Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7560.1000407
I. Ezeome, J. Ezugworie
Introduction: Cervical Cancer (CC) is a global public health issue, with four-fifth of the global burden found to be present in developing countries. Effectiveness of preventive strategies depends on the knowledge of cervical cancer, Human papilloma virus (HPV), HPV vaccine, and the acceptability of cervical screening and uptake of the vaccine. Men are the key decision makers in family life in Nigeria. We therefore sought to assess the acceptance and attitude of men towards HPV vaccination in the prevention of cervical cancer in Enugu, Southeast Nigeria. Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study using self-administered questionnaires. Data analysis was by descriptive statistics and cross-tabulation using SPSS version 20. Results: 146 (70.5%) of the respondents are aware of the aetiology of cervical cancer, but only 38.6% (80), 36.7% (76), and 30.9% (64) know that multiple sexual partners, early age of sexual intercourse and polygamy are important risk factors. Level of knowledge of HPV and HPV vaccines were 38 (18.4%) and 37 (17.9%) respectively. Acceptance of preadolescent vaccination was poor at 8.2% (son) and 35.7% (daughter). Good attitude to HPV vaccination was associated with being married (p=0.012) and being self-employed (p=0.005). Conclusion: Men in Enugu Nigeria accept HPV vaccination for their wives, but not for their preadolescent children. This calls for reproductive health programs educating men as family decision makers on the greater benefits of primary prevention targeting preadolescents prior to sexual debut, while still encouraging pap smear screening among sexually active women and girls.
宫颈癌(CC)是一个全球性的公共卫生问题，发现全球负担的五分之四存在于发展中国家。预防策略的有效性取决于对宫颈癌、人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)、HPV疫苗的了解，以及宫颈筛查和疫苗接种的可接受性。在尼日利亚，男性是家庭生活的关键决策者。因此，我们试图评估在尼日利亚东南部的埃努古，男性对预防宫颈癌的HPV疫苗接种的接受程度和态度。方法:采用自填问卷进行横断面描述性研究。数据分析采用描述性统计和交叉表法，采用SPSS version 20。结果:146人(70.5%)了解宫颈癌的病因，但仅38.6%(80人)、36.7%(76人)和30.9%(64人)知道多个性伴侣、过早性交和一夫多妻是重要的危险因素。HPV和HPV疫苗知识知知率分别为38(18.4%)和37(17.9%)。青少年前疫苗接种率较低，分别为8.2%(儿子)和35.7%(女儿)。良好的HPV疫苗接种态度与已婚(p=0.012)和自雇(p=0.005)相关。结论:尼日利亚埃努古的男性接受其妻子接种HPV疫苗，但不接受其青春期前的子女接种HPV疫苗。这就需要制定生殖健康计划，教育作为家庭决策者的男性，让他们认识到在初次性行为之前针对青春期前进行初级预防的更大好处，同时仍然鼓励对性活跃的妇女和女孩进行子宫颈抹片检查。
{"title":"Male Acceptance of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine for Family Members in Enugu, South-East Nigeria","authors":"I. Ezeome, J. Ezugworie","doi":"10.4172/2157-7560.1000407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.1000407","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Cervical Cancer (CC) is a global public health issue, with four-fifth of the global burden found to be present in developing countries. Effectiveness of preventive strategies depends on the knowledge of cervical cancer, Human papilloma virus (HPV), HPV vaccine, and the acceptability of cervical screening and uptake of the vaccine. Men are the key decision makers in family life in Nigeria. We therefore sought to assess the acceptance and attitude of men towards HPV vaccination in the prevention of cervical cancer in Enugu, Southeast Nigeria. Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study using self-administered questionnaires. Data analysis was by descriptive statistics and cross-tabulation using SPSS version 20. Results: 146 (70.5%) of the respondents are aware of the aetiology of cervical cancer, but only 38.6% (80), 36.7% (76), and 30.9% (64) know that multiple sexual partners, early age of sexual intercourse and polygamy are important risk factors. Level of knowledge of HPV and HPV vaccines were 38 (18.4%) and 37 (17.9%) respectively. Acceptance of preadolescent vaccination was poor at 8.2% (son) and 35.7% (daughter). Good attitude to HPV vaccination was associated with being married (p=0.012) and being self-employed (p=0.005). Conclusion: Men in Enugu Nigeria accept HPV vaccination for their wives, but not for their preadolescent children. This calls for reproductive health programs educating men as family decision makers on the greater benefits of primary prevention targeting preadolescents prior to sexual debut, while still encouraging pap smear screening among sexually active women and girls.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"49 2 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77843150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7560.1000405
A. Patterson, G. Haiwick, J. Hermann, B. Fergen, Kenneth Wakel, W. Chittick, R. Philips
