Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition alters forest functioning and their capacity to sequester carbon (C), yet its contribution to the forest C sink depends on N retention and allocation between plant biomass and soil pools. Despite high N deposition across China, the magnitude and drivers of N retention and contribution to forest C sequestration remain unclear due to a lack of systematic regional synthesis. Here, we synthesized data from decades of 15N tracer experiments spanning boreal to tropical regions of China to quantify the retention of deposited N, distribution among plant and soil pools, and contribution to forest C sequestration. On average, Chinese forests retained ~65% of the deposited N, with about two-thirds stored in the soil. Total retention and partitioning of N varied with climate, successional stage, and N forms. Soil organic layer retention declined, while mineral soil retention increased along a north-south gradient in mean annual temperature. Chronically N-saturated and disturbed forests exhibited low plant retention, whereas other forests showed substantial uptake across climate zones. Total ecosystem retention efficiency generally declined from boreal to tropical forests. Across successional stages, retention did not differ significantly; however, primary forests retained more deposited N in mineral soils, whereas plantations favored retention in the organic layer. Stoichiometric scaling indicates that CN response (kg C sequestered per kg deposited N) varies among forest types, ranging from ~7 to 40 kg C kg-1 N, with boreal forests and plantations exhibiting the strongest C response due to greater N limitation. This suggests that over the past decade, N deposition enhanced C sequestration by approximately 0.11 Pg C year-1, accounting for 20%-30% of China's forest C sink. Overall, these findings advance understanding of the drivers of deposited N retention and its contribution to C sequestration, with implications for predicting forest N and C dynamics under global change.
人为氮沉降改变了森林功能及其固碳能力，但其对森林碳汇的贡献取决于植物生物量和土壤库之间的氮保留和分配。尽管中国各地存在高氮沉降，但由于缺乏系统的区域综合，氮保留的大小和驱动因素以及对森林碳封存的贡献尚不清楚。在这里，我们综合了中国北方到热带地区几十年的15N示踪试验数据，量化了沉积N的保留、植物和土壤库的分布以及对森林碳封存的贡献。中国森林平均保留了沉降氮的65%，其中约三分之二储存在土壤中。氮素的总保留和分配随气候、演替阶段和氮素形态的变化而变化。土壤有机质保持率呈下降趋势，矿质土保持率呈南北梯度上升趋势。长期氮饱和和受干扰的森林表现出较低的植物保留率，而其他森林则表现出跨气候带的大量吸收。从北方森林到热带森林，总生态系统保持效率普遍下降。在不同的连续阶段，保留率没有显著差异；然而，原生林在矿质土壤中保留了更多的沉积氮，而人工林则倾向于在有机层中保留。化学计量尺度表明，不同森林类型的碳-氮响应（每千克沉积氮吸收的碳kg）在~7 ~ 40 kg C - kg-1 N之间，北方针叶林和人工林由于对氮的限制更大，对碳的响应最强。这表明，在过去十年中，N沉降使碳固存每年增加约0.11 Pg C，占中国森林碳汇的20%-30%。总的来说，这些发现促进了对沉积N保留的驱动因素及其对碳封存的贡献的理解，对预测全球变化下森林N和C的动态具有重要意义。
{"title":"Drivers of Deposited Nitrogen Retention and Its Contribution to Carbon Sequestration in Chinese Forests.","authors":"Geshere Abdisa Gurmesa,Ang Wang,Shanlong Li,Feifei Zhu,Kai Huang,Yihang Duan,Qinggong Mao,Quan Zhi,Ronghua Kang,Per Gundersen,Weixing Zhu,Yunting Fang","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70724","url":null,"abstract":"Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition alters forest functioning and their capacity to sequester carbon (C), yet its contribution to the forest C sink depends on N retention and allocation between plant biomass and soil pools. Despite high N deposition across China, the magnitude and drivers of N retention and contribution to forest C sequestration remain unclear due to a lack of systematic regional synthesis. Here, we synthesized data from decades of 15N tracer experiments spanning boreal to tropical regions of China to quantify the retention of deposited N, distribution among plant and soil pools, and contribution to forest C sequestration. On average, Chinese forests retained ~65% of the deposited N, with about two-thirds stored in the soil. Total retention and partitioning of N varied with climate, successional stage, and N forms. Soil organic layer retention declined, while mineral soil retention increased along a north-south gradient in mean annual temperature. Chronically N-saturated and disturbed forests exhibited low plant retention, whereas other forests showed substantial uptake across climate zones. Total ecosystem retention efficiency generally declined from boreal to tropical forests. Across successional stages, retention did not differ significantly; however, primary forests retained more deposited N in mineral soils, whereas plantations favored retention in the organic layer. Stoichiometric scaling indicates that CN response (kg C sequestered per kg deposited N) varies among forest types, ranging from ~7 to 40 kg C kg-1 N, with boreal forests and plantations exhibiting the strongest C response due to greater N limitation. This suggests that over the past decade, N deposition enhanced C sequestration by approximately 0.11 Pg C year-1, accounting for 20%-30% of China's forest C sink. Overall, these findings advance understanding of the drivers of deposited N retention and its contribution to C sequestration, with implications for predicting forest N and C dynamics under global change.","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"117 1","pages":"e70724"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146088959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thomas Sibret, Félicien Meunier, Kristine Y Crous, Sarah Lamotte, Marc Peaucelle, Louise Terryn, Pieter De Frenne, Ivan Janssens, Bernard Bonyoma, Hans Verbeeck, Marijn Bauters, Pascal Boeckx
Tropical forests contribute disproportionately to global carbon cycling, yet their resilience under climate warming remains uncertain, partly due to limited understanding of leaf-level temperature responses of photosynthesis. In particular, the role of fine-scale canopy microclimate in shaping photosynthetic temperature responses in tropical trees has been overlooked. We quantified vertical microclimate variation and measured leaf-level photosynthetic temperature responses in 13 coexisting evergreen tree species spanning the full canopy profile in a lowland Congo Basin forest. Leaf gas exchange measurements were integrated with structural leaf traits and high-resolution microclimate profiles to assess how temperature conditions and ecological strategies shape photosynthetic responses. Photosynthetic traits, including the light-saturated photosynthetic rate at the temperature optimum and stomatal conductance at the temperature optimum, increased with canopy height, with pioneer species showing steeper increases than non-pioneers. The temperature optimum of photosynthesis (Topt) was positively related to both mean and maximum leaf temperature (Tleaf), driven mainly by interspecific differences rather than intraspecific plasticity. This suggests that Topt reflects species-level adaptation to the temperature conditions of their canopy niche rather than leaf-level adjustment to local microclimate. Stomatal conductance influenced Tleaf via transpiration and thereby contributed to shaping Topt. Leaves experiencing larger temperature fluctuations showed reduced sensitivity, reflected in a broader photosynthetic temperature-response width (Ω). Ω was also positively associated with structural traits such as leaf mass per area and leaf dry matter content, both within and among species, indicating that greater structural investment helps sustain higher photosynthetic rates across wider temperature ranges and enhances tolerance to temperature variability. By linking canopy microclimate, physiological traits, and structural characteristics, our findings demonstrate how vertical microclimatic gradients and functional diversity jointly determine photosynthetic temperature responses in tropical forest trees. Incorporating leaf-level temperature regimes, stomatal regulation, and trait variation into vegetation models could improve predictions of tropical forest carbon dynamics under climate change.
