Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination最新文献

{"title":"Managemental Factors Influencing Anestrus Problems in Dairy Cows","authors":"Soniya Akter Nishi, Md. Jalal Uddin Sarder, Md. Hemayatul Islam, Md. Josim Uddin, Shyla Sharmin","doi":"10.4172/2157-7560.1000393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.1000393","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of anestrus problems in Dairy cows associated with managemental factors such as housing system, feed quality, deworming and health management of dairy cows. Data were collected by interviewing the owner of the cows using questionnaires from selected private dairy farms and Rajshahi Dairy and Cattle Improvement Farm (RDCIF) at Rajshahi district during the period from January 2016 to December 2016. A total of 500 dairy cows were surveyed to find out the prevalence of anestrus problems in relation to housing system,feed quality,deworming and health management of cows. The raw data were then sorted, computed, coded and statistically analyzed with the help of latest version of SPSS statistics software package. Our findings revealed that, the overall prevalence of anestrus in cows was 40.2%. The housing system, feed quality, deworming and health management of cows influenced the prevalence of anestrus in cows. The prevalence of anestrus was the highest in poor housing system (45.16%) and the lowest in good housing system (36.17%). The prevalence of anestrus was not significantly (P>0.05) influenced by the housing systems. Good quality of feed showed the lowest occurrence of anestrus problems (28.82%) and poor quality of feed showed the highest occurrence of anestrus problems (78.72%). The prevalence of anestrus in dairy cows was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by the feed quality of cows. It was observed that the incidence of anestrus was higher in no deworming measure of farm (56.96%) and lower was in regular deworming measure of farm (29.64%).  The prevalence of anestrus was higher in no preventive measure of dairy cows (50.95%) and lower was in regular preventive measure of dairy cows (29.92%). Deworming and preventive measures had also significant (P<0.05) effect on anestrus problems in dairy cows.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"37 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81900710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of the Immune Response to Hepatitis B Virus Vaccine among Healthy Vaccinated Students in Khartoum, Sudan","authors":"B. M. T. Gorish, Marwa Almakki, S. Ahmed, S. Mohammed, F. Saleh, F. Mohammed, M. Mohammed, S. Ibrahim","doi":"10.4172/2157-7560.1000388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.1000388","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to describe the immune response to HBV vaccine among healthy, vaccinated Academy of Health Science students in Khartoum state. A total of eighty one samples (n=81) were obtained from healthy vaccinated students, the samples were involving 12 (14.2%) males and 69 (85.8%) female. The mean of Age (years), Weight (kg), TWBCs (cell/μl) and differential lymphocytes count (%) were 22.22 ± 1.1 year, 58.42 ± 12.5 kg, 5.8 ± 1.7 cell/μl and 38.6 ± 9% respectively. 2.5 ml blood sample was collected from each student in EDTA blood container. TWBCs and differential lymphocytes count were measured from whole blood by using Sysmex Haematological analyzer, and then the plasma was separated from whole blood by centrifugation at 3000 RPM for 5 min. All plasma samples were examined for the presence of anti-HBsAg using Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA). The results showed that out of 81 blood samples investigated, 80 (98.77%) were positive for anti HBsAg while only one (1.23%) was negative. The mean of ELISA reading in the male was higher than female 2.7005 and 2.668 respectively, and there is insignificant effect of gender, weight, TWBCs and differential lymphocytes count in the immune response to HBV vaccine with p value 0.675, 0.070, 0.092 and 0.604 respectively. The study concluded that all most all students produced antibody immune response to HBV vaccine and there are variations in ELISA readings. Further studies with more sample size and by using more advanced technique (quantitative ELISA) should be done to clarify the results.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"26 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87621256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge and Competencies of Vaccinators on Routine Childhood Vaccination in Ghana","authors":"D. Ansong, F. Osei, A. Enimil, K. Boateng, I. Nyanor, E. X. Amuzu, A. Owusu, Nicholas Mensah Karikari","doi":"10.4172/2157-7560.1000389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.1000389","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), since its inception in 1974, has helped avert about 2-3 million deaths annually. In Ghana, there is inadequate information on the transition from knowledge acquired in the classroom to practice among vaccinators. This study seeks to provide evidence on the level of knowledge and competencies of vaccinators in Ghana. Method: A prospective cross-sectional study with consecutive sampling technique was employed to select 110 eligible subjects