Pub Date : 2025-05-01DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00669-8
Chao Wang, Lin Ding, Zhongyu Xiong, Mark B. Allen, Andrew K. Laskowski, Eduardo Garzanti, Qinghai Zhang, Fulong Cai, Houqi Wang, Peiping Song, Yipeng Li, Fan Ping, Alex Farnsworth, Daniel J. Lunt, Paul J. Valdes, Zhenyu Li, Chen Wu, Muhammad Qasim
The Tibetan and Iranian plateaus are the two most prominent orogenic plateaus on the present Earth built by continental collision. However, the timings of initial collision and suturing in the Himalaya and Zagros remain debated. In this Review, we summarize the timings, similarities and differences between the India–Eurasia collision and the Arabia–Eurasia collision, by comparing their sedimentary, magmatic, metamorphic, structural and palaeomagnetic records. The India–Eurasia collision is tightly constrained to have initiated in the central Himalaya at 65–59 Ma, possibly progressing towards the western and eastern Himalayas by 55–50 Ma. By contrast, the initial collision in the Zagros is loosely constrained to ~34 Ma, with a possibility of diachronous collision, younging to the southeast. Similarities between the two collisions include pre-collisional accretionary tectonism and magmatism, syn-collisional deformation and sedimentation, and crustal thickening. Apparent differences in lithospheric dynamics, deformation styles and metamorphism are attributed to variations in convergence rates, durations and magnitudes. Future research should focus on data-driven modelling and geophysical imaging beneath the Tibetan and Iranian plateaus to further quantify the geodynamic processes and driving forces contributing to continuous plate convergence, plateau formation and their surface impacts. The collision of the Indian, Arabian and Eurasian plates formed the Tibetan and Iranian plateaus, but its timing and processes remain debated. This Review explores the evidence behind initial collision estimates and discusses the tectonic and geodynamic implications.
{"title":"Timing of initial collision and suturing processes in the Himalaya and Zagros","authors":"Chao Wang, Lin Ding, Zhongyu Xiong, Mark B. Allen, Andrew K. Laskowski, Eduardo Garzanti, Qinghai Zhang, Fulong Cai, Houqi Wang, Peiping Song, Yipeng Li, Fan Ping, Alex Farnsworth, Daniel J. Lunt, Paul J. Valdes, Zhenyu Li, Chen Wu, Muhammad Qasim","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00669-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00669-8","url":null,"abstract":"The Tibetan and Iranian plateaus are the two most prominent orogenic plateaus on the present Earth built by continental collision. However, the timings of initial collision and suturing in the Himalaya and Zagros remain debated. In this Review, we summarize the timings, similarities and differences between the India–Eurasia collision and the Arabia–Eurasia collision, by comparing their sedimentary, magmatic, metamorphic, structural and palaeomagnetic records. The India–Eurasia collision is tightly constrained to have initiated in the central Himalaya at 65–59 Ma, possibly progressing towards the western and eastern Himalayas by 55–50 Ma. By contrast, the initial collision in the Zagros is loosely constrained to ~34 Ma, with a possibility of diachronous collision, younging to the southeast. Similarities between the two collisions include pre-collisional accretionary tectonism and magmatism, syn-collisional deformation and sedimentation, and crustal thickening. Apparent differences in lithospheric dynamics, deformation styles and metamorphism are attributed to variations in convergence rates, durations and magnitudes. Future research should focus on data-driven modelling and geophysical imaging beneath the Tibetan and Iranian plateaus to further quantify the geodynamic processes and driving forces contributing to continuous plate convergence, plateau formation and their surface impacts. The collision of the Indian, Arabian and Eurasian plates formed the Tibetan and Iranian plateaus, but its timing and processes remain debated. This Review explores the evidence behind initial collision estimates and discusses the tectonic and geodynamic implications.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 5","pages":"357-376"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-30DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00678-7
Amy Myers Jaffe
Students at Concordian International School (aged 15–17, Thailand) ask Prof. Jaffe how policymakers determine and weigh the economic, social and environmental impacts of a policy proposal.
