Despite the large number of unguentaria vessels generally discovered in Roman archeological sites, very little information is available concerning the nature and chemical composition of the products that were originally contained within these artifacts. In this study a combined non-destructive approach that included Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence was used for the characterization of some brownish-black residues preserved in a series of glass unguentaria recovered from excavations at the Roman baths from Mălăiești. The obtained results highlighted the presence of different inorganic substances (an earth-based pigment rich in iron and manganese oxides, admixed with traces of lead- and mercury-based compounds) impregnated with an organic binder such as animal glue and possible natural essential oils, a powdered product associated most probably with a cosmetic/pharmacological use. The study allowed a first insight into the composition and origin of these ancient remains, providing important clues that may help to understand the original function of these unguentaria vessels.
{"title":"Characterization of residues found within some Roman unguentaria glass artefacts: preliminary results of a multi-disciplinary approach","authors":"I. Cortea, Ovidiu Țentea","doi":"10.46535/ca.30.1.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46535/ca.30.1.18","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the large number of unguentaria vessels generally discovered in Roman archeological sites, very little information is available concerning the nature and chemical composition of the products that were originally contained within these artifacts. In this study a combined non-destructive approach that included Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence was used for the characterization of some brownish-black residues preserved in a series of glass unguentaria recovered from excavations at the Roman baths from Mălăiești. The obtained results highlighted the presence of different inorganic substances (an earth-based pigment rich in iron and manganese oxides, admixed with traces of lead- and mercury-based compounds) impregnated with an organic binder such as animal glue and possible natural essential oils, a powdered product associated most probably with a cosmetic/pharmacological use. The study allowed a first insight into the composition and origin of these ancient remains, providing important clues that may help to understand the original function of these unguentaria vessels.","PeriodicalId":169679,"journal":{"name":"Cercetări Arheologice","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133457514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eugen S. Teodor, András Sófalvi, Dan Ștefan, Răzvan Bolba
The HiLands Project (2018-2022) brought the opportunity to investigate several main communication corridors within the Curvature Carpathians. At the northern end of Rucăr-Bran Pass we had a great surprise, finding in the woods three strongholds, just one kilometre west of Bran Castle. Several trips on the mountain and two short digging sessions uncovered two hillforts made by the Teutonic Order, and a third one, shortly after they left. Hidden in dense forests, they have been deserted and forgotten, not being recorded in any historical accounts. The two western strongholds are enclosed by a common outer palisade, as they were built and used together. They are rather small, each with two rows of palisades, separated by a large ditch. The eastern one firstly served as a chalk quarry for the above-mentioned buildings, but two or three generations later was turned into a fortification. The northern long side is made up by a bare cliff, almost vertical, the southern side is closed by a large palisade, with no ditch (as it was not necessary due to the strong slopes). The downside of our research is the almost complete lack of artefacts from the 13th century, the proposed chronology being based exclusively on C14 AMS technology. Such a situation fuelled the question whether the western complex could be one of the five attested Teutonic fortresses. Its position is outstanding, offering perfect visibility up to the Bran Pass (10 km southward) or down to the Râşnov fortress (12 km northward).
