Drainage threatens the vast soil organic carbon (SOC) reservoirs in wetlands, but uncertainties in SOC responses across different wetlands hinder an accurate estimate of their carbon dynamics and climate mitigation capacity. Here we conducted a transcontinental pairwise survey, including 29 pairs of drained and waterlogged sites across low- to high-latitude wetlands in China and Finland after decades of drainage. A total of 2437 soil samples from 188 profiles were analyzed using a high-resolution equivalent ash mass method. We showed that drainage reduced SOC stocks by 32% ± 10% in carbon-rich wetlands due to Sphagnum decay and enhanced decomposition, while the fixed-depth comparison underestimated the SOC stocks by up to 12 folds. Conversely, SOC stocks increased by 46% ± 27% in carbon-poor wetlands due to enhanced plant inputs. Upscaling analysis suggests that, over the past century, drainage alone (without post-drainage disturbances) has led to a 1.80 Gt SOC gain in China, exceeding afforestation-driven SOC gains in northern China during the past three decades by 7.5 folds. Our findings reveal the divergent transcontinental wetland SOC responses to drainage, highlighting the overlooked climate mitigation potential of carbon-poor wetlands under global changes.
{"title":"Transcontinental Divergence in Soil Carbon Stock Response to Decades of Wetland Drainage.","authors":"Chengzhu Liu, Yunpeng Zhao, Xuefei Li, Wenxing Yi, Mari Pihlatie, Kari Minkkinen, Xingqi Li, Guohua Dai, Wanqing Luo, Xiaoqing Liu, Zongguang Liu, Bogang Dong, Yongxing Ren, Eeva-Stiina Tuittila, Timo Vesala, Shushi Peng, Xiaojuan Feng","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70797","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drainage threatens the vast soil organic carbon (SOC) reservoirs in wetlands, but uncertainties in SOC responses across different wetlands hinder an accurate estimate of their carbon dynamics and climate mitigation capacity. Here we conducted a transcontinental pairwise survey, including 29 pairs of drained and waterlogged sites across low- to high-latitude wetlands in China and Finland after decades of drainage. A total of 2437 soil samples from 188 profiles were analyzed using a high-resolution equivalent ash mass method. We showed that drainage reduced SOC stocks by 32% ± 10% in carbon-rich wetlands due to Sphagnum decay and enhanced decomposition, while the fixed-depth comparison underestimated the SOC stocks by up to 12 folds. Conversely, SOC stocks increased by 46% ± 27% in carbon-poor wetlands due to enhanced plant inputs. Upscaling analysis suggests that, over the past century, drainage alone (without post-drainage disturbances) has led to a 1.80 Gt SOC gain in China, exceeding afforestation-driven SOC gains in northern China during the past three decades by 7.5 folds. Our findings reveal the divergent transcontinental wetland SOC responses to drainage, highlighting the overlooked climate mitigation potential of carbon-poor wetlands under global changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"32 3","pages":"e70797"},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiangbo Yin,Yifei Liu,Fanhao Kong,Lei Shu,Changlian Peng,Lee Ping Ang
The global biodiversity crisis is unevenly documented, with conservation assessments heavily biased toward vertebrates and flowering plants. Terrestrial gametophyte-dominant plants (i.e., bryophytes), with over 20,000 species and representing one of Earth's oldest radiations, remain among the most overlooked. To quantify this gap, we integrated global distribution records, elevation patterns, IUCN datasets, research trends, and threat meta-analyzes. Thirty-seven bryophyte-rich regions and global elevational patterns were identified. We found only 1.5% of bryophyte species have been assessed by the IUCN Red List, and among these assessed species, over half are threatened, nearly twice the global average for plants. Agriculture and climate change emerged as the dominant extinction drivers worldwide, while threats vary regionally: deforestation threatens bryophyte diversity in Africa and South America, while climate change and invasive species are the primary threats in Europe. Without targeted, region-specific conservation strategies, accelerating bryophyte decline will undermine biodiversity targets and jeopardize essential ecosystem functions.
