This article delves into the structure of Iupiter Dolichenus temples, focusing on its sanctuaries in the Danubian Provinces of Dacia, Pannonia Inferior, Pannonia Superior, Raetia, and Noricum. It emphasizes the need for a nuanced understanding of the cult's role in the religious landscape, cautioning against oversimplified theoretical approaches. Eight Dolichenus cult structures had archaeologically been identified in these provinces (Mehadia, Porolissum, Brigetio, Vetus Salina, Carnuntum I, Carnuntum II, Virunum, Vetoniana), showcasing the cult's manifestation on a broader scale. The study focuses on analyzing these temples' architectural features and functionalities, highlighting both differences and similarities. The article aims to provide a detailed examination of each sanctuary, considering phases of construction, alterations, and factors contributing to variations, through the analysis of archaeological finds and architectural characteristics related to the sanctuaries, it seeks to establish patterns and understand the role of specific chambers within these sacred precincts.
{"title":"The Sanctuaries of Iupiter Dolichenus in the Danubian Provinces. A functional interpretation","authors":"Ioan Muntean","doi":"10.46535/ca.31.1.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46535/ca.31.1.06","url":null,"abstract":"This article delves into the structure of Iupiter Dolichenus temples, focusing on its sanctuaries in the Danubian Provinces of Dacia, Pannonia Inferior, Pannonia Superior, Raetia, and Noricum. It emphasizes the need for a nuanced understanding of the cult's role in the religious landscape, cautioning against oversimplified theoretical approaches. Eight Dolichenus cult structures had archaeologically been identified in these provinces (Mehadia, Porolissum, Brigetio, Vetus Salina, Carnuntum I, Carnuntum II, Virunum, Vetoniana), showcasing the cult's manifestation on a broader scale. The study focuses on analyzing these temples' architectural features and functionalities, highlighting both differences and similarities. The article aims to provide a detailed examination of each sanctuary, considering phases of construction, alterations, and factors contributing to variations, through the analysis of archaeological finds and architectural characteristics related to the sanctuaries, it seeks to establish patterns and understand the role of specific chambers within these sacred precincts.","PeriodicalId":169679,"journal":{"name":"Cercetări Arheologice","volume":"13 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141640364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The role of women in Roman religious communication is a growing research field, with several significant focus points and case studies. Understanding the role of women in religious communication within provincial contexts is one of the most fertile areas of research, yet it has not been thoroughly examined within the Danubian provinces. This study marks the first instance in historiography of Dacia where the focus is placed on exploring the role of women in Roman religious communication within the province, employing the comprehensive analysis of all available epigraphic evidence (112 inscriptions). The study provides methodological insights and underscores key research points for future systematic work that needs to be undertaken in the Danubian provinces.
{"title":"Women and Roman religion in Dacia: the epigraphic evidence","authors":"Csaba Szabó","doi":"10.46535/ca.31.1.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46535/ca.31.1.07","url":null,"abstract":"The role of women in Roman religious communication is a growing research field, with several significant focus points and case studies. Understanding the role of women in religious communication within provincial contexts is one of the most fertile areas of research, yet it has not been thoroughly examined within the Danubian provinces. This study marks the first instance in historiography of Dacia where the focus is placed on exploring the role of women in Roman religious communication within the province, employing the comprehensive analysis of all available epigraphic evidence (112 inscriptions). The study provides methodological insights and underscores key research points for future systematic work that needs to be undertaken in the Danubian provinces.","PeriodicalId":169679,"journal":{"name":"Cercetări Arheologice","volume":"7 26","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141641042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article discusses various aspects of the Kostrzewski G type fibulae found in the Carpathian-Dnepr foreststeppe. So far, three such brooches have been discovered in this area. Regrettably, in the Southeast European speciality literature, these pieces have not aroused interest despite their value; they are only mentioned in passing. The return to the interpretation of these fibulae, by examining them and documenting the existing analogies, has made it possible to establish their chronological framework and origin. The study of these staples may provide evidence of links between Central Europe and the Carpathian-Dnepr foreststeppe at the end of the first millennium BC.
