Pub Date : 2025-04-11DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00656-z
Yanchen Gui, Kai Wang, Chris Huntingford, Shankai Wei, Xiangyi Li, Ranga B. Myneni, Shilong Piao
2024 witnessed record-high global vegetation greenness, far outpacing the previous high set in 2020. A total of 67.7% of vegetated land surfaces experienced greening, notably in Eurasian and tropical grasslands, and global croplands.
{"title":"Vegetation greenness in 2024","authors":"Yanchen Gui, Kai Wang, Chris Huntingford, Shankai Wei, Xiangyi Li, Ranga B. Myneni, Shilong Piao","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00656-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00656-z","url":null,"abstract":"2024 witnessed record-high global vegetation greenness, far outpacing the previous high set in 2020. A total of 67.7% of vegetated land surfaces experienced greening, notably in Eurasian and tropical grasslands, and global croplands.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 4","pages":"255-257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-11DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00661-2
Roshan Jha, Sarah E. Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Deepti Singh, Joyce Kimutai, Renata Libonati, Arpita Mondal
2024 shattered temperature records, surpassing 2023’s historic highs to become the warmest year ever recorded. Extreme heatwaves hit West Africa in February, South America and Eastern Europe in March, Southeast Asia in April, and Mexico in June.
{"title":"Extreme terrestrial heat in 2024","authors":"Roshan Jha, Sarah E. Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Deepti Singh, Joyce Kimutai, Renata Libonati, Arpita Mondal","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00661-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00661-2","url":null,"abstract":"2024 shattered temperature records, surpassing 2023’s historic highs to become the warmest year ever recorded. Extreme heatwaves hit West Africa in February, South America and Eastern Europe in March, Southeast Asia in April, and Mexico in June.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 4","pages":"234-236"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-11DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00667-w
Benjamin D. Hamlington, Severine Fournier, Philip R. Thompson, Marta Marcos
Global sea level rose 0.59 cm in 2024 relative to 2023, reaching a total increase of 10.5 cm over the 31-year satellite record of sea level. Regionally, over 40% of the ocean reached its highest annual sea level value in 2024.
{"title":"Sea level rise in 2024","authors":"Benjamin D. Hamlington, Severine Fournier, Philip R. Thompson, Marta Marcos","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00667-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00667-w","url":null,"abstract":"Global sea level rose 0.59 cm in 2024 relative to 2023, reaching a total increase of 10.5 cm over the 31-year satellite record of sea level. Regionally, over 40% of the ocean reached its highest annual sea level value in 2024.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 4","pages":"246-248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-11DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00662-1
Lettie A. Roach, Walter N. Meier
Sea ice extent remained anomalously low in 2024. Annual mean Antarctic and Arctic sea ice extent was 10.38 million km2 and 10.42 million km2, respectively, the 2nd and 7th lowest of the satellite record.
{"title":"Sea ice in 2024","authors":"Lettie A. Roach, Walter N. Meier","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00662-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00662-1","url":null,"abstract":"Sea ice extent remained anomalously low in 2024. Annual mean Antarctic and Arctic sea ice extent was 10.38 million km2 and 10.42 million km2, respectively, the 2nd and 7th lowest of the satellite record.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 4","pages":"252-254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-11DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00658-x
Zhu Deng, Biqing Zhu, Steven J. Davis, Philippe Ciais, Dabo Guan, Peng Gong, Zhu Liu
Global CO2 emissions in 2024 increased 0.9% on the previous year, totalling 36.3 Gt CO2. These ongoing emissions further deplete remaining carbon budgets, with some estimates suggesting the 1.5 °C budget will be surpassed within the next 5 years — and may have been already.
{"title":"Global carbon emissions and decarbonization in 2024","authors":"Zhu Deng, Biqing Zhu, Steven J. Davis, Philippe Ciais, Dabo Guan, Peng Gong, Zhu Liu","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00658-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00658-x","url":null,"abstract":"Global CO2 emissions in 2024 increased 0.9% on the previous year, totalling 36.3 Gt CO2. These ongoing emissions further deplete remaining carbon budgets, with some estimates suggesting the 1.5 °C budget will be surpassed within the next 5 years — and may have been already.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 4","pages":"231-233"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-11DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00663-0
Crystal A. Kolden, John T. Abatzoglou, Matthew W. Jones, Piyush Jain
Wildfire burned area was 367 Mha in 2024, ranked 17th since 2001. An estimated 1,965 Tg C was released from these fires, 41% of which came from the Americas, far exceeding their usual 25% contribution.