{"title":"Canopy Microclimate and Leaf Traits Shape Interspecies Variation in Photosynthetic Temperature Responses of Evergreen Tropical Trees in the Congo Basin.","authors":"Thomas Sibret, Félicien Meunier, Kristine Y Crous, Sarah Lamotte, Marc Peaucelle, Louise Terryn, Pieter De Frenne, Ivan Janssens, Bernard Bonyoma, Hans Verbeeck, Marijn Bauters, Pascal Boeckx","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70733","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tropical forests contribute disproportionately to global carbon cycling, yet their resilience under climate warming remains uncertain, partly due to limited understanding of leaf-level temperature responses of photosynthesis. In particular, the role of fine-scale canopy microclimate in shaping photosynthetic temperature responses in tropical trees has been overlooked. We quantified vertical microclimate variation and measured leaf-level photosynthetic temperature responses in 13 coexisting evergreen tree species spanning the full canopy profile in a lowland Congo Basin forest. Leaf gas exchange measurements were integrated with structural leaf traits and high-resolution microclimate profiles to assess how temperature conditions and ecological strategies shape photosynthetic responses. Photosynthetic traits, including the light-saturated photosynthetic rate at the temperature optimum and stomatal conductance at the temperature optimum, increased with canopy height, with pioneer species showing steeper increases than non-pioneers. The temperature optimum of photosynthesis (T<sub>opt</sub>) was positively related to both mean and maximum leaf temperature (T<sub>leaf</sub>), driven mainly by interspecific differences rather than intraspecific plasticity. This suggests that T<sub>opt</sub> reflects species-level adaptation to the temperature conditions of their canopy niche rather than leaf-level adjustment to local microclimate. Stomatal conductance influenced T<sub>leaf</sub> via transpiration and thereby contributed to shaping T<sub>opt</sub>. Leaves experiencing larger temperature fluctuations showed reduced sensitivity, reflected in a broader photosynthetic temperature-response width (Ω). Ω was also positively associated with structural traits such as leaf mass per area and leaf dry matter content, both within and among species, indicating that greater structural investment helps sustain higher photosynthetic rates across wider temperature ranges and enhances tolerance to temperature variability. By linking canopy microclimate, physiological traits, and structural characteristics, our findings demonstrate how vertical microclimatic gradients and functional diversity jointly determine photosynthetic temperature responses in tropical forest trees. Incorporating leaf-level temperature regimes, stomatal regulation, and trait variation into vegetation models could improve predictions of tropical forest carbon dynamics under climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"32 2","pages":"e70733"},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146130511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elizabeth M Telford, R Toby Pennington, Jens J Ringelberg, Nicola Stevens, Caroline E R Lehmann
Woody encroachment threatens African savanna and grassland biodiversity and ecosystem function. Prior studies have focused on the drivers and rates, yet encroacher ecology remains underexplored. We synthesized data across six dominant woody savanna genera (Combretum, Dichrostachys, Prosopis, Senegalia, Terminalia and Vachellia) to test whether encroachers represent a non-random subset of species with life history strategies and functional traits that facilitate establishment and dominance in changing ecosystems. Species were classified as encroachers based on documented ecosystem impacts and compared to non-encroachers across climatic niches, geographic range size and traits linked to survival in disturbance-prone ecosystems, including maximum height, plant habit, spinescence and capacity for nitrogen fixation. We identified 63 encroacher species, which occupied broader temperature (11°C-29°C vs. 17°C-27°C) and precipitation (50-2100 mm vs. 444-2300 mm) niches and larger geographic ranges (600,000 km2 vs. 100,000 km2) than non-encroachers. Encroachers were generally taller and exhibited plasticity in habit at individual and community scales. Our results suggest that encroachment is driven by ecologically versatile woody species with wide environmental tolerances, large ranges and high phenotypic plasticity. These advantageous attributes may enhance responsiveness to global change factors characteristic of African savannas and grasslands, including altered fire and herbivory regimes, along with rising atmospheric CO2. Understanding the ecology of the species driving encroachment could improve early monitoring and management.
{"title":"The Ecology of Encroachment: Identifying the Species and Plant Ecological Strategies Driving African Savanna Vegetation Change.","authors":"Elizabeth M Telford, R Toby Pennington, Jens J Ringelberg, Nicola Stevens, Caroline E R Lehmann","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70707","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Woody encroachment threatens African savanna and grassland biodiversity and ecosystem function. Prior studies have focused on the drivers and rates, yet encroacher ecology remains underexplored. We synthesized data across six dominant woody savanna genera (Combretum, Dichrostachys, Prosopis, Senegalia, Terminalia and Vachellia) to test whether encroachers represent a non-random subset of species with life history strategies and functional traits that facilitate establishment and dominance in changing ecosystems. Species were classified as encroachers based on documented ecosystem impacts and compared to non-encroachers across climatic niches, geographic range size and traits linked to survival in disturbance-prone ecosystems, including maximum height, plant habit, spinescence and capacity for nitrogen fixation. We identified 63 encroacher species, which occupied broader temperature (11°C-29°C vs. 17°C-27°C) and precipitation (50-2100 mm vs. 444-2300 mm) niches and larger geographic ranges (600,000 km<sup>2</sup> vs. 100,000 km<sup>2</sup>) than non-encroachers. Encroachers were generally taller and exhibited plasticity in habit at individual and community scales. Our results suggest that encroachment is driven by ecologically versatile woody species with wide environmental tolerances, large ranges and high phenotypic plasticity. These advantageous attributes may enhance responsiveness to global change factors characteristic of African savannas and grasslands, including altered fire and herbivory regimes, along with rising atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>. Understanding the ecology of the species driving encroachment could improve early monitoring and management.