文章讨论了在喀尔巴阡山-第聂伯森林草原发现的 Kostrzewski G 型伊夫布拉的各个方面。迄今为止，该地区已发现三枚此类胸针。遗憾的是，在东南欧的专业文献中，这些作品尽管价值不菲，却并未引起人们的兴趣，只是一带而过。通过研究和记录现有的类比，重新对这些纤维器进行解释，可以确定其年代框架和来源。对这些钉书针的研究可以为公元前一千年末中欧与喀尔巴阡山-第聂伯河森林草原之间的联系提供证据。
{"title":"Cu privire la fibulele de tip Kostrzewski G din silvostepa carpato-nipreană","authors":"Vasile Iarmulschi","doi":"10.46535/ca.31.1.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46535/ca.31.1.03","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses various aspects of the Kostrzewski G type fibulae found in the Carpathian-Dnepr foreststeppe. So far, three such brooches have been discovered in this area. Regrettably, in the Southeast European speciality literature, these pieces have not aroused interest despite their value; they are only mentioned in passing. The return to the interpretation of these fibulae, by examining them and documenting the existing analogies, has made it possible to establish their chronological framework and origin. The study of these staples may provide evidence of links between Central Europe and the Carpathian-Dnepr foreststeppe at the end of the first millennium BC.","PeriodicalId":169679,"journal":{"name":"Cercetări Arheologice","volume":"2 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141642328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract tradus Our study proposes to discuss several aspects related to the gladiators attested in the Greek cities of the Pontus Euxinus (Chersones, Histria, Tomis, Callatis, Dionysopolis, Odessos, Byzantion, Sinope, Amisos), such as the names, social status and mentality of these amphitheatre fighters. Our analysis also focuses on the equipment and weapons of the gladiators, their fighting techniques and the various aspects of the organisation of gladiatorial combat. Our research is based on the study of epigraphic and archaeological documents (bas-reliefs). Inscriptions and reliefs attest several types of gladiators, such as retiarius, secutor, scissor, provocator and bestiarius. The names of the gladiators reflect their winning qualities and their physical or moral qualities. Most gladiators were slaves or free men. Documents from Tomis from the 2nd-3rd centuries AD confirm that gladiatorial fights and beast hunts in the amphitheatre are closely linked to the imperial cult. At Tomis, Odessos, Sinope and Amisos, the organisers of these spectacles were at the same time pontarchs and high priests of the imperial cult. Gladiator fights took place in amphitheatres (at Tomis) and other specially designed venues such as theatres (at Odessos). Nemesis and Ares are the patron deities of gladiators.
{"title":"Gladiatori și spectacole în amfiteatru în cetăţile greceşti de la Pontul Euxin","authors":"R. Feraru","doi":"10.46535/ca.31.1.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46535/ca.31.1.08","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract tradus Our study proposes to discuss several aspects related to the gladiators attested in the Greek cities of the Pontus Euxinus (Chersones, Histria, Tomis, Callatis, Dionysopolis, Odessos, Byzantion, Sinope, Amisos), such as the names, social status and mentality of these amphitheatre fighters. Our analysis also focuses on the equipment and weapons of the gladiators, their fighting techniques and the various aspects of the organisation of gladiatorial combat. Our research is based on the study of epigraphic and archaeological documents (bas-reliefs). Inscriptions and reliefs attest several types of gladiators, such as retiarius, secutor, scissor, provocator and bestiarius. The names of the gladiators reflect their winning qualities and their physical or moral qualities. Most gladiators were slaves or free men. Documents from Tomis from the 2nd-3rd centuries AD confirm that gladiatorial fights and beast hunts in the amphitheatre are closely linked to the imperial cult. At Tomis, Odessos, Sinope and Amisos, the organisers of these spectacles were at the same time pontarchs and high priests of the imperial cult. Gladiator fights took place in amphitheatres (at Tomis) and other specially designed venues such as theatres (at Odessos). Nemesis and Ares are the patron deities of gladiators.","PeriodicalId":169679,"journal":{"name":"Cercetări Arheologice","volume":"9 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141640163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Axiopolis. Stadiul actual al cunoașterii","authors":"Ioan Carol Opriș","doi":"10.46535/ca.31.1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46535/ca.31.1.10","url":null,"abstract":"Universitatea din București","PeriodicalId":169679,"journal":{"name":"Cercetări Arheologice","volume":"1 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141640235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The stove tiles from the 15th and 16th centuries discovered in some countries in Central Europe often approach, as decoration, the theme of the medieval knight. The archaeological research carried out on the territory of Romania brought to light a vast and diverse material related to this subject. The present study analyzes three stove tiles discovered in Muntenia - at Târgovişte and Curtea de Argeş, former princely courts and capitals of Wallachia, in the Middle Ages, pieces whose iconographic theme is “the knight in the tournament”. The specimens, chronologically dated between the end of the 14th century and the 16th century, stand out for the original character of the compositions.