{"title":"A Teutonic stronghold in the Carpathian Mountains","authors":"Eugen S. Teodor, András Sófalvi, Dan Ștefan, Răzvan Bolba","doi":"10.46535/ca.30.1.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46535/ca.30.1.16","url":null,"abstract":"The HiLands Project (2018-2022) brought the opportunity to investigate several main communication corridors within the Curvature Carpathians. At the northern end of Rucăr-Bran Pass we had a great surprise, finding in the woods three strongholds, just one kilometre west of Bran Castle. Several trips on the mountain and two short digging sessions uncovered two hillforts made by the Teutonic Order, and a third one, shortly after they left. Hidden in dense forests, they have been deserted and forgotten, not being recorded in any historical accounts. The two western strongholds are enclosed by a common outer palisade, as they were built and used together. They are rather small, each with two rows of palisades, separated by a large ditch. The eastern one firstly served as a chalk quarry for the above-mentioned buildings, but two or three generations later was turned into a fortification. The northern long side is made up by a bare cliff, almost vertical, the southern side is closed by a large palisade, with no ditch (as it was not necessary due to the strong slopes). The downside of our research is the almost complete lack of artefacts from the 13th century, the proposed chronology being based exclusively on C14 AMS technology. Such a situation fuelled the question whether the western complex could be one of the five attested Teutonic fortresses. Its position is outstanding, offering perfect visibility up to the Bran Pass (10 km southward) or down to the Râşnov fortress (12 km northward).","PeriodicalId":169679,"journal":{"name":"Cercetări Arheologice","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129502601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study analyses a specific category of Roman ceramic vessels identified in the funerary inventories from Alburnus Maior: 26 coarse ware jugs present in the graves from the cemeteries at Tăul Corna, Tăul Găuri – Hop, Tăul Secuilor/Pârâul Porcului and in the area of the circular funerary monument. They all share specific morphological and technological characteristics, and at least a part of them are imitations in ceramic of bronze vessels. From a functional point of view they can be framed in the category of cooking ware and were produced from coarse fabrics. The vessels were produced locally, during the 4th – 6th/7th? decades of the 2nd century AD and all of them were used for boiling water. Their presence in the graves might be regarded as an identity marker of a group who used them in everyday life and, as part of the funerary ritual, could show a predilection for consuming hot drinks during the funerary banquet.
本研究分析了在Alburnus Maior的丧葬清单中发现的罗马陶瓷容器的特定类别:在turul Corna, turul gururi - Hop, turul Secuilor/ p r ul Porcului墓地和圆形丧葬纪念碑区域的坟墓中发现的26个粗陶器壶。它们都具有特定的形态和工艺特征，其中至少有一部分是陶瓷或青铜器皿的仿制品。从功能的角度来看，它们可以被框定在烹饪器具的类别中，并且是由粗糙的织物制成的。这些船是在当地生产的，在第4 - 6 /7 ?公元2世纪的几十年，它们都是用来烧水的。它们出现在坟墓中可能被视为一个在日常生活中使用它们的群体的身份标志，作为葬礼仪式的一部分，可能表明在葬礼宴会上饮用热饮的偏好。
{"title":"Coarse ware jugs in funerary context: technical and functional observations on the pottery from the cemeteries at Alburnus Maior","authors":"Silvia Mustață","doi":"10.46535/ca.30.1.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46535/ca.30.1.08","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyses a specific category of Roman ceramic vessels identified in the funerary inventories from Alburnus Maior: 26 coarse ware jugs present in the graves from the cemeteries at Tăul Corna, Tăul Găuri – Hop, Tăul Secuilor/Pârâul Porcului and in the area of the circular funerary monument. They all share specific morphological and technological characteristics, and at least a part of them are imitations in ceramic of bronze vessels. From a functional point of view they can be framed in the category of cooking ware and were produced from coarse fabrics. The vessels were produced locally, during the 4th – 6th/7th? decades of the 2nd century AD and all of them were used for boiling water. Their