Nature Physics最新文献_第6页

Fundamental charge noise in electro-optic photonic integrated circuits 电光光子集成电路中的基本电荷噪声

IF 17.6 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nature Physics

Pub Date : 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-024-02739-y

Junyin Zhang, Zihan Li, Johann Riemensberger, Grigory Lihachev, Guanhao Huang, Tobias J. Kippenberg

Understanding thermodynamical measurement noise is of central importance for electrical and optical precision measurements. These range from semiconductor sensors, in which the Brownian motion of charge carriers poses limits, to optical reference cavities for atomic clocks or gravitational wave detection, which are limited by thermo-refractive and thermo-elastic noise. Here we find that charge-carrier density fluctuations give rise to a noise process in electro-optic photonic integrated circuits. We show that the noise exhibited by lithium niobate and lithium tantalate photonic integrated microresonators feature a frequency scaling to the power of −1.2, deviating from thermo-refractive noise theory. This noise is consistent with thermodynamical charge noise, which leads to electrical field fluctuations that are transduced via the strong Pockels effects of electro-optic materials. Our results establish electrical Johnson–Nyquist noise as the fundamental limitation for electro-optic integrated photonics, crucial for determining performance limits for both classical and quantum devices. Thermal agitation of charge carriers, known as Johnson noise, is the dominant noise in electronic circuits. Now it has also been observed as a key noise source in integrated electro-optic photonic circuits, posing challenges for future applications.

理解热力学测量噪声对于电气和光学精密测量至关重要。这些范围从半导体传感器，其中载流子的布朗运动构成限制，到原子钟或引力波探测的光学参考腔，它们受到热折射和热弹性噪声的限制。本文发现在电光光子集成电路中，载流子密度的波动会引起噪声过程。我们发现铌酸锂和钽酸锂光子集成微谐振器所表现出的噪声具有- 1.2次方的频率标度，偏离热折射噪声理论。这种噪声与热力学电荷噪声一致，后者通过电光材料的强波克尔效应导致电场波动。我们的研究结果表明，电约翰逊-奈奎斯特噪声是电光集成光子学的基本限制，对于确定经典器件和量子器件的性能限制至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Schrödinger cat states of a nuclear spin qudit in silicon 硅中核自旋奎特的薛定谔猫态

IF 19.6 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nature Physics

Pub Date : 2025-01-14 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-024-02745-0

Xi Yu, Benjamin Wilhelm, Danielle Holmes, Arjen Vaartjes, Daniel Schwienbacher, Martin Nurizzo, Anders Kringhøj, Mark R. van Blankenstein, Alexander M. Jakob, Pragati Gupta, Fay E. Hudson, Kohei M. Itoh, Riley J. Murray, Robin Blume-Kohout, Thaddeus D. Ladd, Namit Anand, Andrew S. Dzurak, Barry C. Sanders, David N. Jamieson, Andrea Morello

High-dimensional quantum systems are a valuable resource for quantum information processing. They can be used to encode error-correctable logical qubits, which has been demonstrated using continuous-variable states in microwave cavities or the motional modes of trapped ions. For example, high-dimensional systems can be used to realize ‘Schrödinger cat’ states, which are superpositions of widely displaced coherent states that can be used to illustrate quantum effects at large scales. Recent proposals have suggested encoding qubits in high-spin atomic nuclei, which are finite-dimensional systems that can host hardware-efficient versions of continuous-variable codes. Here we demonstrate the creation and manipulation of Schrödinger cat states using the spin-7/2 nucleus of an antimony atom embedded in a silicon nanoelectronic device. We use a multi-frequency control scheme to produce spin rotations that preserve the symmetry of the qudit, and we constitute logical Pauli operations for qubits encoded in the Schrödinger cat states. Our work demonstrates the ability to prepare and control non-classical resource states, which is a prerequisite for applications in quantum information processing and quantum error correction, using our scalable, manufacturable semiconductor platform.

高维量子系统是量子信息处理的宝贵资源。它们可以用于编码可纠错的逻辑量子位，这已经被证明是使用微波腔中的连续变量状态或被捕获离子的运动模式。例如，高维系统可以用来实现“Schrödinger cat”状态，这是广泛位移的相干状态的叠加，可以用来说明大尺度上的量子效应。最近有人建议在高自旋原子核中编码量子比特，这是一种有限维系统，可以承载连续变量代码的硬件高效版本。在这里，我们展示了利用嵌入在硅纳米电子器件中的锑原子的自旋7/2核来创建和操纵Schrödinger cat态。我们使用多频率控制方案来产生保持量子比特对称性的自旋旋转，并为编码为Schrödinger cat状态的量子比特构成逻辑泡利操作。我们的工作证明了准备和控制非经典资源状态的能力，这是量子信息处理和量子纠错应用的先决条件，使用我们的可扩展，可制造的半导体平台。

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引用次数: 0

Observation of Joule–Thomson photon-gas expansion 焦耳-汤姆逊光子-气体膨胀的观测

IF 17.6 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nature Physics

Pub Date : 2025-01-14 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-024-02736-1

