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New data analysis for BioSAXS at the ESRF. ESRF 的 BioSAXS 新数据分析。
IF 2.4 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2022-09-01 Epub Date: 2022-08-23 DOI: 10.1107/S1600577522007238
Jérôme Kieffer, Martha Brennich, Jean Baptiste Florial, Marcus Oscarsson, Alejandro De Maria Antolinos, Mark Tully, Petra Pernot

The second phase of the ESRF upgrade program did not only provide a new storage ring (Extremely Brilliant Source, EBS) but also allowed several beamlines to be refurbished. The BioSAXS beamline (located on port BM29) was upgraded with a new wiggler source and a larger detector. All analysis software has been rewritten to cope with the increased data flux and continues to provide beamline users with reduced and pre-processed data in real time. This article describes FreeSAS, an open-source collection of various small-angle scattering analysis algorithms needed to reduce and analyze BioSAXS data, and Dahu, the tool used to interface data analysis with beamline control. It further presents the data-processing pipelines for the different data acquisitions modes of the beamline, using either a sample changer for individual homogeneous samples or an inline size-exclusion chromatography setup.

ESRF 升级计划的第二阶段不仅提供了一个新的存储环(极亮源,EBS),还对几条光束线进行了翻新。BioSAXS 光束线(位于 BM29 端口)进行了升级,配备了一个新的摇摆源和一个更大的探测器。所有分析软件都已重写,以应对增加的数据通量,并继续实时为光束线用户提供经过缩减和预处理的数据。本文介绍了FreeSAS和Dahu(用于将数据分析与光束线控制连接起来的工具),FreeSAS是各种小角散射分析算法的开源集合,可用于还原和分析BioSAXS数据。它进一步介绍了光束线不同数据采集模式的数据处理管道,这些模式可以使用样品更换器采集单个均质样品,也可以使用在线尺寸排阻色谱设置。
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引用次数: 0
Environmental control for X-ray nanotomography. X 射线纳米层析技术的环境控制。
IF 2.4 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2022-09-01 Epub Date: 2022-07-21 DOI: 10.1107/S1600577522006968
Mirko Holler, Tomas Aidukas, Lars Heller, Christian Appel, Nicholas W Phillips, Elisabeth Müller-Gubler, Manuel Guizar-Sicairos, Jörg Raabe, Johannes Ihli

The acquisition speed and spatial resolution of X-ray nanotomography have continuously improved over the last decades. Coherent diffraction-based techniques breach the 10 nm resolution barrier frequently and thus pose stringent demands on sample positioning accuracy and stability. At the same time there is an increasing desire to accommodate in situ or operando measurements. Here, an environmental control system for X-ray nanotomography is introduced to regulate the temperature of a sample from room temperature up to 850°C in a controlled atmospheric composition. The system allows for a 360° sample rotation, permitting tomographic studies in situ or operando free of missing wedge constraints. The system is implemented and available at the flOMNI microscope at the Swiss Light Source. In addition to the environmental control system itself, the related modifications of flOMNI are described. Tomographic measurements of a nanoporous gold sample at 50°C and 600°C at a resolution of sub-20 nm demonstrate the performance of the device.

过去几十年来,X 射线纳米层析技术的采集速度和空间分辨率不断提高。基于相干衍射的技术经常突破 10 纳米分辨率的障碍,因此对样品定位的准确性和稳定性提出了严格的要求。与此同时,人们对原位或操作测量的要求也越来越高。这里介绍一种用于 X 射线纳米层析成像的环境控制系统,可在可控的大气成分中将样品的温度从室温调节到 850°C。该系统允许样品 360° 旋转,从而使断层扫描研究不受楔形缺失的限制。该系统已在瑞士光源的 flOMNI 显微镜上实施并投入使用。除了环境控制系统本身,还介绍了对 flOMNI 进行的相关改造。在50°C和600°C条件下,以低于20纳米的分辨率对纳米多孔金样品进行的断层扫描测量证明了该设备的性能。
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引用次数: 0
The soft X-ray monochromator at the SASE3 beamline of the European XFEL: from design to operation. 欧洲XFEL SASE3光束线上的软x射线单色仪:从设计到操作。
IF 2.5 3区 物理与天体物理 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2022-09-01 Epub Date: 2022-08-23 DOI: 10.1107/S1600577522007627
N Gerasimova, D La Civita, L Samoylova, M Vannoni, R Villanueva, D Hickin, R Carley, R Gort, B E Van Kuiken, P Miedema, L Le Guyarder, L Mercadier, G Mercurio, J Schlappa, M Teichman, A Yaroslavtsev, H Sinn, A Scherz