presence in the graves might be regarded as an identity marker of a group who used them in everyday life and, as part of the funerary ritual, could show a predilection for consuming hot drinks during the funerary banquet.","PeriodicalId":169679,"journal":{"name":"Cercetări Arheologice","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128358359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Studiul nostru are ca obiect cultul Muzelor în coloniile milesiene situate pe țărmurile Pontul Euxin. Cercetarea noastră se bazează pe analiza izvoarelor epigrafice și a câtorva documente arheologice (statuete ale unor muze). Un decret onorific descoperit la Istros, care datează de la mijlocul secolului al III-lea î. Hr., menționează un Μουσεῖον, de unde se poate deduce existența, încă din epoca elenistică, a unui cult al Muzelor în cea mai veche colonie greacă de pe țărmul vestic al Pontului Euxin. Decretul histrian în cinstea lui Diogenes, fiul lui Diogenes ne face cunoscut faptul că tatăl destinatarului decretului, Diogenes, fiul lui Glaukias consacrase un sanctuar Muzelor (Mouseion) și oferise 300 de stateri pentru sacrificiile săvârșite cu ocazia sărbătorii Mouseia și pentru banchetul oferit cetățenilor. În virtutea acestui fapt, decretul stipulează să i se acorde lui Diogenes, fiul lui Diogenes și urmașilor săi, preoția ereditară a templului Muzelor. Textul decretului lasă să se înțeleagă că preoţia cu care este investit Diogenes este publică, ceea ce justifică presupunerea că, înainte de data emiterii decretului, cultul Muzelor a putut fi la Istros un cult privat, fiind practicat doar în cadrul familiei întemeietorului său. În ceea ce privește Mouseion-ul histrian, este limpede că acesta era un lăcaş de cult închinat Muzelor, la început ca sanctuar privat al lui Diogenes, fiul Glaukias, iar mai târziu cedat cetăţii de către fiul ctitorului, după investirea lui cu preoţia publică a Muzelor. Cultul Muzelor a fost atestat recent la Olbia de câteva documente arheologice și epigrafice descoperite într-o casă monumentală cu altar, situată în cartierul de nord al « orașului de jos », unde se presupune că se găsea un sanctuar al Muzelor (Mouseion). Un argument decisiv în acest sens îl constituie un graffiti gravat pe un vas attic în firnis negru găsit din întâmplare în 2004, în presupusul Mouseion olbian, unde s-ar putea citi cuvântul [ΜΟΥ]ΣΕΙΟΝ, și anume [Mo]υσεῖον. Alți doi graffiti și o statuie fragmentară de marmură care reprezintă o muză permit să se presupună că casa cu o curte largă și un altar situată în cartierul de nord al « orașului de jos », de unde provin aceste documente, ar putea fi un fel de Mouseion privat.
{"title":"Cultul Muzelor în coloniile milesiene de la Pontul Euxin","authors":"R. Feraru","doi":"10.46535/ca.30.1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46535/ca.30.1.10","url":null,"abstract":"Studiul nostru are ca obiect cultul Muzelor în coloniile milesiene situate pe țărmurile Pontul Euxin. Cercetarea noastră se bazează pe analiza izvoarelor epigrafice și a câtorva documente arheologice (statuete ale unor muze). Un decret onorific descoperit la Istros, care datează de la mijlocul secolului al III-lea î. Hr., menționează un Μουσεῖον, de unde se poate deduce existența, încă din epoca elenistică, a unui cult al Muzelor în cea mai veche colonie greacă de pe țărmul vestic al Pontului Euxin. Decretul histrian în cinstea lui Diogenes, fiul lui Diogenes ne face cunoscut faptul că tatăl destinatarului decretului, Diogenes, fiul lui Glaukias consacrase un sanctuar Muzelor (Mouseion) și oferise 300 de stateri pentru sacrificiile săvârșite cu ocazia sărbătorii Mouseia și pentru banchetul oferit cetățenilor. În virtutea acestui fapt, decretul stipulează să i se acorde lui Diogenes, fiul lui Diogenes și urmașilor săi, preoția ereditară a templului Muzelor. Textul decretului lasă să se înțeleagă că preoţia cu care este investit Diogenes este publică, ceea ce justifică presupunerea că, înainte de data emiterii decretului, cultul Muzelor a putut fi la Istros un cult privat, fiind practicat doar în cadrul familiei întemeietorului său. În ceea ce privește Mouseion-ul histrian, este limpede că acesta era un lăcaş