Marco S. Kirsch, Georgios G. Pyrialakos, Richard Altenkirch, Mahmoud A. Selim, Julius Beck, Tom A. W. Wolterink, Huizhong Ren, Pawel S. Jung, Mercedeh Khajavikhan, Alexander Szameit, Matthias Heinrich, Demetrios N. Christodoulides

In recent years, a self-consistent optical thermodynamic framework has emerged that offers a systematic methodology to understand, harness and exploit the complex collective dynamics of multimode nonlinear systems. These developments now allow consideration of a series of long-standing problems in optics, including the prospect of funnelling the entire power flowing in a multimode system into its ground state, for which no methodology currently exists. Here we demonstrate an all-optical Joule–Thomson expansion process mediated by photon–photon interactions whereby the temperature of the optical gas drops abruptly to zero. Our experiments in various configurations of coupled multicore nonlinear waveguide arrangements illustrate how light undergoing expansion-induced cooling can be channelled from arbitrary input states into the fundamental mode with near-unity efficiency. We show that the stability of the post-expansion state is ensured through an irreversible process of energy conversion. The all-optical thermodynamic phenomena explored in this study may enable innovative techniques where various uncorrelated but identical sources are merged into a unified spatially coherent state, offering a route for direct beam combining. An optical thermodynamic framework can describe the complex dynamics in highly multimodal systems. Now, the observation of all-optical Joule–Thompson expansion in an optical gas further validates this thermodynamic approach.

近年来，出现了一个自一致的光学热力学框架，为理解、利用和利用多模非线性系统的复杂集体动力学提供了系统的方法。这些发展现在允许考虑一系列长期存在的光学问题，包括将多模系统中的整个功率流汇集到其基态的前景，目前还没有方法存在。在这里，我们展示了由光子-光子相互作用介导的全光焦耳-汤姆逊膨胀过程，其中光学气体的温度突然降至零。我们在耦合多核非线性波导布置的各种配置下的实验表明，经历膨胀诱导冷却的光如何以接近单位的效率从任意输入状态引导到基本模式。我们证明了膨胀后状态的稳定性是通过不可逆的能量转换过程来保证的。本研究探索的全光热力学现象可能使各种不相关但相同的光源合并为统一的空间相干状态的创新技术成为可能，为直接光束组合提供了一条途径。

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引用次数: 0

Confinement in a $${{mathbb{Z}}}_{2}$$ lattice gauge theory on a quantum computer 量子计算机上$${{mathbb{Z}}}_{2}$$晶格规范理论的约束

IF 17.6 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nature Physics

Pub Date : 2025-01-13 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-024-02723-6

Julius Mildenberger, Wojciech Mruczkiewicz, Jad C. Halimeh, Zhang Jiang, Philipp Hauke

Gauge theories describe the fundamental forces in the standard model of particle physics and play an important role in condensed-matter physics. The constituents of gauge theories, for example, charged matter and electric gauge field, are governed by local gauge constraints, which lead to key phenomena such as the confinement of particles that are not fully understood. In this context, quantum simulators may address questions that are challenging for classical methods. Although engineering gauge constraints is highly demanding, recent advances in quantum computing are beginning to enable digital quantum simulations of gauge theories. Here we simulate confinement dynamics in a $${{mathbb{Z}}}_{2}$$ lattice gauge theory on a superconducting quantum processor. Tuning a term that couples only to the electric field produces confinement of charges, a manifestation of the tight bond that the gauge constraint generates between both. Moreover, we show how a modification of the gauge constraint from $${{mathbb{Z}}}_{2}$$ towards U(1) symmetry freezes the system dynamics. Our work illustrates the restriction that the underlying gauge constraint imposes on the dynamics of a lattice gauge theory, showcases how gauge constraints can be modified and protected, and promotes the study of other models governed by multibody interactions. Gauge theories host important phenomena such as confinement that are difficult to study theoretically. Advances in quantum computers have now made it possible to perform digital quantum simulations of confinement dynamics in a gauge theory.

规范理论描述了粒子物理标准模型中的基本力，在凝聚态物理中起着重要作用。规范理论的组成部分，例如带电物质和电规范场，是由局部规范约束控制的，这导致了一些关键现象，如粒子的约束，这些现象还没有完全被理解。在这种情况下，量子模拟器可以解决对经典方法具有挑战性的问题。尽管工程规范约束要求很高，但量子计算的最新进展开始使规范理论的数字量子模拟成为可能。本文在超导量子处理器上模拟了({{mathbb{Z}}}_{2})晶格规范理论中的约束动力学。调整只与电场耦合的项会产生电荷限制，这是规范约束在两者之间产生的紧密结合的表现。此外，我们展示了规范约束从({{mathbb{Z}}}_{2})向U(1)对称的修改如何冻结系统动力学。我们的工作说明了基本规范约束对晶格规范理论动力学的限制，展示了规范约束如何被修改和保护，并促进了多体相互作用控制的其他模型的研究。