{"title":"Wildfires in 2024","authors":"Crystal A. Kolden, John T. Abatzoglou, Matthew W. Jones, Piyush Jain","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00663-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00663-0","url":null,"abstract":"Wildfire burned area was 367 Mha in 2024, ranked 17th since 2001. An estimated 1,965 Tg C was released from these fires, 41% of which came from the Americas, far exceeding their usual 25% contribution.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 4","pages":"237-239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-11DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00666-x
Amy C. Green, Hayley J. Fowler, Stephen Blenkinsop, Paul A. Davies
2024 was one of the wettest years on record, witnessing record-breaking extreme precipitation events across the globe, several of which were compound events. Extreme rainfalls were unprecedented in arid regions and parts of the Global South, with severe monsoon rains and rapidly intensifying tropical cyclones causing severe casualties and economic losses.
{"title":"Precipitation extremes in 2024","authors":"Amy C. Green, Hayley J. Fowler, Stephen Blenkinsop, Paul A. Davies","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00666-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00666-x","url":null,"abstract":"2024 was one of the wettest years on record, witnessing record-breaking extreme precipitation events across the globe, several of which were compound events. Extreme rainfalls were unprecedented in arid regions and parts of the Global South, with severe monsoon rains and rapidly intensifying tropical cyclones causing severe casualties and economic losses.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 4","pages":"243-245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-11DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00657-y
Jakob Zscheischler, Colin Raymond, Yang Chen, Natacha Le Grix, Renata Libonati, Cassandra D. W. Rogers, Christopher J. White, Piotr Wolski
2024 saw multiple high-impact compound events. Record-breaking global temperatures combined with regional weather variability to create compound floods, spatially compounding droughts and heatwaves, and hazard sequences with often devastating impacts.
{"title":"Compound weather and climate events in 2024","authors":"Jakob Zscheischler, Colin Raymond, Yang Chen, Natacha Le Grix, Renata Libonati, Cassandra D. W. Rogers, Christopher J. White, Piotr Wolski","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00657-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00657-y","url":null,"abstract":"2024 saw multiple high-impact compound events. Record-breaking global temperatures combined with regional weather variability to create compound floods, spatially compounding droughts and heatwaves, and hazard sequences with often devastating impacts.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 4","pages":"240-242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Global full-depth ocean heat content (OHC) gain since 1960 reached a record 452 ± 77 ZJ in 2024. OHC was 15 ± 9 ZJ higher than in 2023, primarily associated with warming in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.
{"title":"Ocean heat content in 2024","authors":"Yuying Pan, Audrey Minière, Karina von Schuckmann, Zhi Li, Yuanlong Li, Lijing Cheng, Jiang Zhu","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00655-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00655-0","url":null,"abstract":"Global full-depth ocean heat content (OHC) gain since 1960 reached a record 452 ± 77 ZJ in 2024. OHC was 15 ± 9 ZJ higher than in 2023, primarily associated with warming in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 4","pages":"249-251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-11DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00654-1
Kun Shi, Xiwen Wang, Yue Qin, R. Iestyn Woolway, Ayan Santos Fleischmann, Shilong Piao
2024 global mean lake surface water temperature (LSWT) was 0.3 °C greater than the 2001–2023 average, the fourth highest on record. Particularly strong positive — and record-breaking — LSWT anomalies occurred throughout Canada and north-eastern Europe, in some cases exceeding 2 °C.
{"title":"Lake surface water temperature in 2024","authors":"Kun Shi, Xiwen Wang, Yue Qin, R. Iestyn Woolway, Ayan Santos Fleischmann, Shilong Piao","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00654-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00654-1","url":null,"abstract":"2024 global mean lake surface water temperature (LSWT) was 0.3 °C greater than the 2001–2023 average, the fourth highest on record. Particularly strong positive — and record-breaking — LSWT anomalies occurred throughout Canada and north-eastern Europe, in some cases exceeding 2 °C.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 4","pages":"258-260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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