Pub Date : 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109516
Putu Teta Prihartini Aryanti , Febrianto Adi Nugroho , Chantaraporn Phalakornkule , Kiki Adi Kurnia , Khoiruddin Khoiruddin , I Gede Wenten
The discharge of dye-rich effluents from textile industries poses a major environmental challenge due to their persistence and toxicity. In this study, tight ultrafiltration (UF) membranes were developed by combining sulfonated polysulfone (SPSf) with polyethylene glycol (PEG400) and halloysite nanotubes (HNT) using an acetone/DMAc co-solvent system to enhance permeability, selectivity, and fouling resistance. Compared to the pristine PSF/PEG400 membrane, which exhibited a low pure water flux of 25–30 L·m−2·h−1, the optimized SPSf/PEG400/HNT membranes achieved pure water fluxes of up to 125 L·m−2·h−1, with Blue 2BLN and Naphthol AS removal efficiencies of 95% and 90%, respectively. Color and turbidity removals consistently exceeded 90–95%. Fouling analysis via Hermia's models indicated that severe sulfonation promoted irreversible blocking, whereas HNT incorporation shifted fouling toward reversible surface deposition, yielding flux recovery ratios (FRR) in the range of 65–70%. These findings demonstrate that moderate sulfonation combined with nanofiller reinforcement enables a favorable balance between permeability, selectivity, and fouling resistance, offering a sustainable route for textile wastewater treatment and water reuse applications.
{"title":"Enhanced dye separation in tight ultrafiltration membranes through synergistic effects of surface charge and halloysite nanotube incorporation","authors":"Putu Teta Prihartini Aryanti , Febrianto Adi Nugroho , Chantaraporn Phalakornkule , Kiki Adi Kurnia , Khoiruddin Khoiruddin , I Gede Wenten","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109516","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109516","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The discharge of dye-rich effluents from textile industries poses a major environmental challenge due to their persistence and toxicity. In this study, tight ultrafiltration (UF) membranes were developed by combining sulfonated polysulfone (SPSf) with polyethylene glycol (PEG400) and halloysite nanotubes (HNT) using an acetone/DMAc co-solvent system to enhance permeability, selectivity, and fouling resistance. Compared to the pristine PSF/PEG400 membrane, which exhibited a low pure water flux of 25–30 L·m<sup>−2</sup>·h<sup>−1</sup>, the optimized SPSf/PEG400/HNT membranes achieved pure water fluxes of up to 125 L·m<sup>−2</sup>·h<sup>−1</sup>, with Blue 2BLN and Naphthol AS removal efficiencies of 95% and 90%, respectively. Color and turbidity removals consistently exceeded 90–95%. Fouling analysis via Hermia's models indicated that severe sulfonation promoted irreversible blocking, whereas HNT incorporation shifted fouling toward reversible surface deposition, yielding flux recovery ratios (FRR) in the range of 65–70%. These findings demonstrate that moderate sulfonation combined with nanofiller reinforcement enables a favorable balance between permeability, selectivity, and fouling resistance, offering a sustainable route for textile wastewater treatment and water reuse applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"82 ","pages":"Article 109516"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, a two-stage process was used for the treatment of landfill leachate (LL). First, the photo-electrochemical (PE) method was used for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. Under optimum conditions (pH = 3, current density = 20 mA/cm2, and PMS = 21 mM), 63.9 % of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was removed. Electrochemical, photochemical, and Fe(II) activations of PMS contributed to the degradation of organic compounds. The LL treated by PE-PMS was introduced into a hybrid process based on ozone (O3) and percarbonate. MnO2@activated carbon (C) was synthesized and employed for O3 and percarbonate (PC) activation (PC/O3/MnO2@C). Under optimal conditions, 83.5 % of COD was removed from the LL. Overall COD, ammonia, and total organic carbon (TOC) removals for the two-stage process were 94.7, 97.3, and 89.2 %, respectively. The mechanism of ammonia removal was thoroughly evaluated. The results showed that sulfate radicals (), hydroxyl radicals (•OH), and direct ozonation are the main agents of ammonia degradation. Biodegradability was significantly increased from 0.29 to 0.62, and phytotoxicity results showed that the final effluent is non-toxic for three plant species. This work confirmed that the sequential treatment of the PE-PMS and PC/O3/MnO2@C system can be an effective strategy for the treatment of LL.
