matrix; ion binding; lyases; mannuronan C5-epimerases; mixed systems; polyelectrolyte nature; regulatory status; solubility; stability
Pub Date : 2002-03-26DOI: 10.1002/3527600035.BPOL6005
M. Peter
Introduction Chemical Structure Chitin Chitosan Polyphenolic Pigments Occurrence Physiological Function Chemical Analysis and Detection Biosynthesis of Chitin and Chitosan Chitin Synthases (CS) Glucan Transferase Chitin Deacetylase (CDA) Biodegradation Chitinase Chitosanases Exo-β-d-glucosaminidases Biotechnological Production Screening for Chitosan Producer Strains Isolation of Chitin and Chitosan from Fungal Biomass Production of CDA Applications Adsorption of Coloring Matters Metal Ion Adsorption Healthcare Outlook Patents Acknowledgements Keywords: N-acetylglucosaminidase; antifungals; chitin; chitinases; chitin deacetylase; chitobiase; chitobiosidase; chitosan; chitosanase; fungal biomass; glucosaminidase; hexosaminidase; fungi; FT-IR spectroscopy; glucans; lysozyme; melanin; polyphenols
Pub Date : 2002-03-26DOI: 10.1002/3527600035.BPOL6016
T. Nakano, W. Dixon, L. Ozimek
Introduction Historical Outline Chemical Structures GAGs Oligosaccharides Linkage of GAG to Core Protein Core Proteins Biochemistry and Physiology Biosynthesis Genes Degradation Nonmammalian Enzymes Extraction of Proteoglycans Extraction of GAGs Isolation of Proteoglycans Characterization of Proteoglycan Microscopy Functions Application and Production Outlook and Perspectives Patents Acknowledgements Keywords: applications; biodegradation; biosynthesis; characterization; chemistry; cosmetics; food industry; functions; glycosaminoglycans; isolation; molecular genetics; mucopolysaccharides; pharmaceutical; polyanions; proteoglycans
Pub Date : 2002-03-26DOI: 10.1002/3527600035.BPOL6015
M. Peter
Introduction Historical Outline Structure of Chitin and Chitosan Conformation in Solution Crystal Structures Occurrence Physiological Function Detection of Chitin in Animals and Analysis of Chitin and Chitosan Detection of Chitin in Biological Samples Determination of FA Mass Spectrometry of Chitin and Chitosan Oligosaccharides Macromolecular Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan Biosynthesis of Chitin in Animals Synthesis of Substrates for the Polymerizing Enzyme Enzymology of Chitin Synthase Genetic Basis of Chitin Synthesis Regulation of Chitin Synthesis Biodegradation Enzymology of Chitin Degradation Chitinase Genes Regulation of Degradation Production of Chitin and Chitosan Isolation of Chitin and Chitosan from Shellfish Waste Preparation of Low Molecular-weight Chitin, Chitosan, and of Chitooligosaccharides Current World Market and Economics Companies Producing the Polymer Properties of Chitin and Chitosan Physico-chemical Properties Materials Produced from Chitin or Chitosan Chemistry of Chitin and Chitosan Biological Properties Applications of Chitin and Chitosan Technical Applications Medicine and Healthcare Pharmaceutical Applications Cosmetics Agriculture Food Current Problems and Limits Outlook and Perspectives Relevant Patents for Isolation, Production and Applications of Chitin and Chitosan Acknowledgements Keywords: chitin; chitinases; chitobiase; chitosan; chitoporin; hyaluronan; lysozyme
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Pub Date : 2002-02-27DOI: 10.1002/3527600035.BPOL5001
I. Sutherland
Introduction Polysaccharide Composition and Structure Microbial Polysaccharide Composition and Structure Composition and Structure of Yeast and Other Fungal Polysaccharides Composition and Structure of Plant and Algal Polysaccharides Polysaccharide Synthesis Bacterial Synthesis of Polysaccharides Synthesis of Plant and Animal Polysaccharides The Physical Properties and Function of Polysaccharides Commercialization of Polysaccharides New Products Keywords: alginate; bactoprenol; carrageenan; cellulose; cellulose derivatives; Curdlan; dextran; gellan; gum arabic; gum guar; hyaluronic acid; isoprenoid lipid; konjac mannan; laminaran; locust bean gum; pectin; pullulan; starch; sugar nucleotide; xanthan; Xanthomonas campestris
Pub Date : 2002-02-27DOI: 10.1002/3527600035.BPOL5009
J. Courtois, B. Courtois
Introduction Historical Outline Chemical Structure Occurrence Physiological Function Chemical Analysis and Detection Chemical Hydrolysis Enzymatic Hydrolysis NMR Studies Biosynthesis Biodegradation Molecular Genetics Biotechnological Production Fermentative Production Specific Production Conditions for Specific Glucuronan Chemical Routes as an Alternative? Recovery and Purification Properties Physical and Chemical Properties Biological Properties Applications Cosmetics Agriculture Medicine Patents Outlook and Perspectives Keywords: bacterial exopolysaccharide; Rhizobium; fermentation; glucuronan; acetylation; oligoglucuronans; purification; glucuronan gels; immunostimulating agent; plant defenses; cosmetics
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