Journal of Ophthalmic & Vision Research最新文献

Purpose: This study aims to assess the incidence of serous choroidal detachment (SCD) in the second eye of patients undergoing bilateral trabeculectomy (BT) and evaluate its impact on the clinical outcomes and failure rate of trabeculectomy in the second-operated eyes.

Methods: This retrospective case-control study analyzed 90 eyes of 45 patients who underwent BT. Surgical success was defined as maintaining intraocular pressure (IOP) between 5 and 21 mmHg, requiring no additional glaucoma surgery, and exhibiting a visual acuity of at least light perception. Relevant patient data, such as age, glaucoma type, systemic diseases, preoperative and postoperative IOP, and complications, were extracted from medical records.

Results: The mean age of patients was 59.8 $\pm$ 11.1 years. The five-year cumulative probability of success in the first- and second-operated eyes was 61.0% and 67.6%, respectively (log rank = 0.085, P = 0.77). Among the participants, 28.9% experienced SCD, and 76.9% of those who had SCD in the first-operated eye developed the same condition in the second eye as well (P $<$ 0.001). In the first-operated eyes, the five-year cumulative probability of survival was 71.7% without SCD and 35.0% with SCD (log rank = 2.59, P = 0.107).

Conclusion: The occurrence of SCD in the first eye following trabeculectomy may indicate a predisposition to its development in the second eye during BT. Furthermore, the surgical success rate of the second-operated eye is comparable to the outcomes of the first eye undergoing BT.

Purpose: To evaluate choroidal structure and vasculature in eyes following scleral buckling (SB) for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) compared with fellow eyes and control eyes.

Methods: This retrospective observational study was performed on 84 eyes: 32 eyes in the study group consisting of patients who had undergone SB due to RRD, 32 fellow eyes of the same patients, and 20 normal control eyes. Choroidal structures and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) parameters were measured and compared among the three study groups.

Results: In the study group, the mean total choroidal area (0.6816 $\pm$ 0.03188 mm²) was comparable to the fellow eyes (0.7199 $\pm$ 0.03056 mm²) and the control group (0.7154 $\pm$ 0.17160 mm²). Mean outer luminal area was significantly lower in the study group (0.4089 $\pm$ 0.00442 mm²) than in the fellow eyes (0.4437 $\pm$ 0.00701 mm²) and the control group (0.4475 $\pm$ 0.00442 mm²) (P = 0.042, and 0.047, respectively). The choroidal vascularity index (CVI) and OCTA parameters were not significantly different in eyes with prior SB compared to the fellow eyes and the control group.

Conclusion: SB does not significantly affect CVI, choroidal vasculature, and OCTA parameters.

Purpose: To investigate the surgical outcomes of three different types of inferior oblique muscle weakening procedures in patients with mild hypertropia due to unilateral superior oblique muscle palsy.

Methods: We reviewed surgical data of patients aged $>$ 30 years with unilateral superior oblique palsy. The patients were categorized into three groups in terms of the surgical procedure: inferior oblique myectomy (IOM), inferior oblique recession (IOR), and inferior oblique disinsertion (IOD). Patients with preoperative hypertropia of 6 to 10 prism diopters (PD) were selected as mild cases for further comparison. Demographic data, preoperative and postoperative deviations in the primary position, contralateral gaze, contralateral elevation gaze, and ipsilateral tilt were considered for analysis. Complete success was defined as achieving postoperative orthotropia in addition to the resolution of diplopia and head tilt.

Results: A total of 82 patients with an average age of 11.8 years were included in this study. The male-to-female ratio was 1.27, and the most common cause of palsy was congenital (89%). Fifty-six patients were treated with IOM, thirteen with IOR, and thirteen with IOD. The mean hypertropia correction was significantly better in the IOM group (9.1 PD) than in the IOR (7.1 PD) and IOD (7.5 PD) groups. Complete success was achieved in 80.3% of the IOM group, 69.2% of the IOR group, and 84.6% of the IOD group. The reoperation rate was 1.7% in the IOM group and 7.6% in the IOR group.