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"32 2","pages":"e70707"},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146130521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yue Wang, Yuhao Zhao, Morgan W. Tingley, Xingfeng Si
<p>Ecologists have recognized the “problem” of imperfect detection for decades, a pervasive phenomenon in which species frequently go undetected during field surveys, yet predominantly treated it as statistical noise or analytical bias to be corrected. Many methods have been developed to estimate detection probabilities, refine statistical frameworks, and compare modeling approaches (MacKenzie et al. <span>2017</span>). This method-centric perspective is valuable for enriching analytical frameworks, but it overlooks a more fundamental understanding: imperfect detection is not merely a statistical problem but an intrinsic phenomenon that shapes our interpretation of ecological patterns and processes. When ignored, it can distort species-environment relationships, misrepresent community dynamics, or lead to biased inferences about biodiversity change, particularly in ecosystems with numerous rare species or in those responding rapidly to global change. While much previous work has addressed <i>how</i> to correct for detection bias, less attention has been paid to <i>why</i> imperfect detection matters ecologically and <i>how</i> it can affect our conclusions. This conceptual gap has treated imperfect detection as a marginal technical problem, rather than recognizing it as a fundamental component of reliable ecological inference.</p><p>In this context, the study by Miller-ter Kuile et al. (<span>2025</span>) provides a critical advance. It shifts the perspective, framing imperfect detection not merely as a statistical problem to be corrected, but as an ecological variable that can directly alter the observed relationships between biodiversity and global change drivers. Using multi-species occupancy and abundance models to correct detection error for multiple taxa, they examined how ignoring imperfect detection changes the estimates of taxonomic and functional alpha and beta diversity and alters inferred responses to temperature and precipitation. These results demonstrate that ignoring imperfect detection can bias the inferred direction, magnitude, and timescale of the effects of global change drivers on biodiversity. This represents a conceptual shift from purely methodological correction toward a deeper ecological understanding of systems.</p><p>A main strength of the study is its strong empirical generality. By integrating data across multiple taxonomic groups (birds, grasshoppers, and even plants), data structures (occurrence and abundance), and biodiversity dimensions (taxonomic and functional alpha and beta diversity), Miller-ter Kuile et al. (<span>2025</span>) demonstrate that the ecological consequences of imperfect detection are consistent and pervasive. For example, accounting for imperfect detection in bird communities increased estimates of functional alpha diversity and revealed short-term precipitation effects and stronger seasonal temperature influences—patterns that were masked otherwise. In temporal monitoring of plant communities,
几十年来，生态学家已经认识到不完善检测的“问题”，这是一个普遍现象，在实地调查中，物种经常未被发现，但主要是将其视为需要纠正的统计噪声或分析偏差。已经开发了许多方法来估计检测概率、改进统计框架和比较建模方法（MacKenzie et al. 2017）。这种以方法为中心的观点对于丰富分析框架是有价值的，但它忽略了一个更基本的理解：不完美的检测不仅仅是一个统计问题，而且是一种内在现象，它塑造了我们对生态模式和过程的解释。如果被忽视，它可能扭曲物种与环境的关系，歪曲群落动态，或导致对生物多样性变化的偏见推断，特别是在拥有众多稀有物种的生态系统或对全球变化反应迅速的生态系统中。虽然以前的很多工作都解决了如何纠正检测偏差，但很少有人关注为什么不完美的检测在生态上很重要，以及它如何影响我们的结论。这种概念上的差距将不完美检测视为一个边缘技术问题，而不是将其视为可靠生态推断的基本组成部分。在此背景下，Miller-ter Kuile等人（2025）的研究提供了一个关键的进步。它改变了视角，将不完善的检测不仅作为一个需要纠正的统计问题，而且作为一个生态变量，可以直接改变观察到的生物多样性与全球变化驱动因素之间的关系。他们利用多物种占用和丰度模型来修正多分类群的检测误差，研究了忽略不完善的检测如何改变分类和功能α和β多样性的估计，以及改变对温度和降水的推断响应。这些结果表明，忽略不完善的检测会使推断出的全球变化驱动因素对生物多样性影响的方向、幅度和时间尺度产生偏差。这代表了一种概念上的转变，从纯粹的方法修正到对系统的更深层次的生态理解。这项研究的一个主要优点是它具有很强的经验普遍性。Miller-ter Kuile等人（2025）通过整合多个分类类群（鸟类、蚱蜢甚至植物）、数据结构（发生率和丰度）和生物多样性维度（分类和功能α和β多样性）的数据，证明了不完善检测的生态后果是一致的和普遍的。例如，考虑到鸟类群落中不完善的探测，增加了对功能性α多样性的估计，并揭示了短期降水效应和更强的季节性温度影响——这些模式被掩盖了。在植物群落的时间监测中，考虑物种可探测性揭示了更大的物种损失，并确定降水和蒸汽压赤字是关键驱动因素，具有强烈的季节信号和多季节“记忆”效应，这些效应以前未被发现。相反，考虑到蚱蜢群落的检测误差，减少了基于丰度的群落变化的估计，从而削弱了气候驱动因素和气候塑造群落动态的季节性途径的明显影响。综上所述，这些发现传达了一个明确的信息：不完善的检测问题可以从根本上改变对生物多样性如何响应全球变化驱动因素的生态学解释。Miller-ter Kuile等人（2025）的这项工作进一步强调了稀有物种在揭示气候变化下不完善检测的生态后果方面的重要性。稀有物种往往功能独特，对全球变化高度敏感，也是最常未被发现的物种。重要的是，即使在长期的、多季节的数据集中，不完美的探测仍然存在，并且可以显著地改变推断的气候响应。Miller-ter Kuile等人（2025）通过明确考虑鸟类、植物和昆虫中稀有物种的检测误差，证明忽略不完善的检测不仅会低估甚至有时会逆转温度和降水对群落动态的影响。稀有物种，虽然只占群落的一小部分，但作为一个特别说明的例子，说明检测错误如何不成比例地影响推断的气候响应、群落结构和生物多样性模式。这一见解对生态推理和应用保护科学都有直接的影响。虽然以前的研究已经认识到检测误差会影响生态推断，但大部分工作仅限于单一分类群或单一指标（Tingley和Beissinger 2013； Wang et al. 2025）。Miller-ter Kuile等人提供的广泛的跨系统合成。 （2025）超越了这些有价值但更有限的贡献。作者提供了明确的证据，不完善的检测是生态推断和结论的关键决定因素，而不是外围的方法论问题。这项研究的实际意义同样重要。结合检测误差可以通过优化重复调查的次数、采样时间和地点选择，直接改善长期监测方案，从而提高效率和代表性（ksamry and Royle 2008）。对于以机制为中心的生态学研究，它可以揭示物种对环境变化的真实反应，而不是被误导的信号所偏见的推断。在保护中，人们可以更可靠地评估保护区内的物种丰富度和种群趋势，为稀有或功能重要物种的优先级提供信息，并改进对恢复成功的评估，从而降低基于扭曲数据的决策风险（Bennett et al. 2024）。通过这种方式，Miller-ter Kuile等人（2025）将概念洞察力与生态应用联系起来，表明考虑不完美检测对于理解真实的生态动态和指导有效的生物多样性保护至关重要。尽管有其优势，该研究仍为未来的工作留下了很大的空间，特别是与方法进步的结合。目前的框架侧重于与环境变量的关系，并假设物种之间的相互作用是弱的或随机的。然而，物种之间的相互作用（例如竞争和捕食）可以改变物种的分布、活动周期或行为模式，所有这些都可能直接影响物种的可探测性。将物种相互作用纳入多物种模型——要么直接通过明确的相互作用条款（Rota等人，2016），要么间接通过共享的潜在结构或相关框架（Dorazio等人，2025）——可以更机械地理解全球变化下不完美检测与群落组装和时间动态之间的关系。此外，虽然作者通过使用beta回归的后续分析有效地证明了传播后验群落结构不确定性的重要性，但这里使用的方法可能会扩展到适用于不同随机多样性指数的其他分布（例如，物种丰富度的负二项分布或Shannon多样性的伽马分布）。当将校正后的生物多样性估计值与环境驱动因素联系起来时，这些扩展将增强推理的稳健性。然而，对鸟类、植物和蚱蜢群落提供的经验证据强调了检测偏差对测量生物多样性变化的广泛影响。未来的研究可以研究检测异质性的生态机制，包括物种特征，如体型、发声频率、生态位和/或系统发育影响（例如Si et al. 2018），从而将框架扩展到其他生物或非生物驱动因素。该框架是灵活的，也可以适应由环境DNA （eDNA）采样的新兴生态数据。未来的发展可以超越假阴性，也可以解释假阳性，这在自动传感器或公民科学的数据中很常见（Guillera-Arroita et al. 2017）。总的来说，这项工作擅长于展示一个明确的概念信息：不完美的检测应该被视为生态过程的固有组成部分，而不是作为“讨厌的”技术细节。Miller-ter Kuile等人（2025）通过展示多分类群、多度量、跨系统的证据，展示了在全球变化时代，检测偏差如何从根本上改变我们对群落动态和生物多样性变化的理解。因此，将缺陷检测整合到研究设计、生态机制推断和保护规划中，不仅是一个方法论问题，而且是一个基本的生态需求。这项研究强调了一个基本的观念转变：不完善的检测不仅仅是统计噪声——它是生态信号的一部分，对生态研究和保护实践都具有持久的价值。王岳：写作——原稿，构思。赵宇浩：写作——审编、构思。摩根·廷利：写作——评论和编辑，概念化。兴风司：构思、撰写、审编、监督。作者声明无利益冲突。本文是Miller-ter Kuile等人的特邀评论，https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70362.The支持本研究结果的数据可从通讯作者处索取。由于隐私或道德限制，这些数据不会公开。