de cult închinat Muzelor, la început ca sanctuar privat al lui Diogenes, fiul Glaukias, iar mai târziu cedat cetăţii de către fiul ctitorului, după investirea lui cu preoţia publică a Muzelor. Cultul Muzelor a fost atestat recent la Olbia de câteva documente arheologice și epigrafice descoperite într-o casă monumentală cu altar, situată în cartierul de nord al « orașului de jos », unde se presupune că se găsea un sanctuar al Muzelor (Mouseion). Un argument decisiv în acest sens îl constituie un graffiti gravat pe un vas attic în firnis negru găsit din întâmplare în 2004, în presupusul Mouseion olbian, unde s-ar putea citi cuvântul [ΜΟΥ]ΣΕΙΟΝ, și anume [Mo]υσεῖον. Alți doi graffiti și o statuie fragmentară de marmură care reprezintă o muză permit să se presupună că casa cu o curte largă și un altar situată în cartierul de nord al « orașului de jos », de unde provin aceste documente, ar putea fi un fel de Mouseion privat.","PeriodicalId":169679,"journal":{"name":"Cercetări Arheologice","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131901658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article presents the results of archaeological excavations and surveys undertaken at and near the spring of ‘En Qobi. ‘En Qobi is a spring in the upper reaches of Nahal Qobi, a tributary of Nahal Refai’m, West of Jerusalem. There is evidence of human activity near the spring from the Bronze Age to the present – a span of approximately 3,000 years. The article presents and discusses (a) the spring and its water system; (b) partial excavations and the preservation of the interior of the medieval church located near the spring; (c) H. Tasit and a nearby refuge cave, both located west of the spring; (d) H. Qobi, situated east of the spring. Our team cleaned the water system, which consists of a long spring tunnel, a large underground reservoir, an open pool and other elements typical of systems used to tap spring water in the Judean Hills. This system was apparently built in the Early Roman period, was renovated again and again and remained in use until recent times. The medieval church has a rectangular nave, oriented east-west with well-preserved ashlar walls. The inner walls were covered with polychrome frescoes. Elbow columns topped with capitals, characteristic of Frankish (Crusader) architecture in the Jerusalem area, were found in situ on the northern and eastern walls. Our funds permitted only a partial excavation of some portions of the inner walls. Inadequate funding prevented a full excavation of the church walls and floors, so the construction phases of the structure were not fully clarified. H. Tasit is a relatively small site, apparently an agricultural estate from the Roman and Byzantine periods. Unfortunately, the site was looted extensively in the past. On the nearby slope we detected and explored a small karstic cave that was apparently used for refuge purposes in the first – second centuries CE. H. Qobi is a small, ruined village located on a prominent hilltop above the spring. Without extensive excavation it is difficult to ascertain its function and past. An underground olive press and some looted tombs on the slopes were explored. Pottery and finds from the Late Hellenistic, Early Roman, Byzantine, Medieval, Ottoman and British Mandate periods were collected. ‘En Qobi has been identified as Qobi, a location near Bethar mentioned in a story in the Babylonian Talmud (Sanhedrin 95a) and in additional Roman-period, late antique and medieval sources. The article describes the sites and discusses their historical-geographical significance and identification.
本文介绍了在恩库比泉及其附近进行的考古发掘和调查的结果。恩库比是那哈尔库比上游的一个泉源，是耶路撒冷以西那哈尔勒法伊姆的支流。有证据表明，从青铜时代到现在，人类活动大约持续了3000年。文章介绍并讨论了:(1)泉水及其水系;(b)部分发掘和保存位于泉水附近的中世纪教堂的内部;(c) H. Tasit和附近的一个避难洞穴，均位于泉水以西;(d) H. Qobi，位于泉水以东。我们的团队清理了水系统，它由一条长长的泉水隧道、一个大型地下水库、一个露天水池和其他一些典型的元素组成，这些元素是用来在朱迪亚山提取泉水的。这个系统显然是在罗马早期建造的，经过一次又一次的翻新，直到最近才被使用。这座中世纪教堂有一个长方形的中殿，东西向，石墙保存完好。内墙上挂满了彩色壁画。在耶路撒冷地区法兰克(十字军)建筑的特点——顶部有大写字母的肘柱，在北部和东部的墙壁上被发现。我们的资金只允许对内墙的某些部分进行部分挖掘。由于资金不足，无法对教堂的墙壁和地板进行全面挖掘，因此该结构的施工阶段没有得到充分澄清。H. Tasit是一个相对较小的遗址，显然是罗马和拜占庭时期的农业庄园。不幸的是，该遗址在过去被洗劫一空。在附近的山坡上，我们发现并探索了一个小的岩溶洞，这个洞显然是公元一至二世纪用作避难所的。H. Qobi是一个被毁坏的小村庄，坐落在一个显眼的山顶上。没有大量的挖掘，很难确定它的功能和过去。一个地下橄榄压榨机和一些在山坡上被掠夺的坟墓被探索。收藏了晚期希腊化、早期罗马、拜占庭、中世纪、奥斯曼帝国和英国托管时期的陶器和发现品。恩库比(En Qobi)被确定为库比(Qobi)，巴比伦塔木德(Sanhedrin 95a)的一个故事以及其他罗马时期、古代晚期和中世纪的资料中提到的贝萨尔附近的一个地点。文章描述了这些遗址，并讨论了它们的历史地理意义和鉴定。