The SASE3 soft X-ray beamline at the European XFEL has been designed and built to provide experiments with a pink or monochromatic beam in the photon energy range 250-3000 eV. Here, the focus is monochromatic operation of the SASE3 beamline, and the design and performance of the SASE3 grating monochromator are reported. The unique capability of a free-electron laser source to produce short femtosecond pulses of a high degree of coherence challenges the monochromator design by demanding control of both photon energy and temporal resolution. The aim to transport close to transform-limited pulses poses very high demands on the optics quality, in particular on the grating. The current realization of the SASE3 monochromator is discussed in comparison with optimal design performance. At present, the monochromator operates with two gratings: the low-resolution grating is optimized for time-resolved experiments and allows for moderate resolving power of about 2000-5000 along with pulse stretching of a few to a few tens of femtoseconds RMS, and the high-resolution grating reaches a resolving power of 10 000 at the cost of larger pulse stretching.

欧洲XFEL的SASE3软x射线光束线设计和建造用于提供250-3000 eV光子能量范围内的粉红色或单色光束的实验。本文的重点是SASE3光束线的单色操作,并报道了SASE3光栅单色仪的设计和性能。自由电子激光源产生高度相干的短飞秒脉冲的独特能力,对单色仪的设计提出了挑战,要求控制光子能量和时间分辨率。传输接近变换限制脉冲的目标对光学质量提出了很高的要求,特别是对光栅。讨论了SASE3单色仪的当前实现,并与最佳设计性能进行了比较。目前,单色仪采用两种光栅:低分辨率光栅是为时间分辨实验而优化的,其中等分辨率约为2000-5000,脉冲拉伸的RMS为几到几十飞秒;高分辨率光栅以更大的脉冲拉伸为代价,达到10000的分辨率。
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引用次数: 4
Fixed-target serial crystallography at the Structural Biology Center. 结构生物学中心的固定目标序列晶体学。
IF 2.4 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2022-09-01 Epub Date: 2022-08-17 DOI: 10.1107/S1600577522007895
Darren A Sherrell, Alex Lavens, Mateusz Wilamowski, Youngchang Kim, Ryan Chard, Krzysztof Lazarski, Gerold Rosenbaum, Rafael Vescovi, Jessica L Johnson, Chase Akins, Changsoo Chang, Karolina Michalska, Gyorgy Babnigg, Ian Foster, Andrzej Joachimiak

Serial synchrotron crystallography enables the study of protein structures under physiological temperature and reduced radiation damage by collection of data from thousands of crystals. The Structural Biology Center at Sector 19 of the Advanced Photon Source has implemented a fixed-target approach with a new 3D-printed mesh-holder optimized for sample handling. The holder immobilizes a crystal suspension or droplet emulsion on a nylon mesh, trapping and sealing a near-monolayer of crystals in its mother liquor between two thin Mylar films. Data can be rapidly collected in scan mode and analyzed in near real-time using piezoelectric linear stages assembled in an XYZ arrangement, controlled with a graphical user interface and analyzed using a high-performance computing pipeline. Here, the system was applied to two β-lactamases: a class D serine β-lactamase from Chitinophaga pinensis DSM 2588 and L1 metallo-β-lactamase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia K279a.

