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Tecnociência comercialmente orientada ou investigação multiestratégica 商业导向的技术科学或多战略研究
Pub Date : 2014-12-01 DOI: 10.1590/S1678-31662014000500003
Hugh Lacey
The model of the interactions between scientific activities and values (M-CV) provides tools to criticize the scientific activities that are currently predominant in scientific institutions, and to identify some alternative possibilities for research that are not receiving due recognition in them. Most importantly, M-CV helps us to identify a deep incoherence in the common self-interpretation of the modern scientific tradition, and also to recognize that there are available two competing coherent interpretations - 'commercially oriented technoscience' and 'multi-strategy research' - that maintain continuity with the great cognitive successes of modern science.
科学活动与价值之间相互作用的模型(M-CV)提供了批评目前在科学机构中占主导地位的科学活动的工具,并确定了一些没有得到应有认可的研究的替代可能性。最重要的是,M-CV帮助我们在现代科学传统的共同自我解释中识别出深刻的不连贯性,并且也认识到存在两种相互竞争的连贯解释——“商业导向的技术科学”和“多策略研究”——它们与现代科学的伟大认知成功保持着连续性。
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引用次数: 10
Epistemologia e ética na liberação comercial de sementes GM pela Comissão Técnica Nacional de Biossegurança (CTNBio) 国家生物安全技术委员会(CTNBio)转基因种子商业释放的认识论与伦理学
Pub Date : 2014-12-01 DOI: 10.1590/S1678-31662014000500008
Pablo Rubén Mariconda
This note presents further commentaries and critiques to the presentation I made in the Public Audience, organized by the Public Federal Ministry in 12th December 2013, about the current situation of the National Technical Commission of Bio-security (CTNBio) concerning the commercial authorization of GM crops resistant to agrotoxics. There are two lines to my commentaries: first, sociological considerations about the Brazilian system of biotechnological regulation; and second, epistemological and ethical consequences of the current practices of the biotechnological enterprises that I address from a pragmatic perspective compatible with the model of the interaction between scientific activities and values.
我于2013年12月12日在联邦公共部组织的公众听众会议上就国家生物安全技术委员会(CTNBio)关于抗农药转基因作物商业授权的现状所做的演讲,本说明对其进行了进一步的评论和批评。我的评论有两行:第一,关于巴西生物技术监管体系的社会学考虑;第二,生物技术企业当前实践的认识论和伦理后果,我从与科学活动和价值观之间相互作用模型兼容的实用主义角度来阐述。
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引用次数: 2
Sobre os obstáculos sociais ao desenvolvimento histórico da razão 论理性历史发展的社会障碍
Pub Date : 2014-12-01 DOI: 10.1590/S1678-31662014000500007
Sylvia Gemignani Garcia
After characterizing the modern problem of the limits and possibilities of scientific reason, as it is formulated in 19th century sociology, I clarify the question of the duality of instrumental knowledge, which informs technical control of the world, and reflexive knowledge, which encompasses the various dimensions of meaning in human practices. Then, I expound two exemplary explanations, proposed by reflexive perspectives, for the contemporary predominance of instrumental knowledge: the model of interaction between values and scientific activities proposed by Hugh Lacey; and Pierre Boudieu's sociology of the social conditions for the development of scientific fields. By putting side by side a philosophical work articulating connections between epistemology and ethics, and a sociological theory about the social conditions of the historical development of reason, I introduce fundamental markers for exploring the possibilities of historical rationalist perspectives that try to avoid the dualistic alternative of orthodox rationalism and relativism. Both analyses explore the possibilities opened by transversal perspectives that try to elucidate the relations between different spheres of activity, without ignoring their particularities, delineating problems to be investigated in a way that furthers reflexivity together with empirical knowledge of the historical processes of reproduction of social organization and of the dominant values.