{"title":"Treatment of landfill leachate via two-stage advanced oxidation processes: Photo-electrochemical activation of peroxymonosulfate and percarbonate/ozone/MnO2@carbon","authors":"Rouzhan Feizi , Babak Kakavandi , Aydin Hassani , Farshid Ghanbari","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.109416","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.109416","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a two-stage process was used for the treatment of landfill leachate (LL). First, the photo-electrochemical (PE) method was used for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. Under optimum conditions (pH = 3, current density = 20 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>, and PMS = 21 mM), 63.9 % of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was removed. Electrochemical, photochemical, and Fe(II) activations of PMS contributed to the degradation of organic compounds. The LL treated by PE-PMS was introduced into a hybrid process based on ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) and percarbonate. MnO<sub>2</sub>@activated carbon (C) was synthesized and employed for O<sub>3</sub> and percarbonate (PC) activation (PC/O<sub>3</sub>/MnO<sub>2</sub>@C). Under optimal conditions, 83.5 % of COD was removed from the LL. Overall COD, ammonia, and total organic carbon (TOC) removals for the two-stage process were 94.7, 97.3, and 89.2 %, respectively. The mechanism of ammonia removal was thoroughly evaluated. The results showed that sulfate radicals (<span><math><msubsup><mi>SO</mi><mn>4</mn><mrow><mo>•</mo><mo>−</mo></mrow></msubsup></math></span>), hydroxyl radicals (<sup>•</sup>OH), and direct ozonation are the main agents of ammonia degradation. Biodegradability was significantly increased from 0.29 to 0.62, and phytotoxicity results showed that the final effluent is non-toxic for three plant species. This work confirmed that the sequential treatment of the PE-PMS and PC/O<sub>3</sub>/MnO<sub>2</sub>@C system can be an effective strategy for the treatment of LL.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"82 ","pages":"Article 109416"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109532
Cong Yin , Qi Zou , Yuntao Lei , Yuchen Zhang , Sufen Li , Fan Liu , Chenghuang Wang , Yonggang Huo , Xingfu Cai , Guoyuan Yuan
Developing new materials to efficiently recover specific target ions (e.g., cobalt ions) from wastewater without causing secondary pollution is a practical demand for achieving efficient resource utilization while preventing environmental pollution. In this work, we successfully constructed a novel molecular sieve-metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) nanofiber composite based on the dual-skeleton design concept combined with electrospinning technology, which achieves a breakthrough in cobalt recovery performance from wastewater with a theoretical maximum adsorption capacity for Co(II) of 144.30 mg/g, surpassing reported same-type adsorbents. Contact angle measurements provide direct evidence of the nanofiber material's outstanding hydrophilicity, as reflected by a contact angle of 22°. Meanwhile, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis reveals that the carboxyl and amino groups in the nanofiber composite act as strong binding sites for Co(II) capture, guaranteeing its high adsorption performance. Moreover, MS-MOF-NF exhibits highly selective adsorption of Co(II) over Li(I), with distribution coefficient (Kd) values of 7.2 L/g for Co(II) versus 0.3 L/g for Li(I), coupled with excellent recyclability maintaining high adsorption capacity after 5 cycles. Additionally, the adsorption behavior follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model, corresponding to a spontaneous and endothermic monolayer chemical adsorption process. This work not only provides a promising candidate material for the recovery of Co(II) from wastewater but also offers new insights into related wastewater treatment technologies.