{"title":"Reconceptualizing Imperfect Detection From Statistical Noise to a Lens for Ecological Signal","authors":"Yue Wang, Yuhao Zhao, Morgan W. Tingley, Xingfeng Si","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70732","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70732","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ecologists have recognized the “problem” of imperfect detection for decades, a pervasive phenomenon in which species frequently go undetected during field surveys, yet predominantly treated it as statistical noise or analytical bias to be corrected. Many methods have been developed to estimate detection probabilities, refine statistical frameworks, and compare modeling approaches (MacKenzie et al. <span>2017</span>). This method-centric perspective is valuable for enriching analytical frameworks, but it overlooks a more fundamental understanding: imperfect detection is not merely a statistical problem but an intrinsic phenomenon that shapes our interpretation of ecological patterns and processes. When ignored, it can distort species-environment relationships, misrepresent community dynamics, or lead to biased inferences about biodiversity change, particularly in ecosystems with numerous rare species or in those responding rapidly to global change. While much previous work has addressed <i>how</i> to correct for detection bias, less attention has been paid to <i>why</i> imperfect detection matters ecologically and <i>how</i> it can affect our conclusions. This conceptual gap has treated imperfect detection as a marginal technical problem, rather than recognizing it as a fundamental component of reliable ecological inference.</p><p>In this context, the study by Miller-ter Kuile et al. (<span>2025</span>) provides a critical advance. It shifts the perspective, framing imperfect detection not merely as a statistical problem to be corrected, but as an ecological variable that can directly alter the observed relationships between biodiversity and global change drivers. Using multi-species occupancy and abundance models to correct detection error for multiple taxa, they examined how ignoring imperfect detection changes the estimates of taxonomic and functional alpha and beta diversity and alters inferred responses to temperature and precipitation. These results demonstrate that ignoring imperfect detection can bias the inferred direction, magnitude, and timescale of the effects of global change drivers on biodiversity. This represents a conceptual shift from purely methodological correction toward a deeper ecological understanding of systems.</p><p>A main strength of the study is its strong empirical generality. By integrating data across multiple taxonomic groups (birds, grasshoppers, and even plants), data structures (occurrence and abundance), and biodiversity dimensions (taxonomic and functional alpha and beta diversity), Miller-ter Kuile et al. (<span>2025</span>) demonstrate that the ecological consequences of imperfect detection are consistent and pervasive. For example, accounting for imperfect detection in bird communities increased estimates of functional alpha diversity and revealed short-term precipitation effects and stronger seasonal temperature influences—patterns that were masked otherwise. In temporal monitoring of plant communities,","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"32 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.70732","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146099659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antoine Couëdel, Gatien N Falconnier, Myriam Adam, Rémi Cardinael, Johan Six, Moritz Laub, Alex C Ruane, Kenneth Boote, Eric Justes, Ward N Smith, Anthony M Whitbread, François Affholder, Folorunso M Akinseye, Juraj Balkovic, Bruno Basso, Arti Bhatia, Bidisha Chakrabarti, Regis Chikowo, Mathias Christina, Babacar Faye, Fabien Ferchaud, Christian Folberth, Thomas Gaiser, Marcelo Galdos, Sebastian Gayler, Aram Gorooei, Brian Grant, Hervé Guibert, Gerrit Hoogenboom, Bahareh Kamali, Fidel Maureira, Fasil Mequanint, Claas Nendel, Cheryl H Porter, Dominique Ripoche, Leonard Rusinamhodzi, Shikha Sharma, Upendra Singh, Amit Srivastava, Bernard Vanlauwe, Antoine Versini, Murilo Vianna, Heidi Webber, Tobias Weber, Congmu Zhang, Marc Corbeels
Climate change is projected to exacerbate food insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) by reducing crop yields and soil fertility. Many climate change impact studies in SSA have overlooked long-term effects of soil fertility on crop yield. We evaluated maize yields under different scenarios of soil fertility (using soil organic carbon as a proxy) and climate change (considering changes in temperature, rainfall, and CO2) at four sites in SSA. Using an ensemble of 15 calibrated soil-crop models, we found a strong consensus that, without fertilization, soil fertility declines over time, impacting maize yields more strongly than changes in temperature, rainfall, or CO2. The model ensemble indicated that when accounting for soil fertility changes, the yield benefits of combined application of organic and mineral inputs increase over time, even under climate change. These findings highlight the importance of considering long-term change in soil fertility when assessing impacts of climate change and integrated nutrient management on crop production in SSA.