{"title":"Cavalerul în turnir, temă iconografică redată pe cahle medievale din Muntenia","authors":"Maria-Venera Rădulescu","doi":"10.46535/ca.31.1.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46535/ca.31.1.17","url":null,"abstract":"The stove tiles from the 15th and 16th centuries discovered in some countries in Central Europe often approach, as decoration, the theme of the medieval knight. The archaeological research carried out on the territory of Romania brought to light a vast and diverse material related to this subject. The present study analyzes three stove tiles discovered in Muntenia - at Târgovişte and Curtea de Argeş, former princely courts and capitals of Wallachia, in the Middle Ages, pieces whose iconographic theme is “the knight in the tournament”. The specimens, chronologically dated between the end of the 14th century and the 16th century, stand out for the original character of the compositions.","PeriodicalId":169679,"journal":{"name":"Cercetări Arheologice","volume":"1 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141641218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. M. Khak, S. M. M. Kouhpar, Hasan Kohansal Vajargah, Qilong Cui
This article focuses on six Sassanian plates that have caused contradictory opinions about those depicted on them. Considering these works and a historical context, the authors have assessed the prevailing opinions and expressed their own views and probabilities. As such, the person engraved on the four Sassanian works is probably a prince who ruled northern and northeastern regions of Iran during the 4th and early 5th centuries AD and was in contact with nomadic tribes between Iran and China.
{"title":"Six Sassanian artworks engraved with hunters: king, crown prince, aristocrat or pretender to the throne?","authors":"P. M. Khak, S. M. M. Kouhpar, Hasan Kohansal Vajargah, Qilong Cui","doi":"10.46535/ca.31.1.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46535/ca.31.1.14","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on six Sassanian plates that have caused contradictory opinions about those depicted on them. Considering these works and a historical context, the authors have assessed the prevailing opinions and expressed their own views and probabilities. As such, the person engraved on the four Sassanian works is probably a prince who ruled northern and northeastern regions of Iran during the 4th and early 5th centuries AD and was in contact with nomadic tribes between Iran and China.","PeriodicalId":169679,"journal":{"name":"Cercetări Arheologice","volume":"75 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141643120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For more than ten years in a row, archaeologists of the Institute for Balkan Studies of SASA of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, in cooperation with the Ausonius Institute from Bordeaux, have been conducting archaeological research on the Roman and Byzantine settlement located in the area of the village of Niševac near Svrljig, in the Svrljiški Timok River valley. It was the first station on the Roman itinerary road between Naissus (Niš) and Trajan's colony of Ratiaria on the Danube (Archar in northwestern Bulgaria). In addition to significant architectural remains and various archaeological findings, some inscriptions in Latin and Greek are also known from this area. This bilingualism of the texts indicates the very location of Timacum Maius, which was located on a vital communication line and a linguistic and administrative interprovincial barrier. Although chronologically different, the epigraphic findings I report raise broader scientific questions about the significance of this ancient settlement and its population, especially in the early military history of the Naissus region.