{"title":"Electrospun novel molecular sieve-MOF composite nanofibers for unprecedented cobalt recovery from aqueous solutions","authors":"Cong Yin , Qi Zou , Yuntao Lei , Yuchen Zhang , Sufen Li , Fan Liu , Chenghuang Wang , Yonggang Huo , Xingfu Cai , Guoyuan Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109532","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing new materials to efficiently recover specific target ions (e.g., cobalt ions) from wastewater without causing secondary pollution is a practical demand for achieving efficient resource utilization while preventing environmental pollution. In this work, we successfully constructed a novel molecular sieve-metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) nanofiber composite based on the dual-skeleton design concept combined with electrospinning technology, which achieves a breakthrough in cobalt recovery performance from wastewater with a theoretical maximum adsorption capacity for Co(II) of 144.30 mg/g, surpassing reported same-type adsorbents. Contact angle measurements provide direct evidence of the nanofiber material's outstanding hydrophilicity, as reflected by a contact angle of 22°. Meanwhile, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis reveals that the carboxyl and amino groups in the nanofiber composite act as strong binding sites for Co(II) capture, guaranteeing its high adsorption performance. Moreover, MS-MOF-NF exhibits highly selective adsorption of Co(II) over Li(I), with distribution coefficient (K<sub>d</sub>) values of 7.2 L/g for Co(II) versus 0.3 L/g for Li(I), coupled with excellent recyclability maintaining high adsorption capacity after 5 cycles. Additionally, the adsorption behavior follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model, corresponding to a spontaneous and endothermic monolayer chemical adsorption process. This work not only provides a promising candidate material for the recovery of Co(II) from wastewater but also offers new insights into related wastewater treatment technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"82 ","pages":"Article 109532"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109536
Giang H. Le , Duong A. Thanh , Trang T.T. Pham , Quang Vinh Tran , Nhiem Ngoc Dao , Kien Trung Nguyen , Trang T.T. Quan
Azo dye pollution and the increasing prevalence of pathogenic bacteria pose serious challenges to public health and ecosystems. Therefore, the development of a multifunctional catalytic material system capable of both degrading persistent substrates and effectively eliminating bacteria is highly necessary. This study presents the rapid and highly efficient removal of the azo dye RR195 using a ternary Z-scheme heterojunction nanocomposite, Ag4V2O7/Ag3VO4/GO (AVGZ), synthesized via a microwave-assisted co-precipitation route. Structural and morphological analyses (XRD, TEM, EDS) confirmed the coexistence of Ag4V2O7 and Ag3VO4 phases on GO, while BET, PL, UV–Vis DRS, and photocurrent tests revealed enhanced charge separation and transfer. Photocatalytic performance was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM-BBD), yielding a statistically significant quadratic model (R2 = 0.933; Adj-R2 = 0.84), with catalyst dosage identified as the dominant factor (63.38%). Under optimal conditions (0.48 g/L catalyst, pH 5.52, RR195 concentration of 50 mg/L, 72 min), AVGZ achieved 97.5% decolorization, surpassing Ag3VO4/GO (94.8%), while maintaining a low operational cost of 12.40 USD for the removal of 1 kg of dye. The Z-scheme mechanism was validated as superior to type-II heterojunctions, where •O2− radicals cleave azo bonds, and •OH radicals together with h+ drive deep oxidation and complete mineralization. Additionally, AVGZ exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria and yeast, attributed to its Z-scheme configuration and GO support, which broaden visible light absorption, enhance electron transport, suppress recombination, and promote reactive oxygen species generation.
{"title":"Rapid and efficient removal of azo dye RR195 from textile wastewater using a Z-scheme silver vanadate/graphene oxide: Optimization, photocatalytic mechanism, and antibacterial activity","authors":"Giang H. Le , Duong A. Thanh , Trang T.T. Pham , Quang Vinh Tran , Nhiem Ngoc Dao , Kien Trung Nguyen , Trang T.T. Quan","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109536","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109536","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Azo dye pollution and the increasing prevalence of pathogenic bacteria pose serious challenges to public health and ecosystems. Therefore, the development of a multifunctional catalytic material system capable of both degrading persistent substrates and effectively eliminating bacteria is highly necessary. This study presents the rapid and highly efficient removal of the azo dye RR195 using a ternary <em>Z</em>-scheme heterojunction nanocomposite, Ag<sub>4</sub>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>/Ag<sub>3</sub>VO<sub>4</sub>/GO (AVGZ), synthesized via a microwave-assisted co-precipitation route. Structural and morphological analyses (XRD, TEM, EDS) confirmed the coexistence of Ag<sub>4</sub>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> and Ag<sub>3</sub>VO<sub>4</sub> phases on GO, while BET, PL, UV–Vis DRS, and photocurrent tests revealed enhanced charge separation and transfer. Photocatalytic performance was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM-BBD), yielding a statistically significant quadratic model (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.933; Adj-R<sup>2</sup> = 0.84), with catalyst dosage identified as the dominant factor (63.38%). Under optimal conditions (0.48 g/L catalyst, pH 5.52, RR195 concentration of 50 mg/L, 72 min), AVGZ achieved 97.5% decolorization, surpassing Ag<sub>3</sub>VO<sub>4</sub>/GO (94.8%), while maintaining a low operational cost of 12.40 USD for the removal of 1 kg of dye. The <em>Z</em>-scheme mechanism was validated as superior to type-II heterojunctions, where •O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> radicals cleave azo bonds, and •OH radicals together with h<sup>+</sup> drive deep oxidation and complete mineralization. Additionally, AVGZ exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria and yeast, attributed to its <em>Z</em>-scheme configuration and GO support, which broaden visible light absorption, enhance electron transport, suppress recombination, and promote reactive oxygen species generation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"82 ","pages":"Article 109536"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109503