在描述了科学理性的局限性和可能性的现代问题之后,正如它在19世纪社会学中形成的那样,我澄清了工具性知识和反思性知识的二元性问题,工具性知识为世界的技术控制提供了信息,反思性知识包含了人类实践中意义的各个维度。然后,我阐述了由反思性视角提出的两种典型解释,解释工具知识在当代的优势地位:休·莱西提出的价值观与科学活动之间相互作用的模型;皮埃尔·布迪厄的社会学关于科学领域发展的社会条件。通过将一本阐明认识论和伦理学之间联系的哲学著作和一本关于理性历史发展的社会条件的社会学理论放在一起,我介绍了探索历史理性主义观点可能性的基本标志,这些观点试图避免正统理性主义和相对主义的二元选择。这两种分析都探索了横向视角打开的可能性,这些视角试图阐明不同活动领域之间的关系,而不忽视它们的特殊性,描绘出需要以一种方式进行调查的问题,这种方式进一步促进了反思性,并结合了对社会组织再生产和主导价值的历史过程的经验知识。
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引用次数: 3
Mundo da vida e racionalidade científica
Pub Date : 2014-12-01 DOI: 10.1590/S1678-31662014000500004
M. Sacrini
This article explores some aspects of the notion of "lifeworld", presented by Edmund Husserl, in order to contribute with the development of Hugh Lacey's model of the interaction between science and values. Particularly, one aims at showing the foundation of decontextualized strategies of scientific research in the concrete experiences, which are compounded of several layers of intentional activities.
本文对埃德蒙·胡塞尔提出的“生活世界”概念的某些方面进行了探讨,以期对休·莱西关于科学与价值观相互作用的模型的发展有所贡献。特别是,我们的目标是在具体的经验中展示科学研究的非情境化策略的基础,这些经验是由几个层次的有意活动组成的。
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引用次数: 2
O modelo das interações entre as atividades científicas e os valores 科学活动与价值观之间的相互作用模型
Pub Date : 2014-12-01 DOI: 10.1590/S1678-31662014000500002
Hugh Lacey, Pablo Rubén Mariconda
Neste artigo, oferecemos formulacoes padronizadas das principais ideias do modelo das interacoes entre as atividades cientificas e os valores, proposto em anos recentes na revista Scientiae Studia. O modelo trata das varias funcoes desempenhadas pelos valores - eticos, sociais, politicos, cognitivos (epis temi cos), religiosos etc. - nas atividades cientificas e de seu impacto na viabilidade dos ideais (imparciali dade, abran gencia, neutralidade, autonomia) da tradicao da ciencia moderna.
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引用次数: 16
A ideia de racionalidade subjacente ao modelo da interação entre a ciência e os valores: florescimento cognitivo, humano e da vida 科学与价值相互作用模型背后的理性思想:认知、人类和生命的繁荣
Pub Date : 2014-12-01 DOI: 10.1590/S1678-31662014000500005
Maurício de Carvalho Ramos
No presente artigo, proponho uma interpretacao da epistemologia de Hugh Lacey no que se refere a articulacao entre o conceito de racionalidade e os conceitos de florescimento cognitivo, humano e da vida. Sustento que a critica do autor aos aspectos teoricos e praticos da tecnociencia envolve a substituicao do progresso pelo florescimento, que e consistente com uma concepcao de natureza humana que valoriza seus aspectos singulares e individuais sem comprometer-se com formas teoricas e praticas de indivi dualismo egoista. Tais posicoes permitem elaborar uma etica do florescimento contraria a moral do progresso e a atividade cientifica orientada pelo ethos cientifico comercial. Tal orientacao, segundo minha leitura, compromete a autonomia do cientista individual, da instituicao de pesquisa e, no limite, da propria ciencia. Discuto ainda a analise dos valores que Lacey realiza tematizando a crenca e os desejos como causas da adocao de valores. Proponho que o desejo de saber esta associado a certo grau de es pontaneidade (que, segundo o autor, se pode argumentar como sendo um valor em si mesmo) e que, juntamente com a criatividade, sao dois valores que integram a etica do florescimento. Em conclusao, caracterizo a racionalidade subjacente ao modelo da interacao entre a ciencia e os valores como flexivel, plural e comprometida com uma concepcao de ciencia construtivamente voltada para uma existencia humana legitima e nao dissociada do mundo da vida. Tais atributos tambem estao ligados a racionalidade como disposicao a agir de modo inteligente e responsavel a razoes, que marca a vida comum e as praticas comunicativas que entrelacam intencionalidade e racionalidade.