Conclusion: Compared to IOR and IOD procedures, IOM was more effective in correcting hypertropia in patients with inferior oblique muscle overaction and mild hypertropia secondary to unilateral superior oblique palsy.

Purpose: To compare rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lens comfort in patients with keratoconus who underwent corneal cross-linking (CXL) versus those without CXL surgery.

Methods: This prospective study was carried out on 41 eyes (25 patients). Specifically, 21 eyes were assigned to the CXL group and 20 eyes to the non-CXL group. All of the patients were fitted with RGP lenses. The patients were also assessed one and three months after the initial RGP fitting. They were asked to grade themselves on a scale from 1 to 4 according to the frequency and intensity of ocular discomfort, vision fluctuation, and overall comfort with RGP lenses.

Results: The mean age of participants was 24.5 $\pm$ 3.20 years. There was no significant difference in the intensity of fluctuations in vision (P = 0.30), frequency of discomfort (P = 0.29), and intensity of discomfort (P = 0.31) between the two groups during the one- and three-month follow-up interviews.

Conclusion: Based on the current study, there is no significant disparity in self-reported discomfort with RGP contact lenses between patients with keratoconus who have undergone corneal CXL and those who have not.

Purpose: To evaluate the reproducibility and intra-eye similarity of the intraocular pressure (IOP) peaks induced by the water drinking test (WDT) in treated glaucoma patients.

Methods: This prospective cohort study evaluated 99 patients (198 eyes) who were treated for primary open-angle glaucoma. All patients underwent WDT in two consecutive visits with no change in their current therapy. The interval between the tests was 4 four to six months. The tests were administered at a similar time (4:00 PM $\pm$ 1 hour). The reproducibility of the time of the IOP peaks and the correlation between the peak time of both eyes during the two consecutive WDT sessions were assessed.

Results: Of all IOP peaks, 59.6% and 71.7% occurred at the same time during the two WDT sessions in the right and left eyes, respectively. In the first and second WDT sessions, the agreements in IOP peak time between the right and left eyes were 60% and 63%, respectively.

Conclusion: The IOP peak time between the two consecutive WDT sessions was moderately reproducible, and there was a moderate agreement in the peak time between the two eyes. In light of these findings, clinicians should avoid performing simplified versions of WDT to evaluate IOP peaks.

Retinal artery occlusion (RAO) is a well-characterized ischemic ophthalmic event that may result in sudden and devastating vision loss. The etiology of RAO may vary including both arteritic and non-arteritic causes and the location of the lesion can extend from the ophthalmic artery to the branches of the central retinal artery. Given this variable causes of RAO, the clinical presentation and extent of vision loss may also differ from case to case, necessitating a prompt and thorough evaluation, including a full stroke work up. While there is currently no widely accepted standard for the treatment of RAO, there are several proposed methods that have been or are currently being investigated through retrospective studies and prospective trials. The current article aims to provide a review of the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management of RAO in addition to presenting a systematic review of recently published studies on treatment options for RAO.

Microbial keratitis (MK) is a sight-threatening ocular disease that needs rapid diagnosis and treatment to prevent more serious outcomes. The broad-spectrum topical antimicrobial treatment is currently the main pharmacological approach for MK management, yet its efficacy is increasingly challenged by evolving antimicrobial resistance, including multidrug resistance. Also, the ocular surface presents numerous challenges for standard topical drug delivery. The failure and ineffectiveness of current therapies have necessitated the development of novel therapeutic strategies to manage MK. With advances in nanotechnology in the biomedical field, various nanomaterials can be employed to control MK. The primary determinants of nanoparticles' vast range of applications are their size, surface properties, and chemical makeup, which also happen to be the same elements that give rise to their poisonous and dangerous effects. In this study, we provide a perspective on the contact lens-associated corneal illnesses such as MK and explore how nanotechnology might help address this significant clinical issue. In addition, safety and toxicological concerns about the increasingly widespread use of contact lenses are also discussed.

Purpose: To examine the natural adaptive course of ocular motor system in unilateral abducens nerve palsy while addressing the scarce literature on saccade dynamics and natural adaptation.