{"title":"A Global Conservation Blind Spot: Neglect of Bryophytes Undermines Biodiversity Targets.","authors":"Xiangbo Yin,Yifei Liu,Fanhao Kong,Lei Shu,Changlian Peng,Lee Ping Ang","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70789","url":null,"abstract":"The global biodiversity crisis is unevenly documented, with conservation assessments heavily biased toward vertebrates and flowering plants. Terrestrial gametophyte-dominant plants (i.e., bryophytes), with over 20,000 species and representing one of Earth's oldest radiations, remain among the most overlooked. To quantify this gap, we integrated global distribution records, elevation patterns, IUCN datasets, research trends, and threat meta-analyzes. Thirty-seven bryophyte-rich regions and global elevational patterns were identified. We found only 1.5% of bryophyte species have been assessed by the IUCN Red List, and among these assessed species, over half are threatened, nearly twice the global average for plants. Agriculture and climate change emerged as the dominant extinction drivers worldwide, while threats vary regionally: deforestation threatens bryophyte diversity in Africa and South America, while climate change and invasive species are the primary threats in Europe. Without targeted, region-specific conservation strategies, accelerating bryophyte decline will undermine biodiversity targets and jeopardize essential ecosystem functions.","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"16 1","pages":"e70789"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147374190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Terrestrial ecosystems are vital for achieving carbon neutrality, yet the distinction between their biophysical limits and realizable potential remains unclear. Here, we developed an integrated framework to quantify China's terrestrial theoretical carbon sequestration potential (CSP) and actual CSP under diverse climate and management scenarios, incorporating vegetation dynamics and soil carbon stocks through 2100. We estimated current terrestrial carbon stock at 95.3 Pg C, with a theoretical CSP of 166.4 Pg C. By the 2060s, afforestation could expand by 77.5 Mha, representing 8% of China's land area. For actual CSP, peak CSP is projected to reach 0.35 Pg C yr-1 during 2020-2060, declining to 0.12 Pg C yr-1 from 2060 to 2100 under the SSP119 scenario combined with forest expansion. Actual CSP remains significantly below the theoretical limit. Speciafically, a gap of 51.5-57.9 Pg C remains between actual and theoretical CSP across all scenarios. However, strategic reforestation coupled with low emissions could reduce this gap by approximately 15 Pg C by 2100. These findings differentiated the theoretical and actual CSP, providing quantitative baselines for China's carbon sink capacity and actionable guidance for achieving carbon neutrality through optimized land use.
陆地生态系统对实现碳中和至关重要，但其生物物理极限与可实现潜力之间的区别仍不清楚。在此基础上，研究人员构建了一个综合框架，将植被动态和土壤碳储量纳入2100年前不同气候和管理情景下的中国陆地理论碳封存潜力（CSP）和实际碳封存潜力（CSP）进行量化。我们估计当前陆地碳储量为95.3 Pg C，理论CSP为166.4 Pg C。到本世纪60年代，造林面积将增加77.5亿公顷，占中国土地面积的8%。对于实际CSP，在SSP119情景下，预计2020-2060年CSP峰值将达到0.35 Pg C / 1，而在2060 - 2100年，SSP119情景结合森林扩张，CSP峰值将下降至0.12 Pg C / 1。实际CSP仍远低于理论极限。具体而言，在所有情景下，实际CSP与理论CSP之间仍存在51.5-57.9 Pg C的差距。然而，到2100年，战略性重新造林加上低排放可以将这一差距减少约15摄氏度。这些发现区分了理论和实际的CSP，为中国碳汇容量提供了定量基线，并为通过优化土地利用实现碳中和提供了可操作的指导。
{"title":"Theoretical and Actual Carbon Sequestration Potential in China's Terrestrial Ecosystems.","authors":"Xiaozhen Wang,Lei Deng,Philippe Ciais,Jin Wu,Changhui Peng,Josep Peñuelas,Xining Zhao,Shouzhang Peng,Chao Yue,Shuli Niu,Yao Zhang,Jianzhao Wu,Ruihua Bai,Feng Yang,Zhouping Shangguan,Yakov Kuzyakov,Shirong Liu","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70779","url":null,"abstract":"Terrestrial ecosystems are vital for achieving carbon neutrality, yet the distinction between their biophysical limits and realizable potential remains unclear. Here, we developed an integrated framework to quantify China's terrestrial theoretical carbon sequestration potential (CSP) and actual CSP under diverse climate and management scenarios, incorporating vegetation dynamics and soil carbon stocks through 2100. We estimated current terrestrial carbon stock at 95.3 Pg C, with a theoretical CSP of 166.4 Pg C. By the 2060s, afforestation could expand by 77.5 Mha, representing 8% of China's land area. For actual CSP, peak CSP is projected to reach 0.35 Pg C yr-1 during 2020-2060, declining to 0.12 Pg C yr-1 from 2060 to 2100 under the SSP119 scenario combined with forest expansion. Actual CSP remains significantly below the theoretical limit. Speciafically, a gap of 51.5-57.9 Pg C remains between actual and theoretical CSP across all scenarios. However, strategic reforestation coupled with low emissions could reduce this gap by approximately 15 Pg C by 2100. These findings differentiated the theoretical and actual CSP, providing quantitative baselines for China's carbon sink capacity and actionable guidance for achieving carbon neutrality through optimized land use.","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"5 1","pages":"e70779"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147374248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biological invasions severely threaten ecosystems and their underlying drivers remain a subject of ongoing inquiry in ecology. Four mutually exclusive invasion hypotheses, biotic acceptance and resistance hypotheses and Darwin's preadaptation and naturalization hypotheses, have long drawn extensive attention. Furthermore, human activities and environmental factors are also widely recognized as key drivers of biological invasions. While integrative analyses of the aforementioned biotic and abiotic factors influencing biological invasions have been conducted previously, systematic global-scale analyses for freshwater fishes remain limited, constraining our understanding of large-scale invasion patterns in this taxon. Here, we leveraged a comprehensive database with taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic data for 5245 freshwater fish species across 1411 global river basins to explore ecological correlates of non-native fish establishment. Specifically, we used taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic facets of biodiversity to comprehensively quantify native communities (testing biotic acceptance and resistance hypotheses) and relatedness between native and non-native communities (testing Darwin's preadaptation and naturalization hypotheses). We further extracted environmental and anthropogenic variables across global rivers to assess external predictors of non-native fish establishment. Our results primarily supported Darwin's naturalization hypothesis: at the global level, native fish community invasibility peaked when non-native species exhibited great functional or phylogenetic distance from native communities, suggesting distantly related non-natives likely had unique traits or strategies to exploit vacant niches. Meanwhile, climatic factors also emerged as key drivers of global fish invasion patterns. At the biogeographic realm level, the determinants of fish invasions varied among the six realms, highlighting the complexity and regional specificity of biological invasions. However, our findings were based on correlational patterns of established non-native species at the basin scale and thus cannot establish definitive causal relationships between the identified drivers and establishment success. Future experimental manipulations at finer spatial and temporal scales are therefore required to validate the correlations observed in this study.