{"title":"Beyond Climate Change: The Role of Integrated Soil Fertility Management for Sustaining Future Maize Yield in Sub-Saharan Africa.","authors":"Antoine Couëdel, Gatien N Falconnier, Myriam Adam, Rémi Cardinael, Johan Six, Moritz Laub, Alex C Ruane, Kenneth Boote, Eric Justes, Ward N Smith, Anthony M Whitbread, François Affholder, Folorunso M Akinseye, Juraj Balkovic, Bruno Basso, Arti Bhatia, Bidisha Chakrabarti, Regis Chikowo, Mathias Christina, Babacar Faye, Fabien Ferchaud, Christian Folberth, Thomas Gaiser, Marcelo Galdos, Sebastian Gayler, Aram Gorooei, Brian Grant, Hervé Guibert, Gerrit Hoogenboom, Bahareh Kamali, Fidel Maureira, Fasil Mequanint, Claas Nendel, Cheryl H Porter, Dominique Ripoche, Leonard Rusinamhodzi, Shikha Sharma, Upendra Singh, Amit Srivastava, Bernard Vanlauwe, Antoine Versini, Murilo Vianna, Heidi Webber, Tobias Weber, Congmu Zhang, Marc Corbeels","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70720","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Climate change is projected to exacerbate food insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) by reducing crop yields and soil fertility. Many climate change impact studies in SSA have overlooked long-term effects of soil fertility on crop yield. We evaluated maize yields under different scenarios of soil fertility (using soil organic carbon as a proxy) and climate change (considering changes in temperature, rainfall, and CO<sub>2</sub>) at four sites in SSA. Using an ensemble of 15 calibrated soil-crop models, we found a strong consensus that, without fertilization, soil fertility declines over time, impacting maize yields more strongly than changes in temperature, rainfall, or CO<sub>2</sub>. The model ensemble indicated that when accounting for soil fertility changes, the yield benefits of combined application of organic and mineral inputs increase over time, even under climate change. These findings highlight the importance of considering long-term change in soil fertility when assessing impacts of climate change and integrated nutrient management on crop production in SSA.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"32 2","pages":"e70720"},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146103154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p>It is well established that soils are a significant store of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems—very few papers on soil carbon dynamics fail to mention the fact that there is more carbon stored in global soils than in vegetation and the atmosphere combined. This is generally correctly cited to justify research into the processes driving changes in soil carbon storage, and how management of land use can help protect this store. Meanwhile, mitigation of climate change by enhanced carbon sequestration through increasing tree cover across Earth's biomes is regularly discussed in scientific literature and policy. There has been a vigorous debate over the validity of tree establishment in specific contexts and the usefulness of tree planting targets for carbon off-sets in net-zero policies.</p><p>This paper adds to a growing number of recent publications that challenge the assumption that plant growth and CO<sub>2</sub> drawdown in productive forests results in parallel increases in organic matter stored in soils (e.g., Joly et al. <span>2025</span>; Lutter et al. (<span>2023</span>); Mayer et al. (<span>2024</span>); Quartucci et al. (<span>2023</span>)). Plant–soil interactions that link the carbon sequestered from the atmosphere to different pools of carbon in vegetation and soil are intricate. This means that otherwise meaningful carbon management through vegetation change can result in less obvious longer-term consequences for whole-ecosystem carbon sequestration. For the most part, increases in carbon uptake by vegetation result in higher respiration fluxes from soil and vegetation back to the atmosphere (Jiang et al. <span>2020</span>). Net carbon uptake in ecosystems is generally a small imbalance between photosynthesis and respiration, tipped towards the former; actual sequestration results from carbon being fixed in pools with long turnover times. Importantly, these offsetting carbon losses are not yet considered when planning management options such as tree planting, and when valorising land-use management through rewards such as carbon credits.</p><p>Soil carbon is stored in a range of forms, from particulate—fragments of dead plant matter—to mineral associated. The latter are stabilised forms of organic matter that have resulted from microbial processing and leaching through the soil profile and subsequent precipitation onto surfaces of mineral particles. These forms of carbon pools represent a spectrum of biochemical stability, associated with a wide range in turnover rates for each of them. Carbon stores in deep soils are generally dominated by more stable forms of carbon, with slow-cycling, mineral associated forms dominating over the more biochemically labile, particulate forms of organic matter (Lavallee et al. <span>2020</span>).</p><p>Mayer et al. (<span>2025</span>) observed an accumulation of topsoil carbon which is typically dominated by particulate carbon. It is a less reliable carbon stock for climate change mitigation, due to
众所周知，土壤是陆地生态系统中重要的碳储存库——很少有关于土壤碳动态的论文没有提到这样一个事实，即全球土壤中储存的碳比植被和大气中的碳加起来还要多。这通常被正确地引用来证明研究驱动土壤碳储量变化的过程，以及土地利用管理如何有助于保护这种储量。与此同时，科学文献和政策经常讨论通过增加整个地球生物群落的树木覆盖来加强碳固存，从而减缓气候变化。关于在特定环境下植树的有效性以及在净零政策中植树目标对碳抵消的有用性，一直存在着激烈的争论。这篇论文补充了最近越来越多的出版物，这些出版物挑战了这样的假设，即在生产性森林中植物生长和二氧化碳的减少会导致土壤中储存的有机质平行增加（例如，Joly等人，2025；Lutter等人，2023）；Mayer et al. (2024)；Quartucci et al.（2023）。植物与土壤之间的相互作用将从大气中吸收的碳与植被和土壤中不同的碳库联系起来，这是复杂的。这意味着，通过植被变化进行有意义的碳管理，可能会对整个生态系统的碳封存产生不太明显的长期影响。在大多数情况下，植被碳吸收的增加导致土壤和植被返回大气的呼吸通量增加（Jiang et al. 2020）。生态系统的净碳吸收通常是光合作用和呼吸作用之间的小不平衡，倾向于前者；实际的固存源于碳被固定在循环时间较长的碳池中。重要的是，在规划植树等管理方案以及通过碳信用额等奖励来加强土地使用管理时，还没有考虑到这些抵消碳损失的措施。土壤碳以多种形式储存，从颗粒——死亡植物的碎片——到相关的矿物质。后者是有机物的稳定形式，是由微生物处理和土壤剖面的淋滤以及随后的沉淀到矿物颗粒表面造成的。这些形式的碳库代表了生物化学稳定性的光谱，与每种碳库的周转率范围很大有关。深层土壤中的碳储存通常以更稳定的碳形式为主，缓慢循环的矿物相关形式占主导地位，而更不稳定的有机物质颗粒形式占主导地位（Lavallee et al. 2020）。Mayer等人（2025）观察到表层土壤碳的积累通常以颗粒碳为主。对于减缓气候变化而言，它是一种不太可靠的碳储量，因为它容易受到微生物的影响，而且容易受到火灾、林业作业和虫害暴发等扰动的影响（Mayer等人，2024年）。因此，虽然植被管理可以为土壤提供新的有机质输入，但重要的是要超越有机质的总变化，考虑到在剖面中发现有机质的位置，以及特定土壤有机质组分的变化如何影响总体周转。森林生产力的变化对地下生物群以及碳从土壤中添加、加工和损失的方式产生直接影响。凋落物数量和质量的变化导致土壤动物、真菌和细菌种类和丰度的变化，影响碳循环。许多研究已经描述了根际激发，其中根渗出物中相对不稳定的化合物导致有机物的分解增强，以满足植物的氮需求（通常通过菌根真菌）。与大多数欧洲针叶树和落叶树种相关的外生菌根真菌由于从有机物中提取营养物质而具有促进分解的特别潜力（Choreño-Parra和Treseder 2024）。为支持树木生长而进行的养分提取和相关分解可能导致了所观察到的深层土壤碳损失。Meyer等人调查的欧洲山毛榉森林位于欧洲北部和中部降雨最少的地区（Pisut 2021）。近几十年来，该地区经历了显著的气候变化，年平均气温和年降水量的增加与深层土壤碳流失相吻合（Mayer et al. 2025）。土壤分解者的活动和群落与其气候密切相关。异养呼吸在土壤水分饱和度达到50%-60%时达到峰值，这为代谢和溶解反应提供了足够的水，但不至于使有氧过程停止。此外，湿度增加后呼吸作用的增加在最干燥的土壤中最为明显（Moyano et al. 2012）。 启动可能对水分非常敏感，因为酶和渗出物需要以溶解形式刺激土壤有机质中的微生物活动。因此，随着土壤湿度（或达到土壤湿度阈值的频率）的增加，与灌浆有关的碳损失也可能增加。较高的平均温度将进一步增加水分驱动的有机物周转增强。在研究期间观测到的大约2°C的升高可以解释微生物分解增加15%的原因，假设温度升高10°C分解率简单地翻倍（Q10 = 2）。因此，已知的湿度和温度依赖关系将为Mayer等人对深层土壤碳的气候驱动变化的解释提供支持。森林和它们所处的深层土壤通常被认为是我们存放和储存长期碳的“最安全”选择。然而，Mayer等人表明，这种碳汇正在失去其力量，不应该依赖。深度碳损失的机制尚不清楚，必须加以解决，以预测森林和更广泛的陆地碳汇中碳储存的未来轨迹。这篇论文强调，我们不能过度依赖森林来缓解气候变化，因为还有很多东西我们不了解；尽管在树木生物量中积累了碳，但它们可能正在向大气中损失碳“资本”。Jens-Arne Subke：构思，写作-原稿，写作-审查和编辑。简斯-阿恩·苏克：构思，写作-原稿，写作-审查和编辑。作者声明无利益冲突。本文是Mayer等人的特邀评论，https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70446.The作者没有什么可报道的。