{"title":"The Epigraphic Testimonies from Timacum Maius (Eastern Moesia Superior): The Important Clues for the Character and Organization of Naissus Region","authors":"Vladimir P. Petrović","doi":"10.46535/ca.31.1.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46535/ca.31.1.09","url":null,"abstract":"For more than ten years in a row, archaeologists of the Institute for Balkan Studies of SASA of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, in cooperation with the Ausonius Institute from Bordeaux, have been conducting archaeological research on the Roman and Byzantine settlement located in the area of the village of Niševac near Svrljig, in the Svrljiški Timok River valley. It was the first station on the Roman itinerary road between Naissus (Niš) and Trajan's colony of Ratiaria on the Danube (Archar in northwestern Bulgaria). In addition to significant architectural remains and various archaeological findings, some inscriptions in Latin and Greek are also known from this area. This bilingualism of the texts indicates the very location of Timacum Maius, which was located on a vital communication line and a linguistic and administrative interprovincial barrier. Although chronologically different, the epigraphic findings I report raise broader scientific questions about the significance of this ancient settlement and its population, especially in the early military history of the Naissus region.","PeriodicalId":169679,"journal":{"name":"Cercetări Arheologice","volume":"41 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141643607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study is based on a mixed figure on a ring stone from the Roman period (1st - 2nd. century AD) preserved in the Konya Archaeology Museum. This figure is seen as a combination of four elements: a horse protome, a Silenus mask body, rooster feet and a ram's head. This depiction, which is encountered in different typologies in Antiquity, is called Grylloi. A Greek-Roman word, widely used on ring stones since the 1st century BC, this depiction is also known by other names such as mask-animal, multi-headed creatures and fantastic concoction. These beings, usually depicted on oval rings with easily workable jasper stones, were thought to be worn as talismans or amulets with an apotropaic function. In this way, they were probably intended to ward off evil, possibly as amulets.
{"title":"Grylloi: A Being with Mixed Depictions from Konya","authors":"Nizam Abay","doi":"10.46535/ca.31.1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46535/ca.31.1.12","url":null,"abstract":"This study is based on a mixed figure on a ring stone from the Roman period (1st - 2nd. century AD) preserved in the Konya Archaeology Museum. This figure is seen as a combination of four elements: a horse protome, a Silenus mask body, rooster feet and a ram's head. This depiction, which is encountered in different typologies in Antiquity, is called Grylloi. A Greek-Roman word, widely used on ring stones since the 1st century BC, this depiction is also known by other names such as mask-animal, multi-headed creatures and fantastic concoction. These beings, usually depicted on oval rings with easily workable jasper stones, were thought to be worn as talismans or amulets with an apotropaic function. In this way, they were probably intended to ward off evil, possibly as amulets.","PeriodicalId":169679,"journal":{"name":"Cercetări Arheologice","volume":"1 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141640739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article focuses on the epigraphic legacy of the Armenian Cathedral of St. James in Jerusalem and its recently discovered inscriptions. Since the late 19th century, scholars have been gathering and publishing epigraphs from the Armenian Quarter of Jerusalem, encompassing not just the Cathedral but also other sanctuaries, and the neighbourhoods within the convent. These efforts have provided a valuable resource for those interested in the history of Armenians in the Holy Land. Similar to inscriptions found in other sanctuaries across the Holy Land, those found in the St. James Cathedral were left by both congregants of the Cathedral and Armenian pilgrims who visited the Holy Land over the centuries. Local inscriptions typically include details about the individuals mentioned, such as their families, birthplaces, and occupations. These sources frequently document renovations or constructions, shedding light on known and previously unknown projects undertaken in the area. Through epigraphic research conducted in Jerusalem in 2019 and 2022, several inscriptions previously absent from earlier editions were discovered in the Cathedral. This article presents 10 of these newly found inscriptions, accompanied by images and explanatory notes.
{"title":"Newly discovered inscriptions from the armenian cathedral of st. James in Jerusalem","authors":"Khachik Harutyunyan","doi":"10.46535/ca.31.1.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46535/ca.31.1.15","url":null,"abstract":"The article focuses on the epigraphic legacy of the Armenian Cathedral of St. James in Jerusalem and its recently discovered inscriptions. Since the late 19th century, scholars have been gathering and publishing epigraphs from the Armenian Quarter of Jerusalem, encompassing not just the Cathedral but also other sanctuaries, and the neighbourhoods within the convent. These efforts have provided a valuable resource for those interested in the history of Armenians in the Holy Land. Similar to inscriptions found in other sanctuaries across the Holy Land, those found in the St. James Cathedral were left by both congregants of the Cathedral and Armenian pilgrims who visited the Holy Land over the centuries. Local inscriptions typically include details about the individuals mentioned, such as their families, birthplaces, and occupations. These sources frequently document renovations or constructions, shedding light on known and previously unknown projects undertaken in the area. Through epigraphic research conducted in Jerusalem in 2019 and 2022, several inscriptions previously absent from earlier editions were discovered in the Cathedral. This article presents 10 of these newly found inscriptions, accompanied by images and explanatory notes.","PeriodicalId":169679,"journal":{"name":"Cercetări Arheologice","volume":"6 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141641759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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