{"title":"Increasing Functional or Phylogenetic Distance From Native Fish Communities Promotes Non-Native Fish Invasions in Global Rivers.","authors":"Tao Xiang, Ignasi Arranz, Lucie Kuczynski, Qingfei Zeng, Zhigang Mao, Xiaohong Gu, Gaël Grenouillet","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70814","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biological invasions severely threaten ecosystems and their underlying drivers remain a subject of ongoing inquiry in ecology. Four mutually exclusive invasion hypotheses, biotic acceptance and resistance hypotheses and Darwin's preadaptation and naturalization hypotheses, have long drawn extensive attention. Furthermore, human activities and environmental factors are also widely recognized as key drivers of biological invasions. While integrative analyses of the aforementioned biotic and abiotic factors influencing biological invasions have been conducted previously, systematic global-scale analyses for freshwater fishes remain limited, constraining our understanding of large-scale invasion patterns in this taxon. Here, we leveraged a comprehensive database with taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic data for 5245 freshwater fish species across 1411 global river basins to explore ecological correlates of non-native fish establishment. Specifically, we used taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic facets of biodiversity to comprehensively quantify native communities (testing biotic acceptance and resistance hypotheses) and relatedness between native and non-native communities (testing Darwin's preadaptation and naturalization hypotheses). We further extracted environmental and anthropogenic variables across global rivers to assess external predictors of non-native fish establishment. Our results primarily supported Darwin's naturalization hypothesis: at the global level, native fish community invasibility peaked when non-native species exhibited great functional or phylogenetic distance from native communities, suggesting distantly related non-natives likely had unique traits or strategies to exploit vacant niches. Meanwhile, climatic factors also emerged as key drivers of global fish invasion patterns. At the biogeographic realm level, the determinants of fish invasions varied among the six realms, highlighting the complexity and regional specificity of biological invasions. However, our findings were based on correlational patterns of established non-native species at the basin scale and thus cannot establish definitive causal relationships between the identified drivers and establishment success. Future experimental manipulations at finer spatial and temporal scales are therefore required to validate the correlations observed in this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"32 3","pages":"e70814"},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147484020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the 20th century, global biodiversity indicators declined, especially for freshwater ecosystems. In European Union, to counter this, the enactment of the Habitats Directive (HD) and the Water Framework Directive (WFD) established legally binding environmental objectives for Member States. Thus, identifying where HD and WFD non-compliance occurs is critical, as these locations represent areas of restoration needs for freshwater environments. We used data from the HD (habitats and species) and WFD and harmonised these datasets using River Restoration Units (R2U), preserving river network structure and providing a consistent spatial resolution. Applying the Composite Indicator of Conservation Status to HD habitats, HD species, and WFD Good Ecological Status, we determined the restoration needs for each R2U. This allowed contrasting restoration needs for HD and WFD at European and national scales, and mapping the combined freshwater-related restoration needs. Around 89% and 55% of R2U expressed restoration needs according to habitats and species, respectively. This rose above 93% for the overall HD goals and exceeded 45% for the WFD. Less than 5% of R2U complied with both directives. We found a European-wide gradient of decreasing restoration needs from habitats, to species, and to WFD, though this pattern was inconsistent among Member States. The spatial patterns of restoration needs identified seem to align with socio-economic conditions and land-use patterns across Europe. The European-wide trend suggests a sequential process in which habitat loss and degradation lead to delayed biodiversity impairment, which may result in subsequent impairment of ecosystem functioning. These are consistent with ecological theory, suggesting that habitat degradation may have delayed but potentially cascading effects on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. The Nature Restoration Regulation (NRR) can potentially halt European ecological degradation, but restoration efforts must be scaled up and coherently implemented. This broad-scope perspective provides actionable guidance to support NRR implementation across multiple governance levels.