Kaige Gao , Jun Li , Yang Jin , Jiang Pu , Yujing Ma , Tianliang Zhang , Houmin Luo
The magnetic nano‑carbon (MNC) prepared by one-step pyrolysis of ZIF-67 is modified by simulating the dopamine polymerization reaction, thereby constructing a porous network magnetic composite (MNC-PEI/TA3) with rich active groups for efficient removal of chromium (Cr(VI)) in wastewater. Concentrating on addressing the challenges of polymer leaching and low utilization of functional groups commonly encountered in surface modification. Tannic acid (TA) exhibits dual functionality in the composite system, which acts as a green crosslinker to immobilize amino-rich polyethylenimine(PEI) on MNC, and provides phenolic hydroxyl groups for Cr(VI) reduction. Integrated with the intrinsic adsorption capacity of the MNC substrate, this multi-layered architecture enables a synergistic adsorption mechanism. MNC-PEI/TA3 exhibits outstanding Cr(VI) adsorption capacity (791.48 mg·g-1 within 90 min) and excellent magnetic separability. The Cr(VI) adsorption process by MNC-PEI/TA3 mainly includes electrostatic adsorption and the redox reaction. Notably, the adsorbent demonstrates high selectivity for Cr(VI) in the presence of competing ions. Meanwhile, MNC-PEI/TA3 exhibits substantial adsorption capacity through 8 consecutive regeneration cycles. The removal mechanism transitions with cycling from adsorption-dominated to increasingly reduction-driven, demonstrating the composite's adaptive functionality. Hence, with high efficiency, facile recovery, and a green fabrication route, MNC-PEI/TA3 is expected to become a promising Cr (VI) adsorbent in heavy metal polluted water.
{"title":"Highly efficient chromium removal by magnetic nitrogen containing carbon-based composite featuring cross-linking networks","authors":"Kaige Gao , Jun Li , Yang Jin , Jiang Pu , Yujing Ma , Tianliang Zhang , Houmin Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The magnetic nano‑carbon (MNC) prepared by one-step pyrolysis of ZIF-67 is modified by simulating the dopamine polymerization reaction, thereby constructing a porous network magnetic composite (MNC-PEI/TA<sub>3</sub>) with rich active groups for efficient removal of chromium (Cr(VI)) in wastewater. Concentrating on addressing the challenges of polymer leaching and low utilization of functional groups commonly encountered in surface modification. Tannic acid (TA) exhibits dual functionality in the composite system, which acts as a green crosslinker to immobilize amino-rich polyethylenimine(PEI) on MNC, and provides phenolic hydroxyl groups for Cr(VI) reduction. Integrated with the intrinsic adsorption capacity of the MNC substrate, this multi-layered architecture enables a synergistic adsorption mechanism. MNC-PEI/TA<sub>3</sub> exhibits outstanding Cr(VI) adsorption capacity (791.48 mg·g-1 within 90 min) and excellent magnetic separability. The Cr(VI) adsorption process by MNC-PEI/TA<sub>3</sub> mainly includes electrostatic adsorption and the redox reaction. Notably, the adsorbent demonstrates high selectivity for Cr(VI) in the presence of competing ions. Meanwhile, MNC-PEI/TA<sub>3</sub> exhibits substantial adsorption capacity through 8 consecutive regeneration cycles. The removal mechanism transitions with cycling from adsorption-dominated to increasingly reduction-driven, demonstrating the composite's adaptive functionality. Hence, with high efficiency, facile recovery, and a green fabrication route, MNC-PEI/TA<sub>3</sub> is expected to become a promising Cr (VI) adsorbent in heavy metal polluted water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"82 ","pages":"Article 109503"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109548
Heng-Sheng Chen, Jui-Yen Lin
Recovery of lithium from dilute streams generated during lithium-ion battery recycling is essential for sustainable resource management. In this study, lithium phosphate (Li3PO4), a direct precursor of lithium iron phosphate, was recovered via fluidized-bed crystallization (FBC) at ambient temperature. Despite its low solubility, Li3PO4 precipitation is kinetically hindered by a homogeneous nucleation barrier, which can be bypassed by seeding. At a seed dosage of 5 g L−1, 80% of lithium was recovered within 30 min with an initial lithium level of 1 g L−1, compared with only 15% without seeds. The effects of initial lithium concentration, pH, seed dosage, and anions were systematically investigated. Kinetic analysis based on the surface reaction rate and degree of supersaturation revealed that Li3PO4 crystallization follows a two-dimensional (2D) nucleation mechanism, in which active sites form only under highly supersaturated conditions. Guided by these mechanistic insights, a single-pass fluidized-bed crystallizer (SP-FBC) was developed to sustain high supersaturation without dilution by reflux, achieving 70% lithium recovery from a 1.5 g L−1 solution with a 15 min hydraulic retention time. This performance demonstrates an energy-efficient alternative to conventional evaporative precipitation of Li2CO3 and thermally driven multi-pass FBC of Li3PO4 at 70 °C.