在本文中,我对休·莱西的认识论提出了一种解释,即理性概念与认知、人类和生命繁荣概念之间的联系。我认为,作者对技术科学的理论和实践方面的批评涉及到以繁荣取代进步,这与重视其独特和个人方面的人性概念是一致的,而不致力于自私的个人二元论的理论和实践形式。这样的立场允许发展一种与进步道德和以商业科学精神为导向的科学活动相矛盾的繁荣伦理。根据我的理解,这种取向损害了个体科学家、研究机构的自主权,并最终损害了科学本身的自主权。我还讨论了蕾西的价值观分析,将信念和欲望作为价值观灌输的原因。我认为,对知识的渴望与一定程度的隐私权(根据作者的说法,隐私权本身可以被认为是一种价值)有关,而创造力和创造力是构成繁荣伦理的两种价值。综上所述,我将科学与价值相互作用模型背后的合理性描述为灵活的、多元的,并致力于一种建设性的科学概念,以一种合法的人类存在为导向,而不是与生活世界分离。这些属性也与理性联系在一起,因为理性倾向于以一种聪明和负责任的方式行事,这标志着共同的生活和交流实践,将意向性和理性交织在一起。
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引用次数: 4
Racionalidade covariante: valores e coerência como constitutivos do conhecimento e da racionalidade científicos 协变理性:作为科学知识和理性组成部分的价值和一致性
Pub Date : 2014-12-01 DOI: 10.1590/S1678-31662014000500006
Valter Alnis Bezerra
Neste trabalho, defende-se uma concepcao filosofica acerca de duas dimensoes distintas do conhecimento cientifico, mas estreitamente interligadas. A primeira e uma visao de conhecimento que, partindo de uma critica aos pressupostos da analise tripartida classica, incorpora a justificacao epistemica de tipo coerentista e tambem os valores de maneira orgânica e constitutiva, afastando-se de uma imagem inferencial-dedutiva, proposicional e realista de ciencia. Em segundo lugar, propoe-se uma visao de racionalidade cientifica, dita covariante, que tambem incorpora a justificacao coerentista (sob a forma "macroscopica" do equilibrio reflexivo), bem como atribui um papel central para os valores. Essa visao, juntamente com o alargamento do horizonte axiologico, permite encontrar um compromisso adequado entre contingencia e invariância, mostrando-se apta a modelar uma racionalidade em fluxo, sem pontos fixos. Os elementos estruturais e dinâmicos de ambas as dimensoes da concepcao aqui exposta sao compativeis com os modelos de Hugh Lacey, Larry Laudan e com a metateoria estruturalista, de modo que os elos principais de ligacao entre a epistemologia e a racionalidade residem na coerencia e nos valores, tendo como pano de fundo uma imagem nao dedutiva da ciencia.