{"title":"Europe's Ecological Debt: Mapping Freshwater Restoration Needs.","authors":"Gonçalo Duarte,Angeliki Peponi,António Faro,Tamara Leite,Pedro Segurado,Florian Borgwardt,Annette Baattrup-Pedersen,Sebastian Birk,Teresa Ferreira,Paulo Branco","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70778","url":null,"abstract":"Since the 20th century, global biodiversity indicators declined, especially for freshwater ecosystems. In European Union, to counter this, the enactment of the Habitats Directive (HD) and the Water Framework Directive (WFD) established legally binding environmental objectives for Member States. Thus, identifying where HD and WFD non-compliance occurs is critical, as these locations represent areas of restoration needs for freshwater environments. We used data from the HD (habitats and species) and WFD and harmonised these datasets using River Restoration Units (R2U), preserving river network structure and providing a consistent spatial resolution. Applying the Composite Indicator of Conservation Status to HD habitats, HD species, and WFD Good Ecological Status, we determined the restoration needs for each R2U. This allowed contrasting restoration needs for HD and WFD at European and national scales, and mapping the combined freshwater-related restoration needs. Around 89% and 55% of R2U expressed restoration needs according to habitats and species, respectively. This rose above 93% for the overall HD goals and exceeded 45% for the WFD. Less than 5% of R2U complied with both directives. We found a European-wide gradient of decreasing restoration needs from habitats, to species, and to WFD, though this pattern was inconsistent among Member States. The spatial patterns of restoration needs identified seem to align with socio-economic conditions and land-use patterns across Europe. The European-wide trend suggests a sequential process in which habitat loss and degradation lead to delayed biodiversity impairment, which may result in subsequent impairment of ecosystem functioning. These are consistent with ecological theory, suggesting that habitat degradation may have delayed but potentially cascading effects on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. The Nature Restoration Regulation (NRR) can potentially halt European ecological degradation, but restoration efforts must be scaled up and coherently implemented. This broad-scope perspective provides actionable guidance to support NRR implementation across multiple governance levels.","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"12 1","pages":"e70778"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147329572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah E Durham,Sarah P Saunders,Antony W Diamond,Heather L Major
Rapid warming in the Gulf of Maine (GoM) is contributing to widespread shifts in the abundance, distribution, and quality of marine prey communities. These shifts cascade up the food web and will ultimately affect the fitness and viability of seabirds, the impacts of which are expected to be especially pronounced at the southern edge of their ranges. Using integrated population models, we analyzed 26 years (1998-2023) of demographic data for Atlantic Puffins (Fratercula arctica; ATPU) and Razorbills (Alca torda; RAZO) nesting at the southern edge of their breeding range in the GoM. Additionally, we examined the environmental and demographic drivers of demographic rates and how these relationships may have changed over time. We found that key demographic rates in both species are linked to warming-related stressors. In ATPU, adult survival declined with increasing summer length, and productivity was negatively associated with winter sea surface temperature anomalies. RAZO first-year survival was positively associated with chick wing chord growth, which itself declined over time with a parallel increase in the proportion of lower-quality prey in the diet. Summer length had a strong negative effect on productivity in this species. Finally, we found no evidence indicating that these climate-demography relationships were changing over time, suggesting current stationarity in these species' responses to ocean warming. Our findings suggest that specific warming-related factors, such as summer length and winter sea surface temperature anomalies have negatively impacted ATPU and RAZO demographic rates. Given the apparent stationarity of the identified climate-demography relationships over the study period, these relationships may be expected to persist under continued warming in the GoM. For cold-adapted species like ATPU and RAZO that are already living close to their thermal limits in the GoM, these insights are especially urgent.