Methods: Binocular horizontal eye movements were recorded from 18 healthy adults and 21 adults with unilateral abducens nerve palsy during the acute and chronic phases. Dynamics of the paretic and non-paretic eyes were compared, and the non-paretic eye dynamics were correlated with the respective prism diopters. Non-parametric tests were used for statistical comparisons.

Results: The paretic eye, compared to the non-paretic eye, presented a slightly lower saccadic gain and velocity/amplitude ratio and a higher duration/amplitude ratio. The non-paretic eye, compared to healthy controls, showed consistent amplitude gain ( $>$ 1) and a tendency for a higher duration/amplitude ratio. In the acute phase, when the non-paretic eye was covered, the paretic eye's amplitude ratio was lower and the duration/amplitude ratio decreased significantly. In the acute phase, a greater degree of esotropia in the paretic eye was associated with a lower amplitude gain and duration/amplitude ratio in the non-paretic eye.

Conclusion: During adaptation in abducens nerve palsy, the saccade duration of the paretic eye increased, and a similar tendency was observed in the non-paretic eye. This finding likely reflects a change in the "pulse-step" pattern and may be related to plastic changes in central structures, such as the cerebellum, that support learning processes.

Purpose: To report the coincidence of acute retinal necrosis (ARN) syndrome following acute meningoencephalitis and presumed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in an immunocompetent patient.

Case report: A 58-year-old female presented to our emergency department with sudden unilateral visual loss following a recent hospitalization for viral meningoencephalitis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the aqueous humor, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of the nasopharyngeal swab specimen, chest computed tomography (CT), and fundus photography were performed for the patient. Ophthalmic examination revealed severe ocular inflammation and yellowish patches of necrotizing retinitis in the right eye, compatible with the diagnosis of ARN. The result of aqueous humor PCR was positive for varicella zoster virus (VZV). The patient received a single intravitreal ganciclovir injection and 10 days of intravenous ganciclovir, followed by oral acyclovir. The patient underwent COVID-19 screening tests: while the chest CT scan showed features highly suggestive of COVID-19, the RT-PCR was negative on two occasions. Two months later, best-corrected visual acuity improved to 20/70 in the right eye, the anterior chamber reaction and keratic precipitates resolved, and the vitreous haze decreased significantly.

Conclusion: A case of VZV-induced ARN following acute meningoencephalitis was observed in association with presumed COVID-19. This could be an incidental finding during the COVID-19 pandemic; however, it could also suggest that COVID-19 might trigger ARN in cases with latent herpes family viruses.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify predictive factors for the improvement of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and reduction of central macular thickness (CMT) after treatment of macular edema (ME) due to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) in a real-world setting.

Methods: This retrospective study included patients with ME secondary to BRVO who were treated with intravitreal injection of bevacizumab as the first-line therapy and were followed up for 12 months. Demographic and clinical data, in addition to baseline spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) features, were considered as possible biomarkers of final BCVA and CMT. We also collected the data concerning the need for additional treatment including sectorial laser photocoagulation, change to another anti-VEGF agent, or intravitreal corticosteroid injection.

Results: A total of 161 eyes were analyzed. BCVA significantly improved from baseline to 12-month follow-up (0.6 and 0.4 logMAR, respectively; P $<$ 0.01). CMT decreased significantly during the follow-up period (from 498.0 to 325.0 $\mu$ m; P $<$ 0.01). Final BCVA correlated positively with baseline BCVA (P $<$ 0.01, r = 0.57). Older age at diagnosis and baseline SD-OCT findings including CMT, disruption of the retinal inner layers, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) damage, and impairment of the ellipsoid zone and external limiting membrane negatively affected final BCVA (P $<$ 0.01). Multiple regression analysis identified age and BCVA at baseline as the only independent predictors of final BCVA (P = 0.001 and P $<$ 0.01, respectively). No association was found between clinical data, SD-OCT parameters, and final CMT.

Conclusion: Various clinical and SD-OCT parameters are prognostically relevant for visual improvement in ME secondary to BRVO. Age at diagnosis and baseline BCVA were found to be independent predictors of visual outcome.