{"title":"Archaeological explorations at ‘En Qobi in the Jerusalem Highlands and the identification of Qube/Qubi","authors":"B. Zissu","doi":"10.46535/ca.30.1.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46535/ca.30.1.15","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the results of archaeological excavations and surveys undertaken at and near the spring of ‘En Qobi. ‘En Qobi is a spring in the upper reaches of Nahal Qobi, a tributary of Nahal Refai’m, West of Jerusalem. There is evidence of human activity near the spring from the Bronze Age to the present – a span of approximately 3,000 years. The article presents and discusses (a) the spring and its water system; (b) partial excavations and the preservation of the interior of the medieval church located near the spring; (c) H. Tasit and a nearby refuge cave, both located west of the spring; (d) H. Qobi, situated east of the spring. Our team cleaned the water system, which consists of a long spring tunnel, a large underground reservoir, an open pool and other elements typical of systems used to tap spring water in the Judean Hills. This system was apparently built in the Early Roman period, was renovated again and again and remained in use until recent times. The medieval church has a rectangular nave, oriented east-west with well-preserved ashlar walls. The inner walls were covered with polychrome frescoes. Elbow columns topped with capitals, characteristic of Frankish (Crusader) architecture in the Jerusalem area, were found in situ on the northern and eastern walls. Our funds permitted only a partial excavation of some portions of the inner walls. Inadequate funding prevented a full excavation of the church walls and floors, so the construction phases of the structure were not fully clarified. H. Tasit is a relatively small site, apparently an agricultural estate from the Roman and Byzantine periods. Unfortunately, the site was looted extensively in the past. On the nearby slope we detected and explored a small karstic cave that was apparently used for refuge purposes in the first – second centuries CE. H. Qobi is a small, ruined village located on a prominent hilltop above the spring. Without extensive excavation it is difficult to ascertain its function and past. An underground olive press and some looted tombs on the slopes were explored. Pottery and finds from the Late Hellenistic, Early Roman, Byzantine, Medieval, Ottoman and British Mandate periods were collected. ‘En Qobi has been identified as Qobi, a location near Bethar mentioned in a story in the Babylonian Talmud (Sanhedrin 95a) and in additional Roman-period, late antique and medieval sources. The article describes the sites and discusses their historical-geographical significance and identification.","PeriodicalId":169679,"journal":{"name":"Cercetări Arheologice","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132675623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tatev monastery is one of the famous historical, religious-cultural centers of medieval Armenia, whose epigraphic inscriptions have great importance for the study of the history of South Caucasus. Numerous inscriptions are preserved on the walls of churches and memorial monuments of the monastery and many of them remain unpublished. A mirror-writing epigraphic cryptography is preserved on the exterior southern wall of St. Paul-Peter Cathedral of the monastery, whose decipherment has been the main occasion of this publication. The inscription reveals the names of bishops Anton, Stepanos and Father Kirakos – most likely visitor-donors who came to the Tatev monastery as pilgrims and made donations, for which their names were awarded to be mentioned on the walls of the church as the “Book of Life”. As a result of this discovery, the number of Armenian mirror-writing cryptographs (which are known from various Armenian monuments: Kurtan, Tanahat, Sevanavank, Litchk, Haghpat, Old Shinuhayr etc.) has been increased.