from health facilities in two districts in the Ashanti region of Ghana. Data were collected in real time using standardised tools, uploaded on the Open Data Kit (ODK), and subsequently exported to STATA 13.0 for statistical analysis. Results: Seventy two percent (72.73%) of respondents were from urban health facilities. Community Health Nurses constituted majority of respondents 83.09%. Sixty-five percent (65.46%) of participants had less than five years’ experience in vaccination. BCG was correctly identified by 91.82% of respondents as a single dose vaccine and yellow fever by 89.09%. Pentavalent, rotavirus and pneumococcal vaccine were correctly identified by 91.82%, 82.73% and 82.73% respectively as multiple dose vaccines. Ninety seven percent (97.27%) of respondents correctly mentioned pentavalent as having its first dose administered at 6 weeks. 98.18% correctly indicated pentavalent and pneumococcal as given intramuscularly whereas 92.27% identified OPV and rotavirus as given orally. Eighty-eight percent (88.18%) of respondents knew vaccine temperature charting is required twice a day. Conclusion: The study revealed gaps in the principles of vaccine handling and administration. A critical need for routine assessment and refresher training for population where vaccination is conducted by different level of training.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"2014 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87750850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety and Immunogenicity of Rift Valley Fever MP-12 and a Novel arMP-12?NSm21/384 Recombinant Vaccine Candidate in Native Breed of Black Head Sheep (Ovis aries) from Tanzania","authors":"Adamson Ek, Nyundo Sb, Rowl, Pedro Palermo, M. Matiko, Bettinger Ge, P. Wambura, J. Morrill, D. Watts","doi":"10.4172/2157-7560.1000394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.1000394","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic viral disease that affects humans and ruminants in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Efforts to develop effective vaccines have had limited success. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of RVF MP-12, and arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccine candidates in sheep. Methods: One group of 6 sheep was vaccinated intramuscularly (IM) each with one ml of 1×105 PFU/ml of the RVF MP-12 and 9 sheep were inoculated IM each with one ml of the arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccine candidate, and two control sheep received one ml each of only Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium. Blood samples obtained on days 14 and 0 before vaccination and on days 3, 4, and 5 post vaccination (PV) were tested for RVFV in Vero cells and by RT PCR assay, and samples collected at interval PV through day 87 and on days 7, 14 and 21 following revaccination on day 87 PV to test for RVFV neutralizing antibody response by the plaque reduction neutralization test. Results: All animals, including the controls remained in good health during the PV period as supported by normal body temperature, and the absence of clinical manifestations throughout this study. A viremia was not detected in any of the animals. Six of 6 animals that received the RVF MP-12 and 8 of 9 animals that received the arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 had antibody titers that ranged from 1:10 on day 5 PV to as high as 1:40 to 1:160 through day 87 PV. The antibody titers for these 15 animals following revaccination on day 87 PV with 1×104 PFU/ml of the MP-12 vaccine increased rapidly and by day 21 PV the titers for most animals ranged from 1:160 to 1:640. Conclusion: Overall, these findings based on a limited number of sheep indicated that both the MP-12 and the arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 are promising vaccine candidates for the prevention of RVF in sheep in Africa.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87472308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of In-vitro Assays to Estimate Rabies Viral Protein in Vaccine Preparation","authors":"T. Sekar, G. C. Mohan, C. Palaniappan, A. Premkumar, B. Sundaran, B. Sekar","doi":"10.4172/2157-7560.1000392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.1000392","url":null,"abstract":"Vaccine against rabies is prepared by cell culture technology and these vaccines are free from many side effects when compared to nerve tissue vaccines. The vaccine production is a continuous process involving propagation of virus, harvesting, concentration, inactivation, purification and formulation with preservatives. The quantification of viral protein in the intermediate biological product is an in-process quality control test to reduce the product loss during various process of vaccine manufacturing. The conventional in-vivo & in-vitro tests employed for the quantification of rabies viral protein are time consuming, laborious and requires laboratory animals. In this study, we attempted to develop in-house serological methods such as sandwich ELISA, Dot Blot for the detection and quantification of rabies antigen in the intermediate biological material during vaccine preparation. The hyper immune sera was prepared by immunizing two animal models i.e. Guinea Pigs and rabbits with standard Rabies antigen. The sera samples were purified by saturated ammonium sulphate precipitation and further by G50 gel column. The antirabies antibody titre in the purified preparation was estimated using Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test (RFFIT). National Reference Rabies Vaccine received from Central Drug Laboratory, Kasauli was used to prepare the local reference standard and it was included in the in-house serological methods to validate the assay. Our in-house tests are found to be simple, rapid and cost effective and require less time when compared to in-vivo animal challenge and cell culture based in-vivo tests.