{"title":"Uptake and Release—What Is Driving Change in the Net Carbon Budget in Forest Soils?","authors":"Thomas C. Parker, Jens-Arne Subke","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70729","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70729","url":null,"abstract":"<p>It is well established that soils are a significant store of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems—very few papers on soil carbon dynamics fail to mention the fact that there is more carbon stored in global soils than in vegetation and the atmosphere combined. This is generally correctly cited to justify research into the processes driving changes in soil carbon storage, and how management of land use can help protect this store. Meanwhile, mitigation of climate change by enhanced carbon sequestration through increasing tree cover across Earth's biomes is regularly discussed in scientific literature and policy. There has been a vigorous debate over the validity of tree establishment in specific contexts and the usefulness of tree planting targets for carbon off-sets in net-zero policies.</p><p>This paper adds to a growing number of recent publications that challenge the assumption that plant growth and CO<sub>2</sub> drawdown in productive forests results in parallel increases in organic matter stored in soils (e.g., Joly et al. <span>2025</span>; Lutter et al. (<span>2023</span>); Mayer et al. (<span>2024</span>); Quartucci et al. (<span>2023</span>)). Plant–soil interactions that link the carbon sequestered from the atmosphere to different pools of carbon in vegetation and soil are intricate. This means that otherwise meaningful carbon management through vegetation change can result in less obvious longer-term consequences for whole-ecosystem carbon sequestration. For the most part, increases in carbon uptake by vegetation result in higher respiration fluxes from soil and vegetation back to the atmosphere (Jiang et al. <span>2020</span>). Net carbon uptake in ecosystems is generally a small imbalance between photosynthesis and respiration, tipped towards the former; actual sequestration results from carbon being fixed in pools with long turnover times. Importantly, these offsetting carbon losses are not yet considered when planning management options such as tree planting, and when valorising land-use management through rewards such as carbon credits.</p><p>Soil carbon is stored in a range of forms, from particulate—fragments of dead plant matter—to mineral associated. The latter are stabilised forms of organic matter that have resulted from microbial processing and leaching through the soil profile and subsequent precipitation onto surfaces of mineral particles. These forms of carbon pools represent a spectrum of biochemical stability, associated with a wide range in turnover rates for each of them. Carbon stores in deep soils are generally dominated by more stable forms of carbon, with slow-cycling, mineral associated forms dominating over the more biochemically labile, particulate forms of organic matter (Lavallee et al. <span>2020</span>).</p><p>Mayer et al. (<span>2025</span>) observed an accumulation of topsoil carbon which is typically dominated by particulate carbon. It is a less reliable carbon stock for climate change mitigation, due to","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"32 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.70729","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146088908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seafloors are crucial to marine ecosystems for the functions and services they provide. Benthic organisms, vital to these ecosystems, are particularly vulnerable to climate change. Rising temperatures, ocean acidification, and shifting currents disrupt benthic species and communities, yet future related impact assessments remain limited. Here, we trained species distribution models with predictors from state of the art physical and biogeochemical marine models and a large database of species records (> 100,000 occurrences) to project the current and future distributions of ~350 benthic species (excluding cephalopods, invasive species, and commercially exploited species) and their related changes per site in diversity (α-) and community composition (β-diversity) over the Mediterranean Sea. We predicted most species to shift their distribution northwards for all future scenarios due to changes in water temperature and dissolved oxygen close to the seafloor, with up to 60% of species experiencing range contraction, 77% moving northwards, 20% experiencing range fragmentation (measured as range disjunctions in models' output), and 30% moving toward deeper waters over time. Cold-adapted species were more likely to face range contraction and shifts towards deeper waters, while warm-adapted species were more likely to face range expansions and shifts towards shallower waters. α-diversity increased in the Northern and decreased in the Southern Mediterranean, respectively. Changes in β-diversity within sites highlighted compositional changes (species turnover) in communities located in the Aegean and Tyrrhenian Seas, in deep parts of the Ionian Sea, and in coastal regions of the Adriatic Sea. Climate-smart, ecosystem-based Marine Spatial Planning can capitalize on the identified hotspots of species losses, gains, stability, and turnover. Prioritizing connectivity in regions of strong turnover and extending protected areas in regions with stable α-diversity and limited turnover is recommended for improved conservation actions.