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an infectious disease caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV) and characterized by reproductive failure, respiratory disease and weight loss in swine. Two randomized, blinded vaccination-challenge studies evaluated the efficacy of Ingelvac PRRS® modified live virus (MLV) vaccine in protecting pigs from the virulent heterologous PRRSV isolates, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) 1-3-4 and 1-7-4. In separate challenge studies, pigs were vaccinated on Day 0 with Ingelvac PRRS MLV or placebo ‘challenge control’ and challenged on Day 28 with PRRSV 1-3-4 or 1-7-4. In the 1-3-4 challenge study, pigs vaccinated with Ingelvac PRRS MLV demonstrated significantly lower median viraemia (area-under-the-curve for Day 28–42 [AUC28–42]; P<0.0001) compared with unvaccinated controls. Vaccinated pigs also had significantly higher average daily weight gain (ADWG) than unvaccinated controls (P<0.0001). At Day 42, vaccinated pigs had significantly lower least square mean lung lesion scores than unvaccinated controls (P<0.001). Mortality was significantly higher with challenge control (61%) than with Ingelvac PRRS MLV (15%; P<0.01). In the 1-7-4 challenge study, significantly lower AUC28–42 viraemia levels were observed with Ingelvac PRRS MLV compared with challenge control (P=0.031). Median rectal temperatures were significantly lower with Ingelvac PRRS MLV than with challenge controls at Days 29 and 42 (P<0.01 for both). Pigs vaccinated with Ingelvac PRRS MLV had significantly higher ADWG during the challenge phase (P<0.05) and significantly lower least square mean lung lesion scores at Day 42 compared with unvaccinated controls (P<0.05). These data indicate that Ingelvac PRRS MLV provides heterologous protection against two relatively new and particularly virulent PRRSV field strains responsible for a growing number of infections in the US.
{"title":"Efficacy of Ingelvac PRRSandreg; Modified Live Virus Vaccine against Heterologous Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Challenges","authors":"A. Patterson, G. Haiwick, J. Hermann, B. Fergen, Kenneth Wakel, W. Chittick, R. Philips","doi":"10.4172/2157-7560.1000405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.1000405","url":null,"abstract":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an infectious disease caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV) and characterized by reproductive failure, respiratory disease and weight loss in swine. Two randomized, blinded vaccination-challenge studies evaluated the efficacy of Ingelvac PRRS® modified live virus (MLV) vaccine in protecting pigs from the virulent heterologous PRRSV isolates, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) 1-3-4 and 1-7-4. In separate challenge studies, pigs were vaccinated on Day 0 with Ingelvac PRRS MLV or placebo ‘challenge control’ and challenged on Day 28 with PRRSV 1-3-4 or 1-7-4. In the 1-3-4 challenge study, pigs vaccinated with Ingelvac PRRS MLV demonstrated significantly lower median viraemia (area-under-the-curve for Day 28–42 [AUC28–42]; P<0.0001) compared with unvaccinated controls. Vaccinated pigs also had significantly higher average daily weight gain (ADWG) than unvaccinated controls (P<0.0001). At Day 42, vaccinated pigs had significantly lower least square mean lung lesion scores than unvaccinated controls (P<0.001). Mortality was significantly higher with challenge control (61%) than with Ingelvac PRRS MLV (15%; P<0.01). In the 1-7-4 challenge study, significantly lower AUC28–42 viraemia levels were observed with Ingelvac PRRS MLV compared with challenge control (P=0.031). Median rectal temperatures were significantly lower with Ingelvac PRRS MLV than with challenge controls at Days 29 and 42 (P<0.01 for both). Pigs vaccinated with Ingelvac PRRS MLV had significantly higher ADWG during the challenge phase (P<0.05) and significantly lower least square mean lung lesion scores at Day 42 compared with unvaccinated controls (P<0.05). These data indicate that Ingelvac PRRS MLV provides heterologous protection against two relatively new and particularly virulent PRRSV field strains responsible for a growing number of infections in the US.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"66 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83251327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7560.1000399
R. D. Abdi, J. Dunlap, D. B. Ensermu, R. Almeida, O. K. Dego