串行同步加速器晶体学能够在生理温度下研究蛋白质结构,并通过收集成千上万晶体的数据来减少辐射损伤。位于先进光子源 19 区的结构生物学中心采用了一种固定目标的方法,这种方法使用了一种新的三维打印网状支架,优化了样品处理。该支架将晶体悬浮液或液滴乳液固定在尼龙网上,在两层薄薄的 Mylar 膜之间的母液中捕获并密封近单层晶体。数据可以在扫描模式下快速收集,并通过以 XYZ 排列方式组装的压电线性平台进行近乎实时的分析,这些数据由图形用户界面控制,并通过高性能计算管道进行分析。在这里,该系统被应用于两种 β-内酰胺酶:来自 Chitinophaga pinensis DSM 2588 的 D 类丝氨酸 β-内酰胺酶和来自 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia K279a 的 L1 金属-β-内酰胺酶。
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引用次数: 0
Improved precision in As speciation analysis with HERFD-XANES at the As K-edge: the case of As speciation in mine waste. 在砷K边缘使用HERFD-XANES提高了砷形态分析的精度:以矿山废物中的砷形态为例。
IF 2.5 3区 物理与天体物理 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2022-09-01 Epub Date: 2022-08-11 DOI: 10.1107/S1600577522007068
Emily M Saurette, Y Zou Frinfrock, Brent Verbuyst, David W Blowes, Joyce M McBeth, Carol J Ptacek

High-energy-resolution fluorescence-detected (HERFD) X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) is a spectroscopic method that allows for increased spectral feature resolution, and greater selectivity to decrease complex matrix effects compared with conventional XANES. XANES is an ideal tool for speciation of elements in solid-phase environmental samples. Accurate speciation of As in mine waste materials is important for understanding the mobility and toxicity of As in near-surface environments. In this study, linear combination fitting (LCF) was performed on synthetic spectra generated from mixtures of eight measured reference compounds for both HERFD-XANES and transmission-detected XANES to evaluate the improvement in quantitative speciation with HERFD-XANES spectra. The reference compounds arsenolite (As2O3), orpiment (As2S3), getchellite (AsSbS3), arsenopyrite (FeAsS), kaňkite (FeAsO4·3.5H2O), scorodite (FeAsO4·2H2O), sodium arsenate (Na3AsO4), and realgar (As4S4) were selected for their importance in mine waste systems. Statistical methods of principal component analysis and target transformation were employed to determine whether HERFD improves identification of the components in a dataset of mixtures of reference compounds. LCF was performed on HERFD- and total fluorescence yield (TFY)-XANES spectra collected from mine waste samples. Arsenopyrite, arsenolite, orpiment, and sodium arsenate were more accurately identified in the synthetic HERFD-XANES spectra compared with the transmission-XANES spectra. In mine waste samples containing arsenopyrite and either scorodite or kaňkite, LCF with HERFD-XANES measurements resulted in fits with smaller R-factors than concurrently collected TFY measurements. The improved accuracy of HERFD-XANES analysis may provide enhanced delineation of As phases controlling biogeochemical reactions in mine wastes, contaminated soils, and remediation systems.

高能分辨率荧光检测(HERFD)X射线吸收近边缘光谱(XANES)是一种光谱方法,与传统的XANES相比,它可以提高光谱特征分辨率,并具有更大的选择性来减少复杂基质效应。XANES是固相环境样品中元素形态形成的理想工具。矿山废料中砷的准确形态对于了解砷在近地表环境中的流动性和毒性非常重要。在本研究中,对HERFD-XANES和透射检测XANES的八种测量参考化合物的混合物产生的合成光谱进行了线性组合拟合(LCF),以评估HERFD-XAN光谱在定量物种形成方面的改进。参考化合物砷铁矿(As2O3)、雌黄(As2S3)、绿柱石(AsSbS3)、毒砂(FeAsS)、钾铁矿(FeAsO4·3.5H2O)、焦黄铁矿(FeAsO4·2H2O)、砷酸钠(Na3AsO4)和雄黄(As4S4)因其在矿山废物系统中的重要性而被选择。采用主成分分析和靶标转化的统计方法来确定HERFD是否改善了参考化合物混合物数据集中成分的鉴定。对从矿山废物样品中收集的HERFD-和总荧光产率(TFY)-XNES光谱进行LCF。与透射XANES光谱相比,合成的HERFD-XANES光谱中毒砂、砷石、雌黄和砷酸钠的鉴定更准确。在含有毒砂和焦黄铁矿或钾铁矿的矿山废物样品中,与同时收集的TFY测量相比,采用HERFD-XANES测量的LCF与较小的R因子拟合。HERFD-XANES分析准确性的提高可以增强对控制矿山废物、受污染土壤和修复系统中生物地球化学反应的As相的描述。
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引用次数: 0
Application study of infrared free-electron lasers towards the development of amyloidosis therapy. 红外自由电子激光器在淀粉样变治疗发展中的应用研究。
IF 2.5 3区 物理与天体物理 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2022-09-01 Epub Date: 2022-08-12 DOI: 10.1107/S1600577522007330
Mikiko Jindo, Kazuhiro Nakamura, Hisashi Okumura, Koichi Tsukiyama, Takayasu Kawasaki