{"title":"The Geography of Mediterranean Benthic Communities Under Climate Change","authors":"Damiano Baldan, Yohann Chauvier-Mendes, Diego Panzeri, Gianpiero Cossarini, Cosimo Solidoro, Vinko Bandelj","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70725","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70725","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Seafloors are crucial to marine ecosystems for the functions and services they provide. Benthic organisms, vital to these ecosystems, are particularly vulnerable to climate change. Rising temperatures, ocean acidification, and shifting currents disrupt benthic species and communities, yet future related impact assessments remain limited. Here, we trained species distribution models with predictors from state of the art physical and biogeochemical marine models and a large database of species records (> 100,000 occurrences) to project the current and future distributions of ~350 benthic species (excluding cephalopods, invasive species, and commercially exploited species) and their related changes per site in diversity (α-) and community composition (β-diversity) over the Mediterranean Sea. We predicted most species to shift their distribution northwards for all future scenarios due to changes in water temperature and dissolved oxygen close to the seafloor, with up to 60% of species experiencing range contraction, 77% moving northwards, 20% experiencing range fragmentation (measured as range disjunctions in models' output), and 30% moving toward deeper waters over time. Cold-adapted species were more likely to face range contraction and shifts towards deeper waters, while warm-adapted species were more likely to face range expansions and shifts towards shallower waters. α-diversity increased in the Northern and decreased in the Southern Mediterranean, respectively. Changes in β-diversity within sites highlighted compositional changes (species turnover) in communities located in the Aegean and Tyrrhenian Seas, in deep parts of the Ionian Sea, and in coastal regions of the Adriatic Sea. Climate-smart, ecosystem-based Marine Spatial Planning can capitalize on the identified hotspots of species losses, gains, stability, and turnover. Prioritizing connectivity in regions of strong turnover and extending protected areas in regions with stable α-diversity and limited turnover is recommended for improved conservation actions.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"32 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.70725","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146069956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annesha Ghosh, Andrea Viviano, Elena Paoletti, Yasutomo Hoshika, Elena Marra, Jacopo Manzini, Cesare Garosi, Matheus Casarini Siqueira, Barbara B. Moura
<p>Tropospheric ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) is a pervasive stressor that impairs forest biomass and alters carbon allocation strategies. This study assessed biomass responses across 17 woody taxa under free-air controlled exposure (FACE), integrating a decade of experiments conducted with an analogous exposure regime applied to deciduous and evergreen species. The analysis provided a comparative evaluation of existing flux-based metrics. Statistical analyses revealed consistent reductions in relative total (RTB), aboveground (RTAB), and belowground (RTBB) biomass with increasing O<sub>3</sub> uptake in terms of phytotoxic ozone dose (POD<sub>1</sub> mmol m<sup>−2</sup>). Deciduous species reached the 4% biomass reduction threshold (CL<sub>4</sub>) at lower POD<sub>1</sub> levels for RTBB (10.21), RTAB (13.16), and RTB (10.77) and displayed relatively small <span></span><math> <semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mo>△</mo> <msub> <mi>POD</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </msub> </mrow> <annotation>$$ {triangle}_{{mathrm{POD}}_1} $$</annotation> </semantics></math> values for RTBB (2.75), RTAB (5.70), and RTB (3.31), where <span></span><math> <semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mo>△</mo> <msub> <mi>POD</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </msub> </mrow> <annotation>$$ {triangle}_{{mathrm{POD}}_1} $$</annotation> </semantics></math> represents the increment in O<sub>3</sub> uptake required to reach the CL<sub>4</sub> threshold. In contrast, evergreen species showed higher CL<sub>4</sub> for RTBB (11.48), RTAB (15.40), and RTB (13.86) and larger <span></span><math> <semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mo>△</mo> <msub> <mi>POD</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </msub> </mrow> <annotation>$$ {triangle}_{{mathrm{POD}}_1} $$</annotation> </semantics></math> values for RTBB (8.40), RTAB (12.32), and RTB (10.78), reflecting a slower biomass decline. Contrasting relationships suggest that leaf habit-specific patterns are associated with divergent carbon allocation strategies under O<sub>3</sub> stress. In deciduous species, POD<sub>1</sub> and Leaf Index Flux (LIF) were negatively correlated with shoot-to-root ratio (S/R), whereas in evergreen species, both indices were positively correlated with leaf area ratio (LAR) and S/R. In conclusion, flux-based metrics provided a biologica
对流层臭氧（O3）是一种普遍存在的压力源，它损害森林生物量并改变碳分配策略。本研究评估了17个木本类群在自由空气控制暴露（FACE）条件下的生物量响应，将十年来进行的实验与适用于落叶和常绿物种的类似暴露制度相结合。该分析对现有的基于通量的指标进行了比较评价。统计分析显示，相对总生物量（RTB）、地上生物量（RTAB）和地下生物量（RTBB）随着臭氧吸收的增加(以植物毒性臭氧剂量（POD1 mmol m-2）一致减少。落叶种达4种% biomass reduction threshold (CL4) at lower POD1 levels for RTBB (10.21), RTAB (13.16), and RTB (10.77) and displayed relatively small △ POD 1 $$ {triangle}_{{mathrm{POD}}_1} $$ values for RTBB (2.75), RTAB (5.70), and RTB (3.31), where △ POD 1 $$ {triangle}_{{mathrm{POD}}_1} $$ represents the increment in O3 uptake required to reach the CL4 threshold. In contrast, evergreen species showed higher CL4 for RTBB (11.48), RTAB (15.40), and RTB (13.86) and larger △ POD 1 $$ {triangle}_{{mathrm{POD}}_1} $$ values for RTBB (8.40), RTAB (12.32), and RTB (10.78), reflecting a slower biomass decline. Contrasting relationships suggest that leaf habit-specific patterns are associated with divergent carbon allocation strategies under O3 stress. In deciduous species, POD1 and Leaf Index Flux (LIF) were negatively correlated with shoot-to-root ratio (S/R), whereas in evergreen species, both indices were positively correlated with leaf area ratio (LAR) and S/R. In conclusion, flux-based metrics provided a biologically robust framework for quantifying O3-induced biomass losses, revealing higher sensitivity in deciduous species than in evergreens and highlighting the root as the most vulnerable compartment under O3 exposure. The findings should be interpreted considering the spatial and temporal constraints of a single-site FACE experiment and the focus on O3 as a stand-alone stressor without interaction effects. Future research should combine O3 uptake with multi-stressor frameworks to better predict biomass and carbon responses in complex field conditions.
{"title":"Tree Biomass Sensitivity to Ozone Exposure: Insights From a Decade of Free-Air Experiments","authors":"Annesha Ghosh, Andrea Viviano, Elena Paoletti, Yasutomo Hoshika, Elena Marra, Jacopo Manzini, Cesare Garosi, Matheus Casarini Siqueira, Barbara B. Moura","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70728","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70728","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tropospheric ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) is a pervasive stressor that impairs forest biomass and alters carbon allocation strategies. This study assessed biomass responses across 17 woody taxa under free-air controlled exposure (FACE), integrating a decade of experiments conducted with an analogous exposure regime applied to deciduous and evergreen species. The analysis provided a comparative evaluation of existing flux-based metrics. Statistical analyses revealed consistent reductions in relative total (RTB), aboveground (RTAB), and belowground (RTBB) biomass with increasing O<sub>3</sub> uptake in terms of phytotoxic ozone dose (POD<sub>1</sub> mmol m<sup>−2</sup>). Deciduous species reached the 4% biomass reduction threshold (CL<sub>4</sub>) at lower POD<sub>1</sub> levels for RTBB (10.21), RTAB (13.16), and RTB (10.77) and displayed relatively small <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mo>△</mo>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>POD</mi>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ {triangle}_{{mathrm{POD}}_1} $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> values for RTBB (2.75), RTAB (5.70), and RTB (3.31), where <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mo>△</mo>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>POD</mi>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ {triangle}_{{mathrm{POD}}_1} $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> represents the increment in O<sub>3</sub> uptake required to reach the CL<sub>4</sub> threshold. In contrast, evergreen species showed higher CL<sub>4</sub> for RTBB (11.48), RTAB (15.40), and RTB (13.86) and larger <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mo>△</mo>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>POD</mi>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ {triangle}_{{mathrm{POD}}_1} $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> values for RTBB (8.40), RTAB (12.32), and RTB (10.78), reflecting a slower biomass decline. Contrasting relationships suggest that leaf habit-specific patterns are associated with divergent carbon allocation strategies under O<sub>3</sub> stress. In deciduous species, POD<sub>1</sub> and Leaf Index Flux (LIF) were negatively correlated with shoot-to-root ratio (S/R), whereas in evergreen species, both indices were positively correlated with leaf area ratio (LAR) and S/R. In conclusion, flux-based metrics provided a biologica","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"32 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.70728","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146069967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dexun Qiu, Bo Xiao, Tadeo Saez-Sandino, Raúl Ochoa-Hueso
Biocrusts are a critical component of terrestrial environments, playing vital roles in soil stability, carbon and nitrogen cycling, and ecosystem functioning, particularly in drylands. Yet their responses to global change stressors remain poorly understood, with most evidence derived from local-scale experiments. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis synthesizing 657 observations from 48 publications conducted at 38 sites to assess how structural traits (cover, species richness, and moss biomass) and a key functional trait (chlorophyll content) of biocrusts respond to warming, altered precipitation, nitrogen addition, and their interactions. We found that nitrogen addition produced the strongest overall decline in biocrust cover (−52%). Warming (−21%) also significantly reduced biocrust cover, and its combined effect with decreased precipitation caused greater losses (−44%). Species richness declined under combined warming and decreased precipitation (−8%). Chlorophyll content responded negatively to decreased precipitation (−26%), combined warming and decreased precipitation (−35%), and nitrogen addition (−21%), but increased under elevated precipitation (+55%). Moss biomass exhibited weak and inconsistent responses to nitrogen addition. The response of biocrusts varied among dominant biocrust types, ecosystems, and climate zones. Late-successional crusts (moss- and lichen-dominated) exhibited the strongest declines, whereas cyanobacterial crusts often persisted or even expanded under stress. Biocrusts in semi-arid grasslands were most negatively affected by warming and reduced precipitation, whereas those in humid tundra and forests were most sensitive to nitrogen addition. In addition, biocrust responses were shaped by the characteristics of global change manipulations, with warming and precipitation reduction being more sensitive to duration than magnitude, whereas nitrogen addition rate exerted stronger effects than duration. Together, these findings demonstrate that biocrusts are highly vulnerable to global change, potentially undermining their capacity to control erosion and regulate carbon and nutrient cycling. We emphasize the urgent need to safeguard biocrusts in a rapidly changing world.