Staphylococcus aureus is the major contagious bovine mastitis pathogen and has no effective vaccine. Strainvariation and limited knowledge of common immunogenic antigen/s are among major constraints for developingeffective vaccines. S. aureus cell surface proteins that are exposed to the host immune system constitute goodvaccine candidates. The objective of this study was to compare S. aureus surface protein extraction methods andevaluate immune-reactivity of extracted proteins. Surface proteins were extracted from nine genetically distinct S.aureus strains from cases of bovine mastitis. After extraction, bacterial cell integrity was examined by Gram stainingand electron microscopy to determine if extraction methods caused damage to cells that may release non-surfaceproteins. The extracted proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE) and evaluated for immune-reactivity using western blot. Results showed that all three extractionmethods provided multiple protein bands on SDS-PAGE. Western blot result showed several immuno-reactivesurface proteins, in which some proteins strongly (well-resolved, thick, dark and intense band) reacted across thenine strains tested. The three methods are valid for the extraction of surface proteins and hexadecane and cholicacid methods are more feasible than biotinylation since both are easier, cheaper and have minor effects on thebacterial cell. Strongly immune-reactive surface proteins may serve as potential candidates for a vaccine to controlS. aureus mastitis in dairy cows.
{"title":"Comparison of Staphylococcus aureus Surface Protein ExtractionMethods","authors":"R. D. Abdi, J. Dunlap, D. B. Ensermu, R. Almeida, O. K. Dego","doi":"10.4172/2157-7560.1000399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.1000399","url":null,"abstract":"Staphylococcus aureus is the major contagious bovine mastitis pathogen and has no effective vaccine. Strainvariation and limited knowledge of common immunogenic antigen/s are among major constraints for developingeffective vaccines. S. aureus cell surface proteins that are exposed to the host immune system constitute goodvaccine candidates. The objective of this study was to compare S. aureus surface protein extraction methods andevaluate immune-reactivity of extracted proteins. Surface proteins were extracted from nine genetically distinct S.aureus strains from cases of bovine mastitis. After extraction, bacterial cell integrity was examined by Gram stainingand electron microscopy to determine if extraction methods caused damage to cells that may release non-surfaceproteins. The extracted proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE) and evaluated for immune-reactivity using western blot. Results showed that all three extractionmethods provided multiple protein bands on SDS-PAGE. Western blot result showed several immuno-reactivesurface proteins, in which some proteins strongly (well-resolved, thick, dark and intense band) reacted across thenine strains tested. The three methods are valid for the extraction of surface proteins and hexadecane and cholicacid methods are more feasible than biotinylation since both are easier, cheaper and have minor effects on thebacterial cell. Strongly immune-reactive surface proteins may serve as potential candidates for a vaccine to controlS. aureus mastitis in dairy cows.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"28 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73387418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7560.1000401
L. Salekwa, Nyundo Sb, Adamson Ek, M. Matiko, Bettinger Ge, Rowl, Jm, Pedro Palermo, P. Wambura, J. Morrill, D. Watts
Objective: Rift valley fever virus (RVFV) is the cause of devastating outbreaks among domestic ruminants and humans in most African countries and in the Arabian Peninsula. Current efforts to develop and evaluate an improved veterinary vaccine to prevent RVF disease among domestic ruminants includes a live attenuated RVFV MP-12 candidate and a recombinant vaccine referred to as arMP12ΔNsm21/384 that was derived from the RVF MP-12 vaccine candidate. The aim of this study was to evaluate these RVFV vaccine candidates in domestic ruminants in Tanzania. Methods: Six to nine months old goats (Capra aegagrus hircus), calves (Bos taurus indicus) and sheep (Ovis aries) were vaccinated subcutaneously with one ml each of 1 × 105 plaque forming units (PFU)/ml of the RVF MP-12 and/or the arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 candidate vaccines. The controls included six animals, two of each species which received 1 ml of Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium as a placebo. Blood samples were collected on day 2 before vaccination, and on the day (0) immediately before vaccination were tested for RVFV antibody to insure that only antibody negative animals were used in the vaccine trials. Samples collected on days, 3, 4, 5, 7 post-vaccination (PV) to determine the possibility of a vaccine