塔捷夫修道院是中世纪亚美尼亚著名的历史、宗教和文化中心之一，其铭文对研究南高加索历史具有重要意义。许多铭文被保存在教堂的墙壁和修道院的纪念纪念碑上，其中许多仍未出版。在修道院的圣保罗大教堂外南墙上保存着一幅镜像书写的铭文密码学，其破译是本出版物的主要内容。铭文显示了主教安东、斯特帕诺斯和基拉科斯神父的名字，他们很可能是作为朝圣者来到Tatev修道院并进行捐赠的访客捐赠者，因此他们的名字被授予在教堂墙壁上被称为“生命之书”。由于这一发现，亚美尼亚镜像书写密码的数量(从各种亚美尼亚古迹中已知:Kurtan, Tanahat, Sevanavank, Litchk, Haghpat, Old Shinuhayr等)已经增加。
{"title":"The mirror-writing epigraphic cryptography of Tatev monastery and similar parallels","authors":"Arsen S. Harutyunyan","doi":"10.46535/ca.30.1.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46535/ca.30.1.17","url":null,"abstract":"Tatev monastery is one of the famous historical, religious-cultural centers of medieval Armenia, whose epigraphic inscriptions have great importance for the study of the history of South Caucasus. Numerous inscriptions are preserved on the walls of churches and memorial monuments of the monastery and many of them remain unpublished. A mirror-writing epigraphic cryptography is preserved on the exterior southern wall of St. Paul-Peter Cathedral of the monastery, whose decipherment has been the main occasion of this publication. The inscription reveals the names of bishops Anton, Stepanos and Father Kirakos – most likely visitor-donors who came to the Tatev monastery as pilgrims and made donations, for which their names were awarded to be mentioned on the walls of the church as the “Book of Life”. As a result of this discovery, the number of Armenian mirror-writing cryptographs (which are known from various Armenian monuments: Kurtan, Tanahat, Sevanavank, Litchk, Haghpat, Old Shinuhayr etc.) has been increased.","PeriodicalId":169679,"journal":{"name":"Cercetări Arheologice","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128967283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Der vorliegende Artikel fokussiert sich auf die relative und absolute Chronologie einer Nekropole der Zarubincy- Kultur, dem Gräberfeld von Pirogov. Das Gräberfeld wurde während 10 Jahren untersucht. In Folge konnten 260 Brandgräber dokumentiert werden. Auf der Grundlage der Vergesellschaftung der archäologischen Funde wurden drei Phasen des Gräberfelds abgegrenzt. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die jeweiligen Phasen mit dem Ende der Stufen von LTC1b, LT C2, LT D1 und der LT D2 synchronisiert werden können, die in absoluten Daten dem Beginn des 2. und dem Ende des 1. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. entsprechen.
{"title":"Zur Chronologie und Periodisierung des Gräberfeldes der Zarubincy Kultur von Pirogov (reg. Kiew, Ukraine)","authors":"Vasile Iarmulschi","doi":"10.46535/ca.29.2.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46535/ca.29.2.03","url":null,"abstract":"Der vorliegende Artikel fokussiert sich auf die relative und absolute Chronologie einer Nekropole der Zarubincy- Kultur, dem Gräberfeld von Pirogov. Das Gräberfeld wurde während 10 Jahren untersucht. In Folge konnten 260 Brandgräber dokumentiert werden. Auf der Grundlage der Vergesellschaftung der archäologischen Funde wurden drei Phasen des Gräberfelds abgegrenzt. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die jeweiligen Phasen mit dem Ende der Stufen von LTC1b, LT C2, LT D1 und der LT D2 synchronisiert werden können, die in absoluten Daten dem Beginn des 2. und dem Ende des 1. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. entsprechen.","PeriodicalId":169679,"journal":{"name":"Cercetări Arheologice","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114796514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Studiul nostru are ca obiect sărbătorile și practicile rituale consacrate divinităților isiace în coloniile milesiene situate pe țărmurile Propontidei și ale Pontului Euxin. Cercetarea noastră se întemeiază pe documentele literare, epigrafice și numismatice. Πλοιαφέσια (Ploiaphesia) erau o sărbătoare de primăvară consacrată zeiței Isis care era adorată în ipostaza de protectoare a navigației și navigatorilor, precum și de divinitate a vitalității și fertilității. Ploiaphesia erau celebrate pe 5 martie și marca redeschiderea oficială a navigației. Celebrarea sărbătorii Ploiaphesia poate fi presupusă la Amastris, Sinope, Anchialos și Tomis, pe baza dovezilor furnizate de documentele epigrafice și de emisiunile monetare. Ἰσιεῖα (Isieia) erau o sărbătoare de toamnă care dura din 28 octombrie până pe 3 noiembrie. Această sărbătoare comemora dispariția lui Osiris, mai înainte ca el să fie regăsit, câteva zile mai târziu, de către soția lui, Isis. Isieia sunt atestate direct într-o inscripție de la Kios. Sărbătoarea Χαρμόσυνα (Charmosyna) celebra învierea lui Osiris, fiind considerată sărbătoarea bucuriei colective. Se poate presupune că Charmosyna erau celebrate pe 3 noiembrie. Această sărbătoare este atestată la Kios și Tomis. Sărbătorile isiace reunesc un personal cultic numeros. Ritualul incubației este strâns legat de cultul lui Sarapis care, în calitatea lui de zeu tămăduitor prin intermediul unei epifanii onirice, face obiectul unei mari venerații din partea credincioșilor săi. Incubația se răspândește în Pontul Euxin odată cu implantarea cultelor isiace.