{"title":"Signals From the Southern Edge: Demographic Effects of Ocean Warming on Two Cold-Adapted Seabird Species in the Gulf of Maine.","authors":"Sarah E Durham,Sarah P Saunders,Antony W Diamond,Heather L Major","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70769","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid warming in the Gulf of Maine (GoM) is contributing to widespread shifts in the abundance, distribution, and quality of marine prey communities. These shifts cascade up the food web and will ultimately affect the fitness and viability of seabirds, the impacts of which are expected to be especially pronounced at the southern edge of their ranges. Using integrated population models, we analyzed 26 years (1998-2023) of demographic data for Atlantic Puffins (Fratercula arctica; ATPU) and Razorbills (Alca torda; RAZO) nesting at the southern edge of their breeding range in the GoM. Additionally, we examined the environmental and demographic drivers of demographic rates and how these relationships may have changed over time. We found that key demographic rates in both species are linked to warming-related stressors. In ATPU, adult survival declined with increasing summer length, and productivity was negatively associated with winter sea surface temperature anomalies. RAZO first-year survival was positively associated with chick wing chord growth, which itself declined over time with a parallel increase in the proportion of lower-quality prey in the diet. Summer length had a strong negative effect on productivity in this species. Finally, we found no evidence indicating that these climate-demography relationships were changing over time, suggesting current stationarity in these species' responses to ocean warming. Our findings suggest that specific warming-related factors, such as summer length and winter sea surface temperature anomalies have negatively impacted ATPU and RAZO demographic rates. Given the apparent stationarity of the identified climate-demography relationships over the study period, these relationships may be expected to persist under continued warming in the GoM. For cold-adapted species like ATPU and RAZO that are already living close to their thermal limits in the GoM, these insights are especially urgent.","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"37 1","pages":"e70769"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147329591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brenda D'Acunha,Chris D Evans,Alanna Bodo,Hollie Cooper,Dafydd Egryn Crabtree,Alexander Cumming,Jennifer M Rhymes,Daniel Rylett,Rebekka R E Artz,Ross Morrison
Peatlands have the capacity to sequester large quantities of carbon and can therefore play an important role in climate change mitigation. However, anthropogenic activities alter their hydrological regimes, converting them from net CO2 sinks into net sources. In England and elsewhere, lowland peatlands have been heavily drained and modified for agricultural land use, resulting in some of the most productive farmland in the UK. Estimates of CO2 emissions and water use from the area are scarce, but these data are required to understand the consequences of maintaining agricultural output whilst simultaneously reducing GHG emissions. In this paper, we compiled a uniquely comprehensive dataset of CO2 and H2O flux measurements from flux towers on cropped lowland peat, and coupled this with crop calorific values to estimate carbon and water use intensities of food production on peat. Our results showed that croplands on peat emitted 23.1 ± 10.4 ton CO2 ha-1 y-1 (mean ± SD). Sites with peat depth > 40 cm emitted 25.1 ± 9.2 ton CO2 ha-1, while wasted peat sites emitted 11.8 ± 4.8 ton CO2 ha-1. Effective water table depth and organic carbon content were the main drivers of variation in annual net ecosystem production and ecosystem respiration across sites; crop type partly followed these gradients, so may not be a direct driver of variations in emissions. ET was less variable across site-years and depended on the phenology of crop production. When considering CO2 emissions and water use per calorie produced, lettuce and celery rotations were the most C and water use intensive crops, with values an order of magnitude larger than cereal crops. Overall, this paper highlights the scale of CO2 emissions from managed peatlands and the importance of balancing GHG emissions and water use with ongoing food production from these economically important areas.
泥炭地具有封存大量碳的能力，因此可以在减缓气候变化方面发挥重要作用。然而，人为活动改变了它们的水文状况，将它们从二氧化碳净汇转化为净源。在英格兰和其他地方，低地泥炭地已经被大量排干，并被改造为农业用地，从而形成了英国一些最高产的农田。该地区的二氧化碳排放量和用水量的估计很少，但需要这些数据来了解在保持农业产出的同时减少温室气体排放的后果。在本文中，我们编制了一个独特的综合数据集，从通量塔上对种植的低地泥炭进行CO2和H2O通量测量，并将其与作物热值相结合，以估计泥炭上粮食生产的碳和水利用强度。结果表明，泥炭地的CO2排放量为23.1±10.4 t hm -1 y-1 （mean±SD）。泥炭深度为bb0 ~ 40cm的场地CO2排放量为25.1±9.2 t hm -1，而废弃的泥炭场地CO2排放量为11.8±4.8 t hm -1。有效地下水位和有机碳含量是各站点年生态系统净产量和生态系统呼吸变化的主要驱动因素；作物类型部分遵循这些梯度，因此可能不是排放变化的直接驱动因素。ET在不同立地年之间的变化较小，并且取决于作物生产的物候。当考虑二氧化碳排放量和每卡路里生产的用水量时，生菜和芹菜轮作是碳和水使用最密集的作物，其值比谷类作物大一个数量级。总体而言，本文强调了管理泥炭地的二氧化碳排放规模，以及平衡这些经济上重要地区的温室气体排放和用水与持续粮食生产的重要性。
{"title":"Drained Agricultural Peatlands as Persistent Carbon Sources: Implications for Carbon and Water Use Intensity in Food Production.","authors":"Brenda D'Acunha,Chris D Evans,Alanna Bodo,Hollie Cooper,Dafydd Egryn Crabtree,Alexander Cumming,Jennifer M Rhymes,Daniel Rylett,Rebekka R E Artz,Ross Morrison","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70796","url":null,"abstract":"Peatlands have the capacity to sequester large quantities of carbon and can therefore play an important role in climate change mitigation. However, anthropogenic activities alter their hydrological regimes, converting them from net CO2 sinks into net sources. In England and elsewhere, lowland peatlands have been heavily drained and modified for agricultural land use, resulting in some of the most productive farmland in the UK. Estimates of CO2 emissions and water use from the area are scarce, but these data are required to understand the consequences of maintaining agricultural output whilst simultaneously reducing