induced viremia, and on days 4, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 67 to determine the immune response of the vaccinated animals. Sera samples were tested for RVFV RNA by RT-PCR and for infectious virus in Vero E6 cells. The immune response was determined by testing sera samples for antibody using a commercial IDVERT ELISA kit (Montpellier-France) as well as a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Animals were observed daily for adverse effects and rectal temperature was recorded at the time of blood collection. Results: All vaccinated animals developed RVFV neutralizing antibodies with titers ranging from 1:10 in some animals as early as day 4 and 5 PV to as high as 1:160-1:2560 over the 67 day study period with no adverse effect observed in any of the animals. The antibody titers of goats to both MP-12 and arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccines was significantly higher than the response observed for sheep and cattle. A viremia was not detected in any of the vaccinated and control animals. Conclusions: The findings of this study demonstrated that the RVFV MP-12 and arMP12ΔNsm21/384 vaccine candidates administered by the SC route elicited RVFV neutralizing antibodies in indigenous species of cattle, sheep, and goats in Tanzania, and therefore warrants further studies to assess the safety and protective efficacy of these vaccine candidates in domestic ruminants.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Immunogenicity of a Mutagenized Rift Valley Fever MP-12 and a Recombinant Rift Valley Fever arMP12ΔNsm21/384 Vaccine Candidates in Indigenous Species of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats in Tanzania","authors":"L. Salekwa, Nyundo Sb, Adamson Ek, M. Matiko, Bettinger Ge, Rowl, Jm, Pedro Palermo, P. Wambura, J. Morrill, D. Watts","doi":"10.4172/2157-7560.1000401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.1000401","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Rift valley fever virus (RVFV) is the cause of devastating outbreaks among domestic ruminants and humans in most African countries and in the Arabian Peninsula. Current efforts to develop and evaluate an improved veterinary vaccine to prevent RVF disease among domestic ruminants includes a live attenuated RVFV MP-12 candidate and a recombinant vaccine referred to as arMP12ΔNsm21/384 that was derived from the RVF MP-12 vaccine candidate. The aim of this study was to evaluate these RVFV vaccine candidates in domestic ruminants in Tanzania. Methods: Six to nine months old goats (Capra aegagrus hircus), calves (Bos taurus indicus) and sheep (Ovis aries) were vaccinated subcutaneously with one ml each of 1 × 105 plaque forming units (PFU)/ml of the RVF MP-12 and/or the arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 candidate vaccines. The controls included six animals, two of each species which received 1 ml of Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium as a placebo. Blood samples were collected on day 2 before vaccination, and on the day (0) immediately before vaccination were tested for RVFV antibody to insure that only antibody negative animals were used in the vaccine trials. Samples collected on days, 3, 4, 5, 7 post-vaccination (PV) to determine the possibility of a vaccine induced viremia, and on days 4, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 67 to determine the immune response of the vaccinated animals. Sera samples were tested for RVFV RNA by RT-PCR and for infectious virus in Vero E6 cells. The immune response was determined by testing sera samples for antibody using a commercial IDVERT ELISA kit (Montpellier-France) as well as a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Animals were observed daily for adverse effects and rectal temperature was recorded at the time of blood collection. Results: All vaccinated animals developed RVFV neutralizing antibodies with titers ranging from 1:10 in some animals as early as day 4 and 5 PV to as high as 1:160-1:2560 over the 67 day study period with no adverse effect observed in any of the animals. The antibody titers of goats to both MP-12 and arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccines was significantly higher than the response observed for sheep and cattle. A viremia was not detected in any of the vaccinated and control animals. Conclusions: The findings of this study demonstrated that the RVFV MP-12 and arMP12ΔNsm21/384 vaccine candidates administered by the SC route elicited RVFV neutralizing antibodies in indigenous species of cattle, sheep, and goats in Tanzania, and therefore warrants further studies to assess the safety and protective efficacy of these vaccine candidates in domestic ruminants.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"107 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80707128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-10DOI: 10.4172/2157-7560-c4-070