从锂离子电池回收过程中产生的稀液中回收锂对于可持续资源管理至关重要。本研究采用常温流化床结晶（FBC）回收磷酸铁锂的直接前驱体磷酸锂（Li3PO4）。尽管Li3PO4的溶解度很低，但它的析出受到均匀成核屏障的动力学阻碍，这可以通过播种来绕过。在初始锂浓度为1 g L−1的情况下，当种子剂量为5 g L−1时，80%的锂在30分钟内被回收，而没有种子的情况下只有15%的锂被回收。系统地考察了锂离子初始浓度、pH、种子用量和阴离子的影响。基于表面反应速率和过饱和度的动力学分析表明，Li3PO4的结晶遵循二维成核机制，只有在高度过饱和的条件下才会形成活性位点。在这些机理的指导下，开发了一种单通道流化床结晶器（SP-FBC），以维持高过饱和而不通过回流稀释，从1.5 g L−1溶液中获得70%的锂回收率，水力保留时间为15分钟。这种性能证明了传统的Li2CO3蒸发沉淀和Li3PO4热驱动多道FBC在70°C下的节能替代方案。
{"title":"Fluidized-bed crystallization of Li3PO4 from dilute lithium solutions at ambient temperature: Mechanistic insights and process implications","authors":"Heng-Sheng Chen, Jui-Yen Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109548","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recovery of lithium from dilute streams generated during lithium-ion battery recycling is essential for sustainable resource management. In this study, lithium phosphate (Li<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>), a direct precursor of lithium iron phosphate, was recovered <em>via</em> fluidized-bed crystallization (FBC) at ambient temperature. Despite its low solubility, Li<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> precipitation is kinetically hindered by a homogeneous nucleation barrier, which can be bypassed by seeding. At a seed dosage of 5 g L<sup>−1</sup>, 80% of lithium was recovered within 30 min with an initial lithium level of 1 g L<sup>−1</sup>, compared with only 15% without seeds. The effects of initial lithium concentration, pH, seed dosage, and anions were systematically investigated. Kinetic analysis based on the surface reaction rate and degree of supersaturation revealed that Li<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> crystallization follows a two-dimensional (2D) nucleation mechanism, in which active sites form only under highly supersaturated conditions. Guided by these mechanistic insights, a single-pass fluidized-bed crystallizer (SP-FBC) was developed to sustain high supersaturation without dilution by reflux, achieving 70% lithium recovery from a 1.5 g L<sup>−1</sup> solution with a 15 min hydraulic retention time. This performance demonstrates an energy-efficient alternative to conventional evaporative precipitation of Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> and thermally driven multi-pass FBC of Li<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> at 70 °C.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"82 ","pages":"Article 109548"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109492
Ying Liu , Yixin Liu , Zhimeng Li , Fei Yang , Huizhong Wang , Shichao Gong , Wenshan Guo , Xinbo Zhang
Bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) is emerging as a promising strategy for saline wastewater remediation, offering significant environmental and economic benefits. However, its widespread application is hindered by high energy consumption, particularly in slightly scaled-up BMED setups. This study aims to minimize the energy consumption of the BMED process by optimizing key operational and structural parameters, including applied voltage, initial feed concentration, spacer configuration, and membrane type. The results indicate that the optimized BMED system operates stably for 480 min with an energy consumption of 4.22 kWh/kg NaOH produced, representing a 24% reduction compared to the non-optimized system. The improved spacer design, featuring a 50% wider water distribution trough, enhances ion migration and reduces fluid dynamic energy loss. Meanwhile, the acid-blocking AEM exhibits 14.6% lower electrical resistance and mitigates the decline in current efficiency caused by proton leakage. This study offers valuable guidance for optimizing BMED systems, demonstrating the feasibility of low-energy consumption BMED for practical saline wastewater treatment.