{"title":"Celebrarea lui Isis și Sarapis: sărbători și practici rituale isiace în coloniile milesiene din Propontida și de la Pontul Euxin","authors":"R. Feraru","doi":"10.46535/ca.29.2.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46535/ca.29.2.09","url":null,"abstract":"Studiul nostru are ca obiect sărbătorile și practicile rituale consacrate divinităților isiace în coloniile milesiene situate pe țărmurile Propontidei și ale Pontului Euxin. Cercetarea noastră se întemeiază pe documentele literare, epigrafice și numismatice. Πλοιαφέσια (Ploiaphesia) erau o sărbătoare de primăvară consacrată zeiței Isis care era adorată în ipostaza de protectoare a navigației și navigatorilor, precum și de divinitate a vitalității și fertilității. Ploiaphesia erau celebrate pe 5 martie și marca redeschiderea oficială a navigației. Celebrarea sărbătorii Ploiaphesia poate fi presupusă la Amastris, Sinope, Anchialos și Tomis, pe baza dovezilor furnizate de documentele epigrafice și de emisiunile monetare. Ἰσιεῖα (Isieia) erau o sărbătoare de toamnă care dura din 28 octombrie până pe 3 noiembrie. Această sărbătoare comemora dispariția lui Osiris, mai înainte ca el să fie regăsit, câteva zile mai târziu, de către soția lui, Isis. Isieia sunt atestate direct într-o inscripție de la Kios. Sărbătoarea Χαρμόσυνα (Charmosyna) celebra învierea lui Osiris, fiind considerată sărbătoarea bucuriei colective. Se poate presupune că Charmosyna erau celebrate pe 3 noiembrie. Această sărbătoare este atestată la Kios și Tomis. Sărbătorile isiace reunesc un personal cultic numeros. Ritualul incubației este strâns legat de cultul lui Sarapis care, în calitatea lui de zeu tămăduitor prin intermediul unei epifanii onirice, face obiectul unei mari venerații din partea credincioșilor săi. Incubația se răspândește în Pontul Euxin odată cu implantarea cultelor isiace.","PeriodicalId":169679,"journal":{"name":"Cercetări Arheologice","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116315668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This brief article deals with one aspect of Byzantine material culture, that of pottery and, more particularly, with two specific categories of Byzantine pottery, the so-called the “Fine sgraffito ware” and “Aegean ware”, presenting related examples from museums in western Turkey. Τhe whole argumentation of the paper mainly derives from the presentation of 21 glazed clay vessels from the collections of the Archaeological Museums of Izmir, Aydın and Fethiue, incorporating comments on similar objects from Asia Minor and elsewhere. It thus offers some additional examples to “Fine sgraffito ware” and of “Aegean ware” from western Turkey, although some of they have been published previously. Τhe authors attempt to incorporate these vessels to the general category to which they belong and to compare them with others with similar decoration, in order to offer a more general point on “Fine sgraffito ware” and “Aegean ware”. Based on these examples, a date of late 12th to the early decades of the 13th century AD can be suggested for these wares.
