Land Use Policy最新文献

Land readjustment (LR) has undergone a significant transformation, evolving from a private-owner-centric mechanism to a proven tool for upgrading low-income, informal settlements. This article traces the efforts by multilateral and bilateral organisations, along with think tanks, to promote LR as both a relevant and implementable tool in the Global South. It delineates three distinct phases in LR's evolution: its initial unsuccessful integration into the UN's Habitat I agenda in 1976, a subsequent phase of recalibration aimed at broadening its applications and outreach in the 2000s, and finally, its endorsement in 2018 as an effective tool for informal settlement upgrading. Focusing on the roles of policy mediators, including bilateral and multilateral organisations, the article sheds light on the practices, politics, and power dynamics at play in the movement and mutation of policy models. It also examines the conditions leading to success and instances where expected policy outcomes and their mobilisation failed to materialise.

In the context of China's continued promotion of new urbanization and development of urban land, it is significant for China to create high-quality urban spatial structures with a concentration of the main center and a diversion of other areas in shaping spatial new drivers of economic growth. We measure urban spatial structures in China using land plot location and floor area ratio (FAR) information. Then, we explore how the urban spatial structure affects firm growth. We find that a high-quality urban spatial structure can promote firm growth by reducing firms’ average costs and increasing firms’ total factor productivity. Further analysis reveals that the spatial structures formed by various activities have different effects on firm growth. High-quality spatial structures only promote firm growth in monocentric cities. Government intervention under growth competition and fiscal revenue maximization significantly weaken the firm growth effect of high-quality urban spatial structures. Our findings help policymakers improve urban land use policies with location characteristics and promote firm growth.

Public transport projects are expensive, long-lived and their funding is often a challenge. As a result, relevant authorities around the world are concerned in understanding the economic impacts induced by these new public transport projects and, in particular, whether any increases in land value which may follow an investment (referred to as land value uplift) can be ‘captured’ as a potential source of funding. Land value uplift can occur at different stages of a project and might not be only due to the improved accessibility of the project. This study focusses on understanding the complexity of land value uplift on residential properties resulting from three public transport projects in Sydney, Australia (two light rail projects and one heavy rail), as a way of providing insights to create evidence-based value capture policies. Multilevel models are presented comparing the affected or ‘catchment’ areas of the projects with what is referred to as a ‘control area’ where the investment has not had an impact. The total residential land value uplift is analysed prior and post implementation – and decomposed into what can be attributed to improved accessibility, property characteristics, neighbourhood characteristics, time series, and unobserved uplift. The results show that the anticipated value uplift before the projects’ implementation is significantly higher for the heavy rail project (between 12 and 15 per cent after its construction process started for properties located within 800 m from the station) than for the light rail project (5.7 per cent only for properties located within 400 m from the station), but it is close to zero for the project that represents the anticipated uplift for a light rail extension project after its announcement. However, there is a significant value uplift for the light rail extension project after its implementation (around 6 per cent) which is mainly due to the accessibility improvements. The distance to stations also showed to be significant in the light rail and heavy rail projects, with properties closer to the stations having a higher anticipated value uplift.

Climate change action in built environments has not been at the scale or pace required to achieve the global goal (Paris Agreement) to limit warming to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. Action towards climate change goals can be facilitated by effective policy design, and policy reform. However, this is challenging because built environment policy contexts are complex and include policy from multiple sectors (e.g. urban planning, construction, design and property); supporting infrastructures (e.g. transport and water) and areas of cross cutting importance (e.g. climate change and sustainability). Limited guidance exists on how to design or analyse portfolios of policy instruments to meet climate change goals and challenges. The aim of this paper is to develop a framework for designing and analysing policy portfolios. The method of developing this framework was via a descriptive and explorative review of literature and a synthesis of key attributes yielded in the review. The framework is comprised of seven attributes: inclusion, prescription, discretion, legibility, vertical integration, horizontal integration, and balance. The framework can be used to analyse the appropriateness of the content of existing policy instruments and portfolios of policy instruments to address climate change goals. Additionally, the framework can be used to guide the development and design of policy portfolios for urbanising and rapidly urbanising areas, to address the challenge of climate change effectively and adequately.

Urban green space (UGS) is receiving increasing attention as a means to make cities better adapted to climate change and to create high-quality living environments for citizens. The spatial planning of UGS generally asks a trade-off between optimizing land-use and accessibility characteristics which may differ between housing types. In this paper, we use a stated choice experiment to estimate residential location preferences related to neighborhood land-use, UGS and accessibility characteristics in the framework of a land-use model. A national sample of 394 Dutch homeowners participated in the experiments and mixed logit models were estimated by housing type distinguishing detached, row houses and apartments. The estimation results show that trade-offs made between a green neighborhood and accessibility to urban amenities tend to differ between the housing types. The estimates are used as parameters in a housing land-use allocation model. An application of the model to a residential area development problem shows that creating green buffers along road infrastructure is the most beneficial way of allocating UGS considering the housing value for residents. The application further shows that apartments benefit more strongly from UGS in the neighborhood than from high accessibility of urban amenities compared to detached and row houses. Finally, we find that the optimal spatial allocation of UGS depends on whether maximizing housing market-value or residents’ utility is the prime objective.