{"title":"Energy consumption optimization of bipolar membrane electrodialysis system for saline wastewater treatment","authors":"Ying Liu , Yixin Liu , Zhimeng Li , Fei Yang , Huizhong Wang , Shichao Gong , Wenshan Guo , Xinbo Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109492","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109492","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) is emerging as a promising strategy for saline wastewater remediation, offering significant environmental and economic benefits. However, its widespread application is hindered by high energy consumption, particularly in slightly scaled-up BMED setups. This study aims to minimize the energy consumption of the BMED process by optimizing key operational and structural parameters, including applied voltage, initial feed concentration, spacer configuration, and membrane type. The results indicate that the optimized BMED system operates stably for 480 min with an energy consumption of 4.22 kWh/kg NaOH produced, representing a 24% reduction compared to the non-optimized system. The improved spacer design, featuring a 50% wider water distribution trough, enhances ion migration and reduces fluid dynamic energy loss. Meanwhile, the acid-blocking AEM exhibits 14.6% lower electrical resistance and mitigates the decline in current efficiency caused by proton leakage. This study offers valuable guidance for optimizing BMED systems, demonstrating the feasibility of low-energy consumption BMED for practical saline wastewater treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"82 ","pages":"Article 109492"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nitrogenous contaminants and insufficient dissolved oxygen (DO) remain critical challenges in recirculating aquaculture systems, necessitating integrated and energy-efficient water treatment strategies. The objective of this research was to develop and evaluate a hybrid photoelectrocatalysis-nanobubble (PEC-NB) system capable of simultaneously removing organic and nitrogenous pollutants while maintaining oxygen enrichment. Methods/analysis involved systematic investigation of process sequence (PEC versus NB order), applied bias potential (1.50–2.25 V), flow rate (1.5–2.0 L/min), and salinity (0.1–3.0% NaCl) to simulate freshwater, brackish water, and seawater conditions. Key findings show that a PEC-first configuration operated at 2.0 V and 2.0 L/min achieved complete removal of organic matter, ammonia, and nitrite within 30–60 min, increased DO from 3.03 to 6.16 mg/L and maintained elevated oxygen levels for nearly 4 h due to stable ~157 nm nanobubbles. Photoelectrochemically generated active chlorine acted as an effective co-oxidant, enabling nitrogen removal without intermediate nitrite or nitrate accumulation. The novelty of this work lies in the fully integrated PEC-NB platform that couples optimised photoelectrocatalytic oxidation with nanobubble-assisted oxygen retention, providing simultaneous nitrogen removal and sustained DO enrichment across varying salinities. This approach offers a scalable and environmentally sustainable improvement over conventional aquaculture water-treatment technologies.