{"title":"New observations on the Fine – Sgraffito ware and Aegean ware in western Asia Minor. A revision","authors":"E. Laflı, Maurizio Buora","doi":"10.46535/ca.29.2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46535/ca.29.2.12","url":null,"abstract":"This brief article deals with one aspect of Byzantine material culture, that of pottery and, more particularly, with two specific categories of Byzantine pottery, the so-called the “Fine sgraffito ware” and “Aegean ware”, presenting related examples from museums in western Turkey. Τhe whole argumentation of the paper mainly derives from the presentation of 21 glazed clay vessels from the collections of the Archaeological Museums of Izmir, Aydın and Fethiue, incorporating comments on similar objects from Asia Minor and elsewhere. It thus offers some additional examples to “Fine sgraffito ware” and of “Aegean ware” from western Turkey, although some of they have been published previously. Τhe authors attempt to incorporate these vessels to the general category to which they belong and to compare them with others with similar decoration, in order to offer a more general point on “Fine sgraffito ware” and “Aegean ware”. Based on these examples, a date of late 12th to the early decades of the 13th century AD can be suggested for these wares.","PeriodicalId":169679,"journal":{"name":"Cercetări Arheologice","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115283844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Field survey activities in the Verdele brook basin, South of Hoisești village, Neamț County, have led to the identification and integration of new sites in the national archaeological database. At first, we made a visual analysis of the Verdele brook basin (left tributary of the Bistrița River), a stage followed by the identification of the places that presented specific parameters of areas with archaeological traces. In this context, South of the Hoisești village, on the left high terrace of the Verdele brook, on a flattened hillock delimited by two fossil riverbeds, we identified many archaeological traces. The fieldwalking activity continued during four agricultural seasons in which we took in consideration the distribution of the artefacts, the degree of damage inflicted to the area and the way the use of agricultural machinery was affecting an archaeological site. In order to confirm the presence of the archaeological content, the artefact distribution and the need to recover and protect the heritage, non-invasive investigations were performed, which proved the existence of a Eneolithic stronghold with three linear arranged 19 housing structures. As a result of this evaluation, it was proposed to carry out an archaeological survey in which the main objective was the research of a rectangular house. After removing the topsoil containing archaeological remains, was reached the archaeological level represented by the remnants of a burnt housing structure. The archaeological investigation started at the Hoisești-La Curmătura 1 led to the identification of some specific characteristics of the Eneolithic settlements with an area of less than one hectare located on minor watercourses and in the vicinity of some sources of liquid salt. In the same context, by recovering a batch of pottery fragments from the Middle Bronze Age, additions will be made regarding the occupation space and the connectivity in the central area of the Cracău-Bistrita Depression.
{"title":"Hoisesti – La Curmătură 1, Neamt county. An archaeological survey in Eastern Romania","authors":"N. Bolohan, Anastasiya Drob","doi":"10.46535/ca.29.2.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46535/ca.29.2.01","url":null,"abstract":"Field survey activities in the Verdele brook basin, South of Hoisești village, Neamț County, have led to the identification and integration of new sites in the national archaeological database. At first, we made a visual analysis of the Verdele brook basin (left tributary of the Bistrița River), a stage followed by the identification of the places that presented specific parameters of areas with archaeological traces. In this context, South of the Hoisești village, on the left high terrace of the Verdele brook, on a flattened hillock delimited by two fossil riverbeds, we identified many archaeological traces. The fieldwalking activity continued during four agricultural seasons in which we took in consideration the distribution of the artefacts, the degree of damage inflicted to the area and the way the use of agricultural machinery was affecting an archaeological site. In order to confirm the presence of the archaeological content, the artefact distribution and the need to recover and protect the heritage, non-invasive investigations were performed, which proved the existence of a Eneolithic stronghold with three linear arranged 19 housing structures. As a result of this evaluation, it was proposed to carry out an archaeological survey in which the main objective was the research of a rectangular house. After removing the topsoil containing archaeological remains, was reached the archaeological level represented by the remnants of a burnt housing structure. The archaeological investigation started at the Hoisești-La Curmătura 1 led to the identification of some specific characteristics of the Eneolithic settlements with an area of less than one hectare located on minor watercourses and in the vicinity of some sources of liquid salt. In the same context, by recovering a batch of pottery fragments from the Middle Bronze Age, additions will be made regarding the occupation space and the connectivity in the central area of the Cracău-Bistrita Depression.","PeriodicalId":169679,"journal":{"name":"Cercetări Arheologice","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132281258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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