在这项工作中,我们捍卫了一个关于科学知识的两个不同但紧密相连的维度的哲学概念。第一种是对知识的看法,从对经典三元分析假设的批判出发,结合了连贯的认识论论证和有机的、构成的价值,远离了推理-演绎、命题和现实的科学形象。其次,它提出了一种科学理性的观点,即所谓的协变,它也包含了连贯的论证(在反思平衡的“宏观”形式下),并赋予价值一个中心角色。这一观点,加上公理视野的扩展,使我们能够在偶然性和不变性之间找到一个合适的折衷,证明自己适合建模一个流动的理性,没有固定点。结构元素和动态设计的两个维度。这里是符合休·莱西拉里Laudan模式和结构主义的元理论,关联主要认识论和理性之间的连接部位在coerencia和价值观,演绎的背景下图像不科学。
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引用次数: 0
Arqueologia e a crítica feminista da ciência Entrevista com Alison Wylie 《考古学与科学的女性主义批判》艾莉森·怀利访谈
Pub Date : 2014-09-01 DOI: 10.1590/S1678-31662014000300008
Kelly Koide, M. T. Ferreira, M. Marini
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引用次数: 6
Sistemas e artefatos: em torno de uma semiótica material dos dispositivos de navegação 系统和人工制品:围绕导航设备的材料符号学
Pub Date : 2014-09-01 DOI: 10.1590/S1678-31662014000300005
Pedro Filipe Xavier Mendonça
This paper makes a depiction of the Global Positioning System (GPS) and the navigation devices that are part of it, as artifacts. It aims to develop a semiotic reading of these artifacts in articulation with systematicity. From a traditional semiotics of objects, it goes to a material one, in which it is possible to find performative trends on technology. This approach is an opportunity to understand in a detailed way the global character of mobile technologies in articulation with individualization. The thesis held here is that this is a better way to handle with the specificities of materiality, exploring, besides the traditionally symbolic elements, aspects not reducible to the latter. Nevertheless, both the material and the symbolic layers are in permanent relation. The observation of this helps to understand systems and artifacts' complexity, as well as some of the elements that are involved in the interactions between production and consumption. By doing this, the paper tries to achieve a material semiotics frame that allows an interpretation more faithful to the specificities of the functional aspects of technology, particularly those that are part of a system and artifacts so present in daily life, avoiding a reduction to a utilitarian valuation.
本文将全球定位系统(GPS)及其导航设备描述为人工制品。它的目的是发展与系统的衔接这些文物的符号学阅读。它从传统的对象符号学转向材料符号学,在其中可以找到技术上的表现趋势。这种方法是一个机会,以详细的方式了解移动技术与个性化衔接的全球特征。本文认为,这是一种更好的处理物质性特殊性的方法,除了传统的符号元素之外,还探索了不能归约为后者的方面。然而,材料层和象征层都是永恒的关系。对这一点的观察有助于理解系统和工件的复杂性,以及在生产和消费之间的交互中涉及的一些元素。通过这样做,本文试图实现一种材料符号学框架,使解释更忠实于技术功能方面的特殊性,特别是那些作为系统和人工制品的一部分,如此存在于日常生活中,避免减少到功利主义的价值。
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引用次数: 0
A produção dos dados pela grande máquina: computadores, modelagem e sistemas técnicos nas ciências do clima 大机器产生的数据:气候科学中的计算机、建模和技术系统
Pub Date : 2014-09-01 DOI: 10.1590/S1678-31662014000300011
José Alberto Corrêa Leite
, de 1996, acompanhava o desenvolvimento dos compu-tadores nos Estados Unidos e sua imbricacao com o discurso da Guerra Fria. O compu-tador contribuiu para criar a ilusao de que o pais era impenetravel, defendido por umsistema automatico, donde a metafora do “mundo fechado”. Os computadores foram,nos Estados Unidos, a tecnologia central das forcas militares na Guerra Fria, mas tam-bem a metafora estruturante da teoria psicologica que se desenvolveu nesse periodocom as ciencias cognitivas e as pesquisas de inteligencia artificial.
从1996年开始,计算机在美国的发展及其与冷战话语的重叠。计算机帮助制造了一种错觉,即这个国家是不可逾越的,由一个自动系统保护着,因此是“封闭世界”的隐喻。在美国,计算机是冷战时期军事力量的核心技术,但它也是心理学理论的结构元框架,心理学理论与认知科学和人工智能研究一起发展。
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引用次数: 0
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Scientiae Studia
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