{"title":"Integrated photoelectrocatalysis and nanobubbles system for simultaneous nitrogenous removal and oxygenation in aquaculture wastewater management","authors":"Watcharapong Nareejun , Nuanlaor Yamao , Fatma Yalcinkaya , Sorapong Pavasupree , Chatchai Ponchio","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nitrogenous contaminants and insufficient dissolved oxygen (DO) remain critical challenges in recirculating aquaculture systems, necessitating integrated and energy-efficient water treatment strategies. The objective of this research was to develop and evaluate a hybrid photoelectrocatalysis-nanobubble (PEC-NB) system capable of simultaneously removing organic and nitrogenous pollutants while maintaining oxygen enrichment. Methods/analysis involved systematic investigation of process sequence (PEC versus NB order), applied bias potential (1.50–2.25 V), flow rate (1.5–2.0 L/min), and salinity (0.1–3.0% NaCl) to simulate freshwater, brackish water, and seawater conditions. Key findings show that a PEC-first configuration operated at 2.0 V and 2.0 L/min achieved complete removal of organic matter, ammonia, and nitrite within 30–60 min, increased DO from 3.03 to 6.16 mg/L and maintained elevated oxygen levels for nearly 4 h due to stable ~157 nm nanobubbles. Photoelectrochemically generated active chlorine acted as an effective co-oxidant, enabling nitrogen removal without intermediate nitrite or nitrate accumulation. The novelty of this work lies in the fully integrated PEC-NB platform that couples optimised photoelectrocatalytic oxidation with nanobubble-assisted oxygen retention, providing simultaneous nitrogen removal and sustained DO enrichment across varying salinities. This approach offers a scalable and environmentally sustainable improvement over conventional aquaculture water-treatment technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"82 ","pages":"Article 109461"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-19DOI: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109539
Bernard Lassimo Diawara , Huiping Li , Jia Liu , Shuai Yang , Xiantao Feng , Weihai Pang , Yulin Tang
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) require precise real-time technologies to maintain effluent quality while optimizing the chemical consumption under fluctuating influent conditions. This study proposes a Bayesian optimized ensemble machine learning (BO-EML) framework to predict various contaminants, optimize chemical dosages, and analyze economic costs of chemical dosing. The model employs three ensembles and three baseline models within a structured nested cross-validation (NCV) framework to optimize hyperparameters through Bayesian prediction of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP). A full-scale WWTP was examined as a case study, resulting in test R2 values of COD (XGBoost R2 = 0.899), BOD (Gradient Boosting R2 = 0.975), TN (XGBoost R2 = 0.837), and TP (Gradient Boosting R2 = 0.737), significantly surpassing the performance of linear and single-tree baseline models, respectively. The SHAP findings indicated that influent indicators and chemicals displayed variable directional effects based on the dosage and connection to additional process parameters. Economic optimization showed a 32.1% cost reduction while maintaining the removal efficiency and regulatory compliance in chemical dosing. Thus, this framework shows the potential for integrating data-driven prediction, interpretation, and cost-efficient optimization, which can serve for stable WWTP operations.
{"title":"Data-driven prediction and chemical optimization of wastewater treatment: A case study using bayesian optimization and SHAP interpretability","authors":"Bernard Lassimo Diawara , Huiping Li , Jia Liu , Shuai Yang , Xiantao Feng , Weihai Pang , Yulin Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109539","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109539","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) require precise real-time technologies to maintain effluent quality while optimizing the chemical consumption under fluctuating influent conditions. This study proposes a Bayesian optimized ensemble machine learning (BO-EML) framework to predict various contaminants, optimize chemical dosages, and analyze economic costs of chemical dosing. The model employs three ensembles and three baseline models within a structured nested cross-validation (NCV) framework to optimize hyperparameters through Bayesian prediction of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP). A full-scale WWTP was examined as a case study, resulting in test R<sup>2</sup> values of COD (XGBoost R<sup>2</sup> = 0.899), BOD (Gradient Boosting R<sup>2</sup> = 0.975), TN (XGBoost R<sup>2</sup> = 0.837), and TP (Gradient Boosting R<sup>2</sup> = 0.737), significantly surpassing the performance of linear and single-tree baseline models, respectively. The SHAP findings indicated that influent indicators and chemicals displayed variable directional effects based on the dosage and connection to additional process parameters. Economic optimization showed a 32.1% cost reduction while maintaining the removal efficiency and regulatory compliance in chemical dosing. Thus, this framework shows the potential for integrating data-driven prediction, interpretation, and cost-efficient optimization, which can serve for stable WWTP operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"82 ","pages":"Article 109539"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-19DOI: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109537
Yuqi Gong , Xiaocheng Guo , Pingping Huang , Yangzhao Guo , Yikun Jiang , Fengzhi Jiang , Zhigang Ma , Siping Ji
To address the challenges of low acidification efficiency and difficult resource recovery in the anaerobic digestion (AD) of high-strength dairy wastewater (DW), this study developed a spatial regulation strategy using zero-valent iron (ZVI). Addition of ZVI to the fourth compartment of Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR)-Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor system optimized the functional compartmentalization, thereby promoting acidogenic activity and stablizing nitrogen metabolism. This approach achieved a high chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of 97.13%. Notably, it enhanced acetic acid synthesis in the ABR stage by 186.95% (to 60.03 mg/L), while reducing its concentration in the UASB effluent to 1.51 mg/L. Physicochemical characterization confirmed the in-situ formation of FeS minerals from ZVI corrosion, which facilitating a “mineral-biological” dual-pathway for electron transfer. Statistical correlation analysis identified ZVI as the primary driver, showing positive correlations with acetic acid (r = 0.58, p < 0.01) and Fe2+ (r = 0.64, p < 0.01). Simultaneously, the system efficiently converted organic nitrogen to ammonium (NH₄+), enabling the consistent recovery of effluent NH₄+ at 80.15 mg/L without inhibiting methanogenesis. Mechanistic investigations revealed that this strategy reduced sludge hydrophobicity via FeS-mediated charge neutralization, enriched functional microbes such as Chloroflexi (33.70%) and Methanothrix (80.43%). This microbial shift was supported by a concurrent increase in the predicted abundance of genes involved in acetic acid synthesis (K01905) and [Fe-S] cluster-containing methanogenic enzymes (K00526). This study provides a novel approach for the spatially optimized enhancement of anaerobic systems, improving the generation of energy precursors and facilitating resource recovery.