GHG emissions. In this paper, we compiled a uniquely comprehensive dataset of CO2 and H2O flux measurements from flux towers on cropped lowland peat, and coupled this with crop calorific values to estimate carbon and water use intensities of food production on peat. Our results showed that croplands on peat emitted 23.1 ± 10.4 ton CO2 ha-1 y-1 (mean ± SD). Sites with peat depth > 40 cm emitted 25.1 ± 9.2 ton CO2 ha-1, while wasted peat sites emitted 11.8 ± 4.8 ton CO2 ha-1. Effective water table depth and organic carbon content were the main drivers of variation in annual net ecosystem production and ecosystem respiration across sites; crop type partly followed these gradients, so may not be a direct driver of variations in emissions. ET was less variable across site-years and depended on the phenology of crop production. When considering CO2 emissions and water use per calorie produced, lettuce and celery rotations were the most C and water use intensive crops, with values an order of magnitude larger than cereal crops. Overall, this paper highlights the scale of CO2 emissions from managed peatlands and the importance of balancing GHG emissions and water use with ongoing food production from these economically important areas.","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"52 1","pages":"e70796"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147374189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many studies show that tree diversity promotes forest productivity, and few recent ones suggest that this diversity effect may strengthen under climate warming. Yet this pattern has rarely been tested with observations. Here, we investigated how the species mixture affects forest productivity in response to increasing aridity, relying on 25,838 French forest surveys between 2005 and 2016. We showed that 79.8% of the variation in forest productivity was explained by interactions among tree species richness, baseline and temporal changes in water supply and stand density. Although forest productivity decreased with water deficit (for both baseline conditions and temporal changes), species richness mitigated the magnitude of this productivity reduction. These findings indicate that species mixture stabilizes productivity along a water supply gradient and enhances resistance to increasing aridity. In addition, we found that this species diversity insurance of forest productivity in the face of water supply variation is also dependent on stand density. Our modeling approach evidenced that the positive biodiversity effect, mainly observed in forests where recent climate change has decreased water supply, diminished as tree density increased, and even becoming negative in forests having highest tree density under favorable hydric conditions. Covering a large spectrum of climate conditions, this study reveals how tree species diversity insure forest productivity against climate change over time. Regarding the anticipated acceleration of global warming, forest management should prioritize tree diversity to sustain wood productivity and carbon storage, particularly in water-limited conditions. Additionally, foresters should consider tree density effects in their planning to preserve the beneficial effects of tree diversity on forest productivity.
{"title":"Biodiversity Insurance of Forest Productivity Has Strengthened Under Recent Climate Change.","authors":"Romain Bertrand,Xavier Morin","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70760","url":null,"abstract":"Many studies show that tree diversity promotes forest productivity, and few recent ones suggest that this diversity effect may strengthen under climate warming. Yet this pattern has rarely been tested with observations. Here, we investigated how the species mixture affects forest productivity in response to increasing aridity, relying on 25,838 French forest surveys between 2005 and 2016. We showed that 79.8% of the variation in forest productivity was explained by interactions among tree species richness, baseline and temporal changes in water supply and stand density. Although forest productivity decreased with water deficit (for both baseline conditions and temporal changes), species richness mitigated the magnitude of this productivity reduction. These findings indicate that species mixture stabilizes productivity along a water supply gradient and enhances resistance to increasing aridity. In addition, we found that this species diversity insurance of forest productivity in the face of water supply variation is also dependent on stand density. Our modeling approach evidenced that the positive biodiversity effect, mainly observed in forests where recent climate change has decreased water supply, diminished as tree density increased, and even becoming negative in forests having highest tree density under favorable hydric conditions. Covering a large spectrum of climate conditions, this study reveals how tree species diversity insure forest productivity against climate change over time. Regarding the anticipated acceleration of global warming, forest management should prioritize tree diversity to sustain wood productivity and carbon storage, particularly in water-limited conditions. Additionally, foresters should consider tree density effects in their planning to preserve the beneficial effects of tree diversity on forest productivity.","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"15 1","pages":"e70760"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147374192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bayu Hanggara, Tarek El-Madany, Arnaud Carrara, Gerardo Moreno, Rosario Gonzalez-Cascon, Vicente Burchard-Levine, M Pilar Martin, Stefan Metzger, Anke Hildebrandt, Markus Reichstein, Sung-Ching Lee