Amyloidosis is known to be caused by the deposition of amyloid fibrils into various biological tissues; effective treatments for the disease are little established today. An infrared free-electron laser (IR-FEL) is an accelerator-based picosecond-pulse laser having tunable infrared wavelengths. In the current study, the irradiation effect of an IR-FEL was tested on an 11-residue peptide (NFLNCYVSGFH) fibril from β2-microglobulin (β2M) with the aim of applying IR-FELs to amyloidosis therapy. Infrared microspectroscopy (IRM) and scanning electron microscopy showed that a fibril of β2M peptide was clearly dissociated by IR-FEL at 6.1 µm (amide I) accompanied by a decrease of the β-sheet and an increase of the α-helix. No dissociative process was recognized at 6.5 µm (amide II) as well as at 5.0 µm (non-specific wavelength). Equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations indicated that the α-helix can exist stably and the probability of forming interchain hydrogen bonds associated with the internal asparagine residue (N4) is notably reduced compared with other amino acids after the β-sheet is dissociated by amide I specific irradiation. This result implies that N4 plays a key role for recombination of hydrogen bonds in the dissociation of the β2M fibril. In addition, the β-sheet was disrupted at temperatures higher than 340 K while the α-helix did not appear even though the fibril was heated up to 363 K as revealed by IRM. The current study gives solid evidence for the laser-mediated conversion from β-sheet to α-helix in amyloid fibrils at the molecular level.

淀粉样变性是由淀粉样原纤维沉积到各种生物组织中引起的;目前,对这种疾病的有效治疗方法几乎没有定论。红外自由电子激光器(IR-FEL)是一种基于加速器的皮秒脉冲激光器,具有可调谐的红外波长。在本研究中,我们测试了IR-FEL对来自β2-微球蛋白(β2M)的11-残基肽(NFLNCYVSGFH)纤维的辐照效应,目的是将IR-FEL应用于淀粉样变性的治疗。红外显微光谱(IRM)和扫描电镜显示,在6.1 μ m(酰胺I)处,β2M肽纤维被IR-FEL明显解离,β-片减少,α-螺旋增加。在6.5µm(酰胺II)和5.0µm(非特定波长)处未发现解离过程。平衡分子动力学模拟表明,β-片经酰胺I特异性辐照解离后,α-螺旋结构能够稳定存在,与其他氨基酸相比,形成与内部天冬酰胺残基(N4)相关的链间氢键的概率显著降低。这一结果表明,N4在β2M纤维的解离过程中对氢键的重组起着关键作用。结果表明,当温度高于340 K时,β-薄片发生断裂,而当温度达到363 K时,α-螺旋仍未出现。本研究在分子水平上为激光介导淀粉样原纤维从β-薄片到α-螺旋的转化提供了有力的证据。
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引用次数: 2
Beamline simulations using monochromators with high d-spacing crystals. 用高d间距晶体单色仪进行光束线模拟。
IF 2.5 3区 物理与天体物理 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2022-09-01 Epub Date: 2022-08-12 DOI: 10.1107/S160057752200707X
X J Yu, X Chi, T Smulders, A T S Wee, A Rusydi, M Sanchez Del Rio, M B H Breese

Monochromators for synchrotron radiation beamlines typically use perfect crystals for the hard X-ray regime and gratings for soft X-rays. There is an intermediate range, typically 1-3 keV (tender X-rays), which common perfect crystals have difficulties covering and gratings have low efficiency, although some less common crystals with high d-spacing could be suitable. To evaluate the suitability of these crystals for a particular beamline, it is useful to evaluate the crystals' performance using tools such as ray-tracing. However, simulations for double-crystal monochromators are only available for the most used crystals such as Si, Ge or diamond. Here, an upgrade of the SHADOW ray-tracing code and complementary tools in the OASYS suite are presented to simulate high d-spacing crystals with arbitrary, and sometimes complex, structures such as beryl, YB66, muscovite, etc. Isotropic and anisotropic temperature factors are also considered. The YB66 crystal with 1936 atomic sites in the unit cell is simulated, and its applicability for tender X-ray monochromators is discussed in the context of new low-emittance storage rings.