针对高强度乳制品废水（DW）厌氧消化（AD）中酸化效率低和资源回收困难的挑战，本研究开发了零价铁（ZVI）的空间调节策略。在厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)-上流式厌氧污泥毯（UASB）反应器系统的第4隔间中添加ZVI，优化了功能分区，从而促进了产酸活性，稳定了氮代谢。该方法的化学需氧量（COD）去除率高达97.13%。值得注意的是，它使ABR阶段的乙酸合成提高了186.95%（达到60.03 mg/L），同时将UASB出水中的乙酸浓度降低到1.51 mg/L。物理化学表征证实了ZVI腐蚀中原位形成的FeS矿物，这促进了电子转移的“矿物-生物”双途径。统计相关分析表明ZVI是主要驱动因素，与乙酸（r = 0.58, p < 0.01）和Fe2+ (r = 0.64, p < 0.01)呈正相关。同时，该系统有效地将有机氮转化为铵（NH₄+），在不抑制甲烷生成的情况下，以80.15 mg/L的浓度连续回收出水NH₄+。机理研究表明，该策略通过fes介导的电荷中和降低了污泥的疏水性，丰富了氯氟菌（33.70%）和甲烷菌（80.43%）等功能微生物。与醋酸合成（K01905）和含[Fe-S]簇的产甲烷酶（K00526）相关的基因丰度同时增加，也支持了这种微生物转变。该研究为厌氧系统的空间优化增强，提高能量前体的产生和促进资源回收提供了一种新的方法。
{"title":"A spatial ZVI strategy boosts digestion performance and ammonium recovery through in-situ conductive mineral formation","authors":"Yuqi Gong , Xiaocheng Guo , Pingping Huang , Yangzhao Guo , Yikun Jiang , Fengzhi Jiang , Zhigang Ma , Siping Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109537","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109537","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the challenges of low acidification efficiency and difficult resource recovery in the anaerobic digestion (AD) of high-strength dairy wastewater (DW), this study developed a spatial regulation strategy using zero-valent iron (ZVI). Addition of ZVI to the fourth compartment of Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR)-Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor system optimized the functional compartmentalization, thereby promoting acidogenic activity and stablizing nitrogen metabolism. This approach achieved a high chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of 97.13%. Notably, it enhanced acetic acid synthesis in the ABR stage by 186.95% (to 60.03 mg/L), while reducing its concentration in the UASB effluent to 1.51 mg/L. Physicochemical characterization confirmed the in-situ formation of FeS minerals from ZVI corrosion, which facilitating a “mineral-biological” dual-pathway for electron transfer. Statistical correlation analysis identified ZVI as the primary driver, showing positive correlations with acetic acid (<em>r</em> = 0.58, <em>p</em> < 0.01) and Fe<sup>2+</sup> (<em>r</em> = 0.64, p < 0.01). Simultaneously, the system efficiently converted organic nitrogen to ammonium (NH₄<sup>+</sup>), enabling the consistent recovery of effluent NH₄<sup>+</sup> at 80.15 mg/L without inhibiting methanogenesis. Mechanistic investigations revealed that this strategy reduced sludge hydrophobicity via FeS-mediated charge neutralization, enriched functional microbes such as Chloroflexi (33.70%) and Methanothrix (80.43%). This microbial shift was supported by a concurrent increase in the predicted abundance of genes involved in acetic acid synthesis (K01905) and [Fe-S] cluster-containing methanogenic enzymes (K00526). This study provides a novel approach for the spatially optimized enhancement of anaerobic systems, improving the generation of energy precursors and facilitating resource recovery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"82 ","pages":"Article 109537"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号