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"135 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73744900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Determinants of Low Measles Immunization and FeasibleInterventions to Increase Uptake among Children Aged 9-59 months inthe Lawra District, Ghana","authors":"Kuuzagr Rn, Raouf Alebshehy, N. Ms, Jato Dm, D. Barffo","doi":"10.4172/2157-7560.1000395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.1000395","url":null,"abstract":"Vaccine preventable diseases contribute to about 20% of all under-five deaths globally. Annually, about 10% of un-immunized children die of measles globally. Developing countries continue to experience frequent Measles outbreaks despite numerous preventive measures. Measles is one of the vaccine preventable diseases targeted by the World Health Organization for elimination by 2020. Measles remains the top killer among children in SubSaharan Africa despite global progress to eliminate the disease through vaccination. Even though there is a vaccine against this disease, most countries still report low measles immunization coverages. The main aim of this review is to analyse the determinants of low measles uptake in Lawra district and recommend appropriate measures to solve this problem. An in-depth review was conducted using literature, both peer-reviewed and grey literature from 2000. The literature was retrieved from databases (PubMed, Global health, Popline) and also through the Google scholar search engine. A conceptual framework was adapted to guide the analysis of the factors affecting measles immunization coverage in Lawra district. Inadequate data from the district for comparison was a major limitation and thus further research is recommended. Out of the ninety five studies (95) that met the inclusion criteria, 85 (89%) were peer reviewed. The main factors influencing low measles immunization coverage in Lawra include the quality of immunization services, attitude of health workers, inaccessibility to services and the social class of the caregivers. Feasible intervention strategies recommended include mass media, home visits, effective supervision and partnership between the health system and the communities.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"65 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73323631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extensive Limb Swelling after Td Vaccination in a Pregnant Woman","authors":"F. Akcam","doi":"10.4172/2157-7560.1000390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.1000390","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Immunization is an indisputable necessity for personal and public health. Unfortunately, vaccines protecting people from disease can sometimes lead to unwanted side effects. Case Report: A 29-year old female at 21 weeks pregnant presented at our clinic with a painful swelling in the left forearm. The patient history revealed that tetanus (Td) vaccine had been applied to the left arm deltoid region at a health center one week previousy. On physical examination, the left deltoid region was tender to palpation with limited abduction, but there was no warmth, redness orswelling. Swelling (about 15 × 10 cm diameter) was observed throughout the left forearm. The patient was assessed as having vaccine-related adverse side effects, and the case was reported to the Adverse Effects Monitoring Committee commission of the province. Limb elevation and antiinflammatory treatment were recommended. At follow-up 1 week later, the lesion had regressed completely. Discussion: Most side effects from repeated Td vaccination are mild or moderate, and self-resolving. The most common side effects include erythema, swelling, pain, and tenderness at the injection site, body-ache, fatigue, or fever. Extensive limb swelling due to tetanus vaccine has been reported in children. To our knowledge, the present case is the first reported otherwise healthy pregnant woman with swelling distant from the vaccine injection site.