用于同步辐射光束线的单色仪通常使用完美的硬x射线晶体和软x射线光栅。有一个中间范围,通常是1-3 keV(温柔的x射线),普通的完美晶体很难覆盖,光栅效率低,尽管一些不太常见的高d间距晶体可能是合适的。为了评估这些晶体对特定光束线的适用性,使用诸如光线追踪之类的工具来评估晶体的性能是有用的。然而,双晶单色仪的模拟只适用于最常用的晶体,如Si, Ge或金刚石。本文提出了SHADOW光线追踪代码的升级版和OASYS套件中的补充工具,用于模拟具有任意(有时是复杂)结构的高d间距晶体,如绿宝石、YB66、白云母等。同时考虑了各向同性和各向异性的温度因素。对具有1936个原子位的YB66晶体进行了模拟,并在新型低发射度存储环的背景下讨论了其在软x射线单色仪中的适用性。
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引用次数: 0
Multicolor single-analyzer high-energy-resolution XES spectrometer for simultaneous examination of different elements. 多色单分析仪高能量分辨率XES光谱仪,可同时检测不同元素。
IF 2.5 3区 物理与天体物理 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2022-09-01 Epub Date: 2022-08-12 DOI: 10.1107/S1600577522007561
Antal Mikeházi, Jihad El Guettioui, István B Földes, György Vankó, Zoltán Németh

The present work demonstrates the performance of a von Hámos high-energy-resolution X-ray spectrometer based on a non-conventional conical Si single-crystal analyzer. The analyzer is tested with different primary and secondary X-ray sources as well as a hard X-ray sensitive CCD camera. The spectrometer setup is also characterized with ray-tracing simulations. Both experimental and simulated results affirm that the conical spectrometer can efficiently detect and resolve the two pairs of two elements (Ni and Cu) Kα X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) peaks simultaneously, requiring a less than 2 cm-wide array on a single position-sensitive detector. The possible applications of this simple yet broad-energy-spectrum crystal spectrometer range from quickly adapting it as another probe for complex experiments at synchrotron beamlines to analyzing X-ray emission from plasma generated by ultrashort laser pulses at modern laser facilities.

本文演示了基于非常规锥形硅单晶分析仪的von Hámos高能分辨率x射线光谱仪的性能。该分析仪使用不同的一次和二次x射线源以及硬x射线敏感CCD相机进行测试。分光计的设置也具有射线追踪模拟的特点。实验和模拟结果表明,锥形光谱仪可以同时有效地探测和分辨两对元素(Ni和Cu)的Kα x射线发射光谱(XES)峰,而单台位置敏感探测器的阵列宽度小于2 cm。这种简单但宽能谱晶体光谱仪的可能应用范围从快速适应它作为同步加速器光束线复杂实验的另一个探针到分析现代激光设备中超短激光脉冲产生的等离子体的x射线发射。
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引用次数: 0
AXEAP: a software package for X-ray emission data analysis using unsupervised machine learning. AXEAP:使用无监督机器学习进行x射线发射数据分析的软件包。
IF 2.5 3区 物理与天体物理 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2022-09-01 Epub Date: 2022-07-21 DOI: 10.1107/S1600577522006786
In Hui Hwang, Mikhail A Solovyev, Sang Wook Han, Maria K Y Chan, John P Hammonds, Steve M Heald, Shelly D Kelly, Nicholas Schwarz, Xiaoyi Zhang, Cheng Jun Sun

The Argonne X-ray Emission Analysis Package (AXEAP) has been developed to calibrate and process X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) data collected with a two-dimensional (2D) position-sensitive detector. AXEAP is designed to convert a 2D XES image into an XES spectrum in real time using both calculations and unsupervised machine learning. AXEAP is capable of making this transformation at a rate similar to data collection, allowing real-time comparisons during data collection, reducing the amount of data stored from gigabyte-sized image files to kilobyte-sized text files. With a user-friendly interface, AXEAP includes data processing for non-resonant and resonant XES images from multiple edges and elements. AXEAP is written in MATLAB and can run on common operating systems, including Linux, Windows, and MacOS.