{"title":"Biocrusts Are Highly Vulnerable to Multidimensional Global Change","authors":"Dexun Qiu, Bo Xiao, Tadeo Saez-Sandino, Raúl Ochoa-Hueso","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70723","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70723","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Biocrusts are a critical component of terrestrial environments, playing vital roles in soil stability, carbon and nitrogen cycling, and ecosystem functioning, particularly in drylands. Yet their responses to global change stressors remain poorly understood, with most evidence derived from local-scale experiments. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis synthesizing 657 observations from 48 publications conducted at 38 sites to assess how structural traits (cover, species richness, and moss biomass) and a key functional trait (chlorophyll content) of biocrusts respond to warming, altered precipitation, nitrogen addition, and their interactions. We found that nitrogen addition produced the strongest overall decline in biocrust cover (−52%). Warming (−21%) also significantly reduced biocrust cover, and its combined effect with decreased precipitation caused greater losses (−44%). Species richness declined under combined warming and decreased precipitation (−8%). Chlorophyll content responded negatively to decreased precipitation (−26%), combined warming and decreased precipitation (−35%), and nitrogen addition (−21%), but increased under elevated precipitation (+55%). Moss biomass exhibited weak and inconsistent responses to nitrogen addition. The response of biocrusts varied among dominant biocrust types, ecosystems, and climate zones. Late-successional crusts (moss- and lichen-dominated) exhibited the strongest declines, whereas cyanobacterial crusts often persisted or even expanded under stress. Biocrusts in semi-arid grasslands were most negatively affected by warming and reduced precipitation, whereas those in humid tundra and forests were most sensitive to nitrogen addition. In addition, biocrust responses were shaped by the characteristics of global change manipulations, with warming and precipitation reduction being more sensitive to duration than magnitude, whereas nitrogen addition rate exerted stronger effects than duration. Together, these findings demonstrate that biocrusts are highly vulnerable to global change, potentially undermining their capacity to control erosion and regulate carbon and nutrient cycling. We emphasize the urgent need to safeguard biocrusts in a rapidly changing world.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146027944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Unvegetated tidal flats, despite accounting for approximately 24.9% of global blue carbon ecosystem area, remain underrepresented in blue carbon budgets. Here, we synthesize data from 184 sites across 23 countries to quantify their carbon stocks, carbon accumulation rate (CAR) and greenhouse gas (GHG, CO2 and CH4) emissions. Our results reveal that tidal flats sequester 8.6 (4.5–9.9) Tg C yr−1 and store 1.2 (0.7–2.0) Pg C in the top meter of sediments, increasing global blue carbon estimates by 6%–17%. However, they simultaneously emit 0.073 Tg CH4 yr−1 (3.3 Tg CO2eq yr−1), 27.9% of the CH4 emissions from salt marshes, offsetting 14.1% (1.8%–20.4%) of their carbon sequestration benefits. Mudflats exhibit the highest carbon stocks and CO2 fluxes among different sediment types, primarily due to their abundant binding sites of fine-grained particles and stronger microbial activities. Both CAR and CH4 fluxes decline poleward, with tropical zone as hotspots. Our findings highlight the urgency of integrating tidal flats into climate mitigation strategies, particularly given their vulnerability to land-use changes and sea-level rise. Conservation efforts must balance carbon sequestration gains against CH4 trade-offs to optimize their climate regulation potential.
{"title":"Unvegetated Tidal Flats: A Critical Yet Vulnerable Coastal Blue Carbon Sink","authors":"Yanping Wang, Changchun Li, Zhaoliang Peng, Jing Luo, Senlin Zhu, Yumeng Sun, Ruping Liu, Dongcheng Jiang, Xiangqian Zhou, Faming Wang","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70695","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70695","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Unvegetated tidal flats, despite accounting for approximately 24.9% of global blue carbon ecosystem area, remain underrepresented in blue carbon budgets. Here, we synthesize data from 184 sites across 23 countries to quantify their carbon stocks, carbon accumulation rate (CAR) and greenhouse gas (GHG, CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions. Our results reveal that tidal flats sequester 8.6 (4.5–9.9) Tg C yr<sup>−1</sup> and store 1.2 (0.7–2.0) Pg C in the top meter of sediments, increasing global blue carbon estimates by 6%–17%. However, they simultaneously emit 0.073 Tg CH<sub>4</sub> yr<sup>−1</sup> (3.3 Tg CO<sub>2</sub>eq yr<sup>−1</sup>), 27.9% of the CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from salt marshes, offsetting 14.1% (1.8%–20.4%) of their carbon sequestration benefits. Mudflats exhibit the highest carbon stocks and CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes among different sediment types, primarily due to their abundant binding sites of fine-grained particles and stronger microbial activities. Both CAR and CH<sub>4</sub> fluxes decline poleward, with tropical zone as hotspots. Our findings highlight the urgency of integrating tidal flats into climate mitigation strategies, particularly given their vulnerability to land-use changes and sea-level rise. Conservation efforts must balance carbon sequestration gains against CH<sub>4</sub> trade-offs to optimize their climate regulation potential.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146040108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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