<p><p>Land-atmosphere exchanges are mediated by biophysical properties (e.g., albedo change, evaporative cooling) and biogeochemical cycle (e.g., CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes), with both processes exerting global feedback as radiative forcing ( <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>RF</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ RF $$</annotation></semantics> </math> ). While most research on <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>RF</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ RF $$</annotation></semantics> </math> concentrated on the impact of abrupt vegetation changes, this study investigates the effects on non-abrupt changes due to altered nutrient levels (i.e., nitrogen [ <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ N $$</annotation></semantics> </math> ] and phosphorus [ <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ P $$</annotation></semantics> </math> ] deposition). We examined impacts of these changes by assessing <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>RF</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ RF $$</annotation></semantics> </math> , representing global effects, and linked it with surface temperature ( <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>Ts</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ Ts $$</annotation></semantics> </math> ), reflecting local influence. We hypothesized there are scale-dependent warming and cooling effects due to surface-atmosphere interactions. We explored this question using a 9-year dataset (2014-2023) from a large-scale nutrient manipulation experiment in a semi-arid savanna, Spain. Three co-located eddy-covariance sites are established: control, <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ N $$</annotation></semantics> </math> -added ( <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>NT</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ NT $$</annotation></semantics> </math> ), and <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>N</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>P</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ N+P $$</annotation></semantics> </math> -added ( <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>NPT</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ NPT $$</annotation></semantics> </math> ). The results indicate domination of changes in surface albedo over CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes, producing paradoxical effects: a net cooling at global scale ( <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>RF</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ RF $$</annotation></semantics> </math> differences are [mean ± SD]-0.46 ± 0.08 W m<sup>-2</sup> [global] m<sup>-2</sup> [surface] at <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>NT</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ NT $$</annotation></semantics> </math> and -0.39 ± 0.09 W m<sup>-2</sup> m<sup>-2</sup> at <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>NPT</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ NPT $$</annotation></semantics> </math> ) due to higher surface reflectivity, but localized warming at understory ( <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>Ts</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ Ts $$</annotation></semantics> </math> differences are 0.63°C ± 0.46°C at <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>NT</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ NT $$</annotation></semantics> </math> and 0.80°C ± 0.77°C at <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>NPT</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ NPT $$</annotation></semantics> </math> ) driven by shifts in energy par
陆地-大气交换是由生物物理特性（如反照率变化、蒸发冷却）和生物地球化学循环（如二氧化碳通量）介导的，这两个过程都以辐射强迫的形式产生全球反馈（RF $$ RF $$）。虽然大多数关于RF $$ RF $$的研究都集中在植被突变的影响上，但本研究调查了营养水平改变（即氮[N $$ N $$]和磷[P $$ P $$]沉积）对非突变变化的影响。我们通过评估RF $$ RF $$（代表全球影响）来研究这些变化的影响，并将其与反映局部影响的地表温度（Ts $$ Ts $$）联系起来。我们假设由于地表与大气的相互作用，存在着尺度相关的增温和降温效应。我们利用西班牙半干旱稀树草原上9年（2014-2023年）的大规模营养操纵实验数据探讨了这个问题。建立了三个共定位的涡旋协方差位点：对照、N $$ N $$ -added （NT $$ NT $$）和N + P $$ N+P $$ -added （NPT $$ NPT $$）。结果表明，地表反照率的变化支配着CO2通量的变化，产生了矛盾的影响：由于地表反射率较高，全球尺度上的净降温（RF $$ RF $$差异为[mean±SD]-0.46±0.08 W m-2[全球]m-2[地表]在NT $$ NT $$和-0.39±0.09 W m-2 m-2在NPT $$ NPT $$），但由于能量分配的变化，林下的局部变暖（Ts $$ Ts $$差异为NT $$ NT $$ 0.63°C±0.46°C和NPT $$ NPT $$ 0.80°C±0.77°C）。此外，我们的研究结果表明，N $$ N $$ -only添加比N + P $$ N+P $$处理有更多的冠层水平Ts $$ Ts $$冷却，尽管Ts $$ Ts $$在林下增加。这些对比响应揭示了地表-大气相互作用的分层和尺度依赖的相互作用。他们强调了营养化学计量在形成气候反馈方面的关键作用，尽管植被的变化不是突然的，并强调使地球变冷的东西仍然可能使我们脚下的土地变暖。
{"title":"Non-Abrupt Vegetation Changes due to Altered Nutrient Balance Make Complex Scale-Dependent Warming and Cooling Effects.","authors":"Bayu Hanggara, Tarek El-Madany, Arnaud Carrara, Gerardo Moreno, Rosario Gonzalez-Cascon, Vicente Burchard-Levine, M Pilar Martin, Stefan Metzger, Anke Hildebrandt, Markus Reichstein, Sung-Ching Lee","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70782","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70782","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Land-atmosphere exchanges are mediated by biophysical properties (e.g., albedo change, evaporative cooling) and biogeochemical cycle (e.g., CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes), with both processes exerting global feedback as radiative forcing ( <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>RF</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ RF $$</annotation></semantics> </math> ). While most research on <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>RF</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ RF $$</annotation></semantics> </math> concentrated on the impact of abrupt vegetation changes, this study investigates the effects on non-abrupt changes due to altered nutrient levels (i.e., nitrogen [ <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ N $$</annotation></semantics> </math> ] and phosphorus [ <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ P $$</annotation></semantics> </math> ] deposition). We examined impacts of these changes by assessing <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>RF</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ RF $$</annotation></semantics> </math> , representing global effects, and linked it with surface temperature ( <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>Ts</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ Ts $$</annotation></semantics> </math> ), reflecting local influence. We hypothesized there are scale-dependent warming and cooling effects due to surface-atmosphere interactions. We explored this question using a 9-year dataset (2014-2023) from a large-scale nutrient manipulation experiment in a semi-arid savanna, Spain. Three co-located eddy-covariance sites are established: control, <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ N $$</annotation></semantics> </math> -added ( <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>NT</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ NT $$</annotation></semantics> </math> ), and <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>N</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>P</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ N+P $$</annotation></semantics> </math> -added ( <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>NPT</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ NPT $$</annotation></semantics> </math> ). The results indicate domination of changes in surface albedo over CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes, producing paradoxical effects: a net cooling at global scale ( <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>RF</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ RF $$</annotation></semantics> </math> differences are [mean ± SD]-0.46 ± 0.08 W m<sup>-2</sup> [global] m<sup>-2</sup> [surface] at <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>NT</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ NT $$</annotation></semantics> </math> and -0.39 ± 0.09 W m<sup>-2</sup> m<sup>-2</sup> at <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>NPT</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ NPT $$</annotation></semantics> </math> ) due to higher surface reflectivity, but localized warming at understory ( <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>Ts</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ Ts $$</annotation></semantics> </math> differences are 0.63°C ± 0.46°C at <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>NT</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ NT $$</annotation></semantics> </math> and 0.80°C ± 0.77°C at <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>NPT</mi></mrow> <annotation>$$ NPT $$</annotation></semantics> </math> ) driven by shifts in energy par","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"32 3","pages":"e70782"},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12993706/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147466240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tao Wang, Zaipeng Yu, Minghui Da, Mengjuan Wang, Hui Jia, Lulu He, Xiaohua Wan, Zhiqun Huang, Yann Hautier
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycling are crucial for terrestrial ecosystem productivity and carbon sequestration. While biodiversity is known to regulate soil N and P availability, the mechanistic linkages between biodiversity and fundamental processes of nutrient cycles remain unclear. This knowledge gap limits our capacity to model ecosystem biogeochemical responses to biodiversity loss. Using a large-scale tree diversity experiment in subtropical China, we examined how tree species richness regulates ecosystem nutrient cycling in a region with N sufficiency but P limitation. We found that increased tree species richness enhanced N retention by boosting plant N stock and recycling, while reducing soil NO3- leaching and N2O emissions. These shifts, coupled with a reduction in soil δ15N, demonstrate tighter N cycling. Concurrently, tree species richness increased soil acid phosphatase activity, foliar P resorption efficiency, and plant P storage, synergistically accelerating ecosystem P cycling. Our integrated findings provide direct experimental evidence that tree diversity regulates both N and P cycling, offering valuable insights into how plant diversity can mitigate nutrient imbalances and promote ecosystem resilience to nutrient limitations.
{"title":"Tree Diversity Enhances Nitrogen Retention and Accelerates Phosphorus Cycling.","authors":"Tao Wang, Zaipeng Yu, Minghui Da, Mengjuan Wang, Hui Jia, Lulu He, Xiaohua Wan, Zhiqun Huang, Yann Hautier","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70819","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70819","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycling are crucial for terrestrial ecosystem productivity and carbon sequestration. While biodiversity is known to regulate soil N and P availability, the mechanistic linkages between biodiversity and fundamental processes of nutrient cycles remain unclear. This knowledge gap limits our capacity to model ecosystem biogeochemical responses to biodiversity loss. Using a large-scale tree diversity experiment in subtropical China, we examined how tree species richness regulates ecosystem nutrient cycling in a region with N sufficiency but P limitation. We found that increased tree species richness enhanced N retention by boosting plant N stock and recycling, while reducing soil NO<sub>3</sub> <sup>-</sup> leaching and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions. These shifts, coupled with a reduction in soil δ<sup>15</sup>N, demonstrate tighter N cycling. Concurrently, tree species richness increased soil acid phosphatase activity, foliar P resorption efficiency, and plant P storage, synergistically accelerating ecosystem P cycling. Our integrated findings provide direct experimental evidence that tree diversity regulates both N and P cycling, offering valuable insights into how plant diversity can mitigate nutrient imbalances and promote ecosystem resilience to nutrient limitations.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"32 3","pages":"e70819"},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147484031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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