泰国协和国际学校（Concordian International School）的学生（15-17岁）向Jaffe教授询问政策制定者如何确定和权衡一项政策提案的经济、社会和环境影响。
{"title":"What determines whether an environmental policy is implemented?","authors":"Amy Myers Jaffe","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00678-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00678-7","url":null,"abstract":"Students at Concordian International School (aged 15–17, Thailand) ask Prof. Jaffe how policymakers determine and weigh the economic, social and environmental impacts of a policy proposal. ","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 5","pages":"319-319"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-29DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00660-3
Chris West, Gabriela Rabeschini, Chandrakant Singh, Thomas Kastner, Mairon Bastos Lima, Ahmad Dermawan, Simon Croft, U. Martin Persson
Global forest loss impacts climate, biodiversity and sustainable development goals. Deforestation footprinting attributes forest loss to commodity production and consumption, identifying global trends, drivers and hot spots to inform zero-deforestation policies. In this Review, we provide an overview of global deforestation footprinting approaches and their trends. Major economies, including Brazil, Indonesia, China, the United States and Europe, are responsible for most commodity-linked deforestation, with agriculture-linked deforestation in Brazil alone reaching over 12.8 million hectares between 2005 and 2015. Agriculture is a dominant driver of deforestation. For example, 86% of global deforestation occurring between 2001 and 2022 can be attributed to crop and cattle production. Footprinting of commodity-linked deforestation has contributed to the scope and implementation of supply chain regulation to mitigate forest loss. For example, footprint estimates have been used in risk assessments for EU and UK due diligence regulations. Although forest loss to agriculture is relatively well documented, a lack of data on non-agricultural drivers — such as mining and mangrove clearance for aquaculture — limits the scope of footprints in fully attributing total global forest loss to human activities. Future research should focus on methodological and data harmonization, transparency and sharing to enable footprinting approaches to cover a wider range of deforestation drivers. Deforestation footprints identify trade- and consumption-linked hot spots of forest loss. This Review synthesizes existing footprint assessments, finding that Brazil, Indonesia and China are major drivers of commodity-linked deforestation, but that estimates are influenced by method choice.
{"title":"The global deforestation footprint of agriculture and forestry","authors":"Chris West, Gabriela Rabeschini, Chandrakant Singh, Thomas Kastner, Mairon Bastos Lima, Ahmad Dermawan, Simon Croft, U. Martin Persson","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00660-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00660-3","url":null,"abstract":"Global forest loss impacts climate, biodiversity and sustainable development goals. Deforestation footprinting attributes forest loss to commodity production and consumption, identifying global trends, drivers and hot spots to inform zero-deforestation policies. In this Review, we provide an overview of global deforestation footprinting approaches and their trends. Major economies, including Brazil, Indonesia, China, the United States and Europe, are responsible for most commodity-linked deforestation, with agriculture-linked deforestation in Brazil alone reaching over 12.8 million hectares between 2005 and 2015. Agriculture is a dominant driver of deforestation. For example, 86% of global deforestation occurring between 2001 and 2022 can be attributed to crop and cattle production. Footprinting of commodity-linked deforestation has contributed to the scope and implementation of supply chain regulation to mitigate forest loss. For example, footprint estimates have been used in risk assessments for EU and UK due diligence regulations. Although forest loss to agriculture is relatively well documented, a lack of data on non-agricultural drivers — such as mining and mangrove clearance for aquaculture — limits the scope of footprints in fully attributing total global forest loss to human activities. Future research should focus on methodological and data harmonization, transparency and sharing to enable footprinting approaches to cover a wider range of deforestation drivers. Deforestation footprints identify trade- and consumption-linked hot spots of forest loss. This Review synthesizes existing footprint assessments, finding that Brazil, Indonesia and China are major drivers of commodity-linked deforestation, but that estimates are influenced by method choice.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 5","pages":"325-341"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-17DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00679-6
Jonathan D. Wille, Vincent Favier, Irina V. Gorodetskaya, Cécile Agosta, Rebecca Baiman, J. E. Barrett, Léonard Barthelemy, Burcu Boza, Deniz Bozkurt, Mathieu Casado, Anastasiia Chyhareva, Kyle R. Clem, Francis Codron, Rajashree Tri Datta, Claudio Durán-Alarcón, Diana Francis, Andrew O. Hoffman, Marlen Kolbe, Svitlana Krakovska, Gabrielle Linscott, Michelle L. Maclennan, Kyle S. Mattingly, Ye Mu, Benjamin Pohl, Christophe Leroy-Dos Santos, Christine A. Shields, Emir Toker, Andrew C. Winters, Ziqi Yin, Xun Zou, Chen Zhang, Zhenhai Zhang
{"title":"Publisher Correction: Atmospheric rivers in Antarctica","authors":"Jonathan D. Wille, Vincent Favier, Irina V. Gorodetskaya, Cécile Agosta, Rebecca Baiman, J. E. Barrett, Léonard Barthelemy, Burcu Boza, Deniz Bozkurt, Mathieu Casado, Anastasiia Chyhareva, Kyle R. Clem, Francis Codron, Rajashree Tri Datta, Claudio Durán-Alarcón, Diana Francis, Andrew O. Hoffman, Marlen Kolbe, Svitlana Krakovska, Gabrielle Linscott, Michelle L. Maclennan, Kyle S. Mattingly, Ye Mu, Benjamin Pohl, Christophe Leroy-Dos Santos, Christine A. Shields, Emir Toker, Andrew C. Winters, Ziqi Yin, Xun Zou, Chen Zhang, Zhenhai Zhang","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00679-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00679-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 6","pages":"433-433"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-025-00679-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-16DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00676-9
Johanna Sophie Buerkert
Johanna Buerkert explains how resilience analyses can be used to implement laws that support the capacity of socio-ecological systems to cope with stressors.