pMartin D Souzap
{"title":"Novel particulate vaccine against Gonorrhea","authors":"pMartin D Souzap","doi":"10.4172/2157-7560-c4-070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560-c4-070","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85302532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-02DOI: 10.15406/IJVV.2018.05.00096
Srividya Lonkala, Prasadaswamy Thirunahari
{"title":"Incidence of nipah virus","authors":"Srividya Lonkala, Prasadaswamy Thirunahari","doi":"10.15406/IJVV.2018.05.00096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/IJVV.2018.05.00096","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80547209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.4172/2157-7560-C2-064
G. Pedersen
{"title":"Targeted delivery in rational vaccine design","authors":"G. Pedersen","doi":"10.4172/2157-7560-C2-064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560-C2-064","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"1975 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90236306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-02-06DOI: 10.15406/IJVV.2018.05.00094
F. D. Nash
There are 124 viral species known to infect humans; of these, only a small number have FDA-approved specific preventive or therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, 219 additional species are capable of infecting humans [2]. But this requires a cautionary note: For one thing, it is estimated that in addition to the thousands of viruses known, there are three to four new ones appearing each year be they hitherto previously unknown or known varieties that have evolved. And we must not overlook the possibility of meeting genetically engineered pathogenic forms developed for use in biowarfare [3]. An excellent article on biowarfare and bioterrorism can be found on Wikipedia [4].
{"title":"The Virologist’s Conundrum","authors":"F. D. Nash","doi":"10.15406/IJVV.2018.05.00094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/IJVV.2018.05.00094","url":null,"abstract":"There are 124 viral species known to infect humans; of these, only a small number have FDA-approved specific preventive or therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, 219 additional species are capable of infecting humans [2]. But this requires a cautionary note: For one thing, it is estimated that in addition to the thousands of viruses known, there are three to four new ones appearing each year be they hitherto previously unknown or known varieties that have evolved. And we must not overlook the possibility of meeting genetically engineered pathogenic forms developed for use in biowarfare [3]. An excellent article on biowarfare and bioterrorism can be found on Wikipedia [4].","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73027461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7560.1000391
A. Latifynia, M. Gharagozlou, A. Masood, R. Samani, S. Charedar, M. Mohebali
Introduction: Leishmania is a protozoan parasite that has a life cycle in the form of an amastigote (in the mammalian body and in the middle of the macrophage) and promastigote in the mosquito saliva and culture medium with different antigenic determinant sites.Aim: Evaluation of new Leishmania major vaccine against serum’s IL-17 and IL-23 and spleen white pulp changes post challenging with Leishmania amastigotes survival rate of live mice was also evaluated for the second time after re-exposure.Result: Number of pulp spleen had almost significant differences between doses 100 and 200 μg/ml. LB group had lowest levels of IL-17, IL-23 and mouse weight and highest MPS, PSW/MW , number of pulp spleen and spleen weight was almost significant. LT group had highest levels of IL-23, whether, had lowest levels of mean pulp size, percent of spleen weight/mouse, and spleen weight was almost significant. LBT group had highest levels of IL-17. Lowest levels of IL-23 belonged to LB and control group and highest levels of percent of spleen weight/mouse weight and number of pulp spleen belong to control group also.Conclusion: In LT group, with adjuvant-Teucrium polium, weight of spleen and number of pulp spleen were at lowest level and had highest IL-23. It can be argued that this adjuvant was better than BCG and causes the mice to exhibit stronger immune responses that are likely to go Th1 immune response and protective effect after challenge with live Leishmania major.