Argonne x射线发射分析包(AXEAP)已开发用于校准和处理由二维(2D)位置敏感探测器收集的x射线发射光谱(XES)数据。AXEAP旨在通过计算和无监督机器学习将2D x射线图像实时转换为x射线光谱。AXEAP能够以类似于数据收集的速度进行这种转换,允许在数据收集期间进行实时比较,减少从千兆字节大小的图像文件存储到千字节大小的文本文件的数据量。AXEAP具有用户友好的界面,包括对来自多个边缘和元素的非谐振和谐振x图像的数据处理。AXEAP是用MATLAB编写的,可以在常见的操作系统上运行,包括Linux、Windows和MacOS。
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引用次数: 2
3D deep convolutional neural network segmentation model for precipitate and porosity identification in synchrotron X-ray tomograms. 三维深度卷积神经网络分割模型在同步加速器x射线层析成像中的沉淀和孔隙度识别。
IF 2.5 3区 物理与天体物理 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2022-09-01 Epub Date: 2022-07-29 DOI: 10.1107/S1600577522006816
S Gaudez, M Ben Haj Slama, A Kaestner, M V Upadhyay

New developments at synchrotron beamlines and the ongoing upgrades of synchrotron facilities allow the possibility to study complex structures with a much better spatial and temporal resolution than ever before. However, the downside is that the data collected are also significantly larger (more than several terabytes) than ever before, and post-processing and analyzing these data is very challenging to perform manually. This issue can be solved by employing automated methods such as machine learning, which show significantly improved performance in data processing and image segmentation than manual methods. In this work, a 3D U-net deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) model with four layers and base-8 characteristic features has been developed to segment precipitates and porosities in synchrotron transmission X-ray micrograms. Transmission X-ray microscopy experiments were conducted on micropillars prepared from additively manufactured 316L steel to evaluate precipitate information. After training the 3D U-net DCNN model, it was used on unseen data and the prediction was compared with manual segmentation. A good agreement was found between both segmentations. An ablation study was performed and revealed that the proposed model showed better statistics than other models with lower numbers of layers and/or characteristic features. The proposed model is able to segment several hundreds of gigabytes of data in a few minutes and could be applied to other materials and tomography techniques. The code and the fitted weights are made available with this paper for any interested researcher to use for their needs (https://github.com/manasvupadhyay/erc-gamma-3D-DCNN).

同步加速器光束线的新发展和同步加速器设施的持续升级使得研究复杂结构具有比以往更好的空间和时间分辨率成为可能。然而,缺点是收集的数据也比以前大得多(超过几tb),并且手动执行这些数据的后处理和分析非常具有挑战性。这个问题可以通过采用机器学习等自动化方法来解决,机器学习在数据处理和图像分割方面的性能比人工方法有显著提高。在这项工作中,开发了一个具有四层和基数8特征的3D U-net深度卷积神经网络(DCNN)模型,以分割同步加速器透射x射线微米图中的沉淀和孔隙。采用透射x射线显微镜对增材制造的316L钢制备的微柱进行了实验,以评价沉淀信息。三维U-net DCNN模型训练完成后,应用于未见数据,并与人工分割进行预测对比。在这两个部分之间发现了很好的一致。消融研究表明,该模型比其他具有更少层数和/或特征的模型具有更好的统计性能。所提出的模型能够在几分钟内分割几百gb的数据,并且可以应用于其他材料和断层扫描技术。本文提供了代码和拟合的权重,任何感兴趣的研究人员都可以根据需要使用(https://github.com/manasvupadhyay/erc-gamma-3D-DCNN)。
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引用次数: 1
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Journal of Synchrotron Radiation
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