Johanna Buerkert解释了弹性分析如何用于实施支持社会生态系统应对压力源的能力的法律。
{"title":"Leveraging resilience analyses for law and policy","authors":"Johanna Sophie Buerkert","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00676-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00676-9","url":null,"abstract":"Johanna Buerkert explains how resilience analyses can be used to implement laws that support the capacity of socio-ecological systems to cope with stressors.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 5","pages":"324-324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-11DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00659-w
Bailing Li, Matthew Rodell, Himanshu Save
Global terrestrial water storage (TWS) anomalies continue to decrease, reaching a record low of –7,404 km3 in 2024, a reduction of 796 km3 from 2023. TWS gains in Africa, Australia, Europe, and central and western Antarctica were offset by substantial losses in northwestern Canada, South America, southern Africa and Greenland.
{"title":"Terrestrial water storage in 2024","authors":"Bailing Li, Matthew Rodell, Himanshu Save","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00659-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00659-w","url":null,"abstract":"Global terrestrial water storage (TWS) anomalies continue to decrease, reaching a record low of –7,404 km3 in 2024, a reduction of 796 km3 from 2023. TWS gains in Africa, Australia, Europe, and central and western Antarctica were offset by substantial losses in northwestern Canada, South America, southern Africa and Greenland.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 4","pages":"261-263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-11DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00656-z
Yanchen Gui, Kai Wang, Chris Huntingford, Shankai Wei, Xiangyi Li, Ranga B. Myneni, Shilong Piao
2024 witnessed record-high global vegetation greenness, far outpacing the previous high set in 2020. A total of 67.7% of vegetated land surfaces experienced greening, notably in Eurasian and tropical grasslands, and global croplands.
{"title":"Vegetation greenness in 2024","authors":"Yanchen Gui, Kai Wang, Chris Huntingford, Shankai Wei, Xiangyi Li, Ranga B. Myneni, Shilong Piao","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00656-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00656-z","url":null,"abstract":"2024 witnessed record-high global vegetation greenness, far outpacing the previous high set in 2020. A total of 67.7% of vegetated land surfaces experienced greening, notably in Eurasian and tropical grasslands, and global croplands.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 4","pages":"255-257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-11DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00661-2
Roshan Jha, Sarah E. Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Deepti Singh, Joyce Kimutai, Renata Libonati, Arpita Mondal
2024 shattered temperature records, surpassing 2023’s historic highs to become the warmest year ever recorded. Extreme heatwaves hit West Africa in February, South America and Eastern Europe in March, Southeast Asia in April, and Mexico in June.
{"title":"Extreme terrestrial heat in 2024","authors":"Roshan Jha, Sarah E. Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Deepti Singh, Joyce Kimutai, Renata Libonati, Arpita Mondal","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00661-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00661-2","url":null,"abstract":"2024 shattered temperature records, surpassing 2023’s historic highs to become the warmest year ever recorded. Extreme heatwaves hit West Africa in February, South America and Eastern Europe in March, Southeast Asia in April, and Mexico in June.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 4","pages":"234-236"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-11DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00667-w
Benjamin D. Hamlington, Severine Fournier, Philip R. Thompson, Marta Marcos
Global sea level rose 0.59 cm in 2024 relative to 2023, reaching a total increase of 10.5 cm over the 31-year satellite record of sea level. Regionally, over 40% of the ocean reached its highest annual sea level value in 2024.
{"title":"Sea level rise in 2024","authors":"Benjamin D. Hamlington, Severine Fournier, Philip R. Thompson, Marta Marcos","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00667-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00667-w","url":null,"abstract":"Global sea level rose 0.59 cm in 2024 relative to 2023, reaching a total increase of 10.5 cm over the 31-year satellite record of sea level. Regionally, over 40% of the ocean reached its highest annual sea level value in 2024.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 4","pages":"246-248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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