Valuation of real property is an essential part of land readjustment, with the purpose to establish the right exchange value of parcels shifting owners. Applied methods should be expedient for the exchange purpose. Based on empirical findings from land readjustment cases in Norway, this article assesses whether and to what extent valuation methods in land readjustment are appropriate. The article is based on document analysis of court records on land readjustment from all the Land Consolidation Courts in Norway, analyzed through institutional theory emphasizing (the lack of) institutional adaptability. The essence of land readjustment is to facilitate implementation of urban transformation. As a peculiarity, Norwegian land readjustment is governed by a special court – the Land Consolidation Court – which historically and still largely is dealing with traditional rural land consolidation. Legal rules on Norwegian land readjustment valuation equate rules for land consolidation. Areas to be exchanged should be valued based on ‘foreseeable use’, usually understood as investment value. However, for buildable plots, market value might be used. The legal rules can be described as institutional norms or strategies, formulated as approximate procedural descriptions. Legal rules on what to value involves a significant element of discretion and should be understood as a norm. The choice of valuation method is more to be considered as a strategy. The study show that courts lack own expertise on urban valuation and, thus, often take the parties' prior valuation for granted. Furthermore, documentation on valuation methods used is sparse, in several cases such information is absent. Few court records reflect on the complexity of valuation in land readjustment. The lack of own expertise and few cases for processing by the courts contribute to land readjustment appearing unpredictable and risky for the parties. It emphasizes the slow acquisition of competence by these courts in land readjustment due to limited institutional adaptive capacity. The findings from this study contribute to the understanding of how path dependence linked to rule design, history and culturally conditioned norms and strategies lead to inertia in institutional adaptability.

The identification of potential Rural Residential Areas for Land Consolidation (RRALC) is crucial for effective rural planning and land use management. The decision-making processes of key stakeholders, such as local governments and farmers, significantly impact the determination of RRALC. However, an effective method to simulate these behaviours of these stakeholders is still lacking. This study proposed a data driven agent-based model to identify potential RRALC more accurately. Using multi-source spatiotemporal data, gradient boosted regression trees and long short-term memory algorithms were utilized to construct the data driven agent models for governments and farmers, respectively. The model, applied in Hunan Province, China, demonstrated satisfactory performance. The government agent model achieved a mean absolute percentage error of 11.64 % and an R² of 0.9765 in RRALC area prediction. Meanwhile, the farmer agent model achieved an area under the curve of 0.968, an accuracy rate of 90.67 %, and a recall rate of 91.78 % in potential RRALC identification. Simulations suggest that by 2035, the total area of potential RRALC in Hunan Province could reach 360.50 km², accounting for 4.58 % of the total rural residential land of 2020. The potential RRALC identified are primarily located in underdeveloped regions lacking sufficient infrastructure and public services, which is consistent with the actual consolidated rural residential land in Hunan between 2009 and 2020. These findings contribute to our understanding of stakeholder relationships in land consolidation, and provide decision- making support for land consolidation and rural land use planning.

Property rights and market transactions have constantly been a core topic in development economics, but existing studies rarely, especially using fine-grain data, examine the impact of property rights system reform on land market evolution. Based on the natural experiment of China’s land titling and 3053 transferred plots in Yangshan County, we employ a fixed effect model to identify this impact. We find that land titling promotes the marketization of land transfer, enabling it to evolve from relational trust to formal contracts. Specifically, land titling increases the probability of households signing land transfer contracts, especially written contracts with legal force. It also stimulates households to transfer their land to non-acquaintances, to charge rents, and to determine a specific duration. Land titling’s impact is primarily achieved by its improvement in the exclusivity, stability, and clarity of land rights. This impact is constrained by the characteristics of plots and households. Households are conservative about the marketization of larger plot transfers. Better irrigation conditions and higher off-farm migration are associated with deeper marketization of land transfer. This evidence emphasizes that land titling, as a combination of technology and institutions, can effectively reduce transaction costs and improve the efficiency of land use.

In the face of a multiplicity of crises – including land cover change, climate hazards, economic uncertainties, social injustice, adaptation and sustainability concerns, relevant stakeholders have taken stern initiatives to avert these phenomena that continuously grow in magnitude and relevance. We investigate the driving mechanisms of land use cover change, across Africa’s sub-regions using integrated remote sensing techniques and existing literature. Modules for Land Use Change Evaluation (MOLUSCE) and ANN-CA were utilized to simulate land use scenarios (2020–2050) in Africa. Fundamental drift in land use systems was found to be driven by an array of socio-political, economic and biophysical factors. Interestingly, land use and recover change (LURC) patterns were observed in the north and west African regions. A regrowth/greening in forests (+2.67 %) and a decline in deserts/barren areas (-16.62 %), grasslands (-16.58 %) and farmlands/shrubs (-12.88 %) can be observed during the last 40 years. Conversely, massive shifts in built-up (+216.52 %) and areas covered by waterbodies (+84.44 %) can be spotted. Predicted trends for natural vegetation estimate 1.69 % and 2.92 % reduction rates annually for forests and grasslands, respectively, over the next 30 years. The piecemeal of evidence provided shows more lands will be converted into built-environment and cultivated lands. Based on these premises, we propose a ‘4R value strategy’ that unifies actions, addresses resource-related conflicts and the drivers identified, amid sustainability concerns. The study’s standpoints prompt the decisions of governments, the scientific community and interested parties to create alternative futures by tackling prevailing trends which aggravate environmental degradation and poverty.

There is already a rich literature on collective action surrounding irrigation systems, which constitutes a significant mainstream knowledge system in the field of collective action. However, within this mainstream knowledge system, little attention has been paid to the impact of land reallocation with demographic changes on collective action. This form of land reallocation is a unique phenomenon under the common property rights in China, which is rare in the world. Based on the theoretical framework of social-ecological systems and survey data obtained from 4809 households in 16 provinces of rural China, the empirical results indicate a significant adverse influence of volatile land reallocation on collective action related to irrigation, which is mediated by land transfer, average parcel size, and village disputes. These results underline the need for secure land tenure to foster collective action in rural areas. This research contributes new variables and empirical evidence from China to the field of collective action research. Additionally, this study broadens the scope of the traditional economic focus of agriculture on land reallocation by encompassing the realm of commons governance.