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"296 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79592664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant System in Erythrocytes of Brucella Vaccinated and Challenged Goats","authors":"Amit Kumar, V. Gupta, A. Verma, M. Rajesh, Il., A. Rahal, S. Yadav","doi":"10.15406/IJVV.2017.04.00092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/IJVV.2017.04.00092","url":null,"abstract":"Brucellosis is a reemerging worldwide zoonotic disease and the occurrence of the disease in humans is largely dependent on the animal reservoir [1]. In human it is mainly caused by Brucella melitensis. The highest rate of human infection is mainly in those areas where rates of brucellosis in sheep and goats are high [2,3] as sheep and goats are main reservoir of B. melitensis [4]. The prevention and control of B. melitensis in sheep and goats can be the best fitted model to control human brucellosis. For the purpose it is important to understand the patho-physiological interface involved in the course of disease in sheep or goats as virulence of Brucella species varies according to species, strain and the number of brucellae in inoculums [5,6]. Moreover, being intra cellular parasite, the pathogenic potential of Brucella spp. is highly dependent on its ability to enter and survive within host cells particularly polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages [7]. Further for the survival of Brucella spp. in the harsh environmental stress encountered in route of entry to their replicative niche, include interactive reactive oxygen species, acidic pH, and nutrient deprivation as a key determinant of Brucella virulence [8,9]. The capacity of Brucella to induce disease is dependent on their ability to overcome host cellular response and to replicate within both host phagocytes [10]. In general the intracellular environment of any phagocytic cells is potentially hostile for microbes and, threat their viability by oxidative (MyeloperoxidaseH2O2halide) or non-oxidative (cationic protein, lysozyme, lactoferritin and proteases [11]. Depending upon the type of adjuvants or immunomodulators used in any vaccine macrophages and dendritic cells are recruited and activated for antigen processing to generate free reactive radicals resulting in inflammatory sequelae [12]. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase, and glutathione peroxidase are integral part of intracellular defense systems and antioxidant mechanism [13]. Cytotoxic effects of oxidants involve DNA damage, protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation with inhibition of cellular metabolic pathways [12]. The establishment of Brucella infection has been correlated with induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in human [8], mice [11]; cattle [14]; rat [15] and in pregnant goats [16]. Thus the aim of the present study was to assess erythrocyte redox parameters viz., lipid peroxidation, Glutathion (GSH) formation and activity of catalase, SOD and Glutathion-STransferase (GST) in clinically healthy goats during Rev.1 vaccination and challenge.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"99 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83941065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pneumococcal Vaccine Guidance and Alcoholism in North East England:The Case for a Regional Rethink?","authors":"J. Mooney, Michael Imarhiagbe, J. Ling","doi":"10.4172/2157-7560.1000377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.1000377","url":null,"abstract":"Alcohol misuse is the most important risk factor in adults of working age (<65) for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), a serious and often life-threatening infection, both in terms of incidence and mortality","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"21 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87969409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Mucosal Vaccines against Pneumococcal and Meningococcal Diseases","authors":"Ana Maria Pereira dos Santos, I. Pereira, M. Miguez, A. Argondizzo, M. Rocha-Leão","doi":"10.15406/IJVV.2017.04.00091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/IJVV.2017.04.00091","url":null,"abstract":"Pneumonia is an infection that affects respiratory tract and lungs and it ́s globally the largest infectious cause of death with 920,136 deaths in 2015 for children under five years old, representing 15% of all obits in this age. The main infectious agent of pneumonia, the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, is normally found at nose or throat and can spread by droplets from a cough or sneeze [1]. S. pneumoniae is capable to cause serious severe invasive disease, but it can colonize individuals that will not to present symptoms, suggesting that colonization represents the primary selective force for this bacterium [2]. In the same way, meningococcal meningitis is a bacterial lifethreatening disease caused mainly by Neisseria meningitidis. In Europe, the US and other developed countries, meningococcal disease incidence is typically between 1 and 10 per 100,000 population, with occasional ‘hyper endemic’ periods of persistent disease caused by particular strains [3]. A strip of land of SubSaharan Africa, extending from Senegal to Ethiopia is referred as the “African Meningitis Belt”, represents 430 million people at risk in 26 African countries, with recurring epidemics causing 20,000 to 200,000 cases and 2,000 to 20,000 deaths annually [4]. As transmission of these diseases occurs mainly by respiratory tract, including from asymptomatic individuals carriers, mucosal immunization mechanisms must be constantly evaluated.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85677075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}