{"title":"Evaluation of New Leishmania Major Vaccine Against Immune Responses (Serum’s IL-17 and IL-23 and Spleen White Pulp Changes) Post Challenging with Leishmania Amastigotes in Balb/c Mice","authors":"A. Latifynia, M. Gharagozlou, A. Masood, R. Samani, S. Charedar, M. Mohebali","doi":"10.4172/2157-7560.1000391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.1000391","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Leishmania is a protozoan parasite that has a life cycle in the form of an amastigote (in the mammalian body and in the middle of the macrophage) and promastigote in the mosquito saliva and culture medium with different antigenic determinant sites.Aim: Evaluation of new Leishmania major vaccine against serum’s IL-17 and IL-23 and spleen white pulp changes post challenging with Leishmania amastigotes survival rate of live mice was also evaluated for the second time after re-exposure.Result: Number of pulp spleen had almost significant differences between doses 100 and 200 μg/ml. LB group had lowest levels of IL-17, IL-23 and mouse weight and highest MPS, PSW/MW , number of pulp spleen and spleen weight was almost significant. LT group had highest levels of IL-23, whether, had lowest levels of mean pulp size, percent of spleen weight/mouse, and spleen weight was almost significant. LBT group had highest levels of IL-17. Lowest levels of IL-23 belonged to LB and control group and highest levels of percent of spleen weight/mouse weight and number of pulp spleen belong to control group also.Conclusion: In LT group, with adjuvant-Teucrium polium, weight of spleen and number of pulp spleen were at lowest level and had highest IL-23. It can be argued that this adjuvant was better than BCG and causes the mice to exhibit stronger immune responses that are likely to go Th1 immune response and protective effect after challenge with live Leishmania major.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76234883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7560.1000396
M. Arif
Throughout the world, one death out of ten is due to tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is a persisting disease which is caused by a type of bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Usually, It acts on the lungs, but it can also be affected the other parts of the body like brain, kidneys, intestines and the spine. In 2016, 10.4 million patients of tuberculosis were reported, of which 1.7 million died. Over 95% of tuberculosis deaths happen in middle and low income countries. 64% of the total tuberculosis has been reported in Pakistan, China, India, Nigeria, South Africa, Philippines and Indonesia countries [1]. The rank of Pakistan with respect to the tuberculosis high-burden is fifth throughout the world. With an estimation, almost 510000 new tuberculosis cases emerging and approximately 15000 developing drug resistant tuberculosis cases in Pakistan in each year. Pakistan is also assessed to have the quarter highest occurrence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis globally [2].
{"title":"Emergence of Tuberculosis in Pakistan; A Clear Problem in Near Future","authors":"M. Arif","doi":"10.4172/2157-7560.1000396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.1000396","url":null,"abstract":"Throughout the world, one death out of ten is due to tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is a persisting disease which is caused by a type of bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Usually, It acts on the lungs, but it can also be affected the other parts of the body like brain, kidneys, intestines and the spine. In 2016, 10.4 million patients of tuberculosis were reported, of which 1.7 million died. Over 95% of tuberculosis deaths happen in middle and low income countries. 64% of the total tuberculosis has been reported in Pakistan, China, India, Nigeria, South Africa, Philippines and Indonesia countries [1]. The rank of Pakistan with respect to the tuberculosis high-burden is fifth throughout the world. With an estimation, almost 510000 new tuberculosis cases emerging and approximately 15000 developing drug resistant tuberculosis cases in Pakistan in each year. Pakistan is also assessed to have the quarter highest occurrence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis globally [2].","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74850617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：