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引用次数: 0

Direct excitation of Kelvin waves on quantized vortices 开尔文波在量子化旋涡上的直接激发

IF 17.6 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nature Physics

Pub Date : 2025-01-13 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-024-02720-9

Yosuke Minowa, Yuki Yasui, Tomo Nakagawa, Sosuke Inui, Makoto Tsubota, Masaaki Ashida

Helices and spirals, prevalent across various physical systems, play a crucial role in characterizing symmetry, describing dynamics and enabling unique functionalities, all stemming from their inherent simplicity and chiral nature. Helical excitations on quantized vortices, referred to as Kelvin waves, are one example of such a physical system. Kelvin waves play a vital role in energy dissipation within inviscid quantum fluids. However, deliberately exciting Kelvin waves has proven to be challenging. Here we introduce a controlled method for exciting Kelvin waves on a quantized vortex in superfluid helium-4. We used a charged nanoparticle that oscillates when driven by a time-varying electric field to stimulate Kelvin waves on the vortex. Confirmation of the helical nature of Kelvin waves was achieved through three-dimensional image reconstruction, which provided visual evidence of their complex dynamics. Additionally, we determined the dispersion relation and the phase velocity of the Kelvin wave and identified the vorticity direction, thus enhancing our understanding of quantum fluid behaviour. This work elucidates the dynamics of Kelvin waves and initiates an approach for manipulating and observing quantized vortices in three dimensions, thereby opening avenues for exploring quantum fluidic systems. In classical hydrodynamics, Kelvin waves refer to helically vibrating normal modes. Experiments now show that quantum analogues of Kelvin waves can be excited in superfluid helium-4.

螺旋和螺旋线普遍存在于各种物理系统中，在表征对称性、描述动力学和实现独特功能方面发挥着至关重要的作用，所有这些都源于其固有的简单性和手性。被称为开尔文波的量子化涡旋上的螺旋激波就是这种物理系统的一个例子。开尔文波在不粘性量子流体的能量耗散中起着至关重要的作用。然而，事实证明，刻意激发开尔文波具有挑战性。在这里，我们介绍了一种在超流体氦-4 的量子化涡旋上激发开尔文波的可控方法。我们使用了一种带电纳米粒子，它在时变电场的驱动下振荡，从而激发涡旋上的开尔文波。我们通过三维图像重建确认了开尔文波的螺旋性质，为其复杂的动力学提供了直观证据。此外，我们还确定了开尔文波的弥散关系和相位速度，并确定了涡度方向，从而加深了我们对量子流体行为的理解。这项工作阐明了开尔文波的动力学，并开创了一种在三维空间操纵和观测量子化涡旋的方法，从而为探索量子流体系统开辟了道路。

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引用次数: 0

Interaction-driven breakdown of Aharonov–Bohm caging in flat-band Rydberg lattices 平带Rydberg晶格中Aharonov-Bohm笼化的相互作用驱动击穿

IF 17.6 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nature Physics

Pub Date : 2025-01-10 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-024-02714-7

Tao Chen, Chenxi Huang, Ivan Velkovsky, Tomoki Ozawa, Hannah Price, Jacob P. Covey, Bryce Gadway

Flat bands in condensed matter systems can host emergent states of matter, from insulating states in twisted bilayer graphene to fractionalized excitations in frustrated magnets and quantum Hall materials. A key phenomenon in certain flat-band systems is Aharonov–Bohm caging, where particles become localized due to destructive interference caused by gauge fields. Here we report on the experimental realization of highly tunable flat-band models populated by strongly interacting Rydberg atoms. By employing synthetic dimensions, we engineer a flat-band rhombic lattice with twisted boundaries and explore the control of Aharonov–Bohm caging during non-equilibrium dynamics through a tunable gauge field. Microscopic measurements of Rydberg pairs reveal the interaction-driven breakdown of Aharonov–Bohm caging in the limit of strong dipolar interactions, where lattice bands mix. In the limit of weak interactions, where caging persists, we observe effective magnetism arising from the interaction-driven mixing of degenerate flat-band states. These observations offer insights into emergent phenomena in synthetic quantum materials and expand our understanding of quantum many-body physics in engineered lattice systems. The effect of strong interactions on the physics hosted by flat bands remains largely unexplored in atomic systems. An experiment in a synthetic flat-band lattice now demonstrates an interaction-driven transition from localization to delocalization.

凝聚态系统中的平坦带可以承载物质的紧急状态，从扭曲双层石墨烯中的绝缘状态到受挫磁体和量子霍尔材料中的分块激发。在某些平带系统中的一个关键现象是Aharonov-Bohm笼，其中粒子由于规范场引起的破坏性干涉而变得局域化。在这里，我们报告了由强相互作用的里德伯原子填充的高度可调谐平带模型的实验实现。利用合成维数，我们设计了一个具有扭曲边界的平带菱形晶格，并通过可调谐规范场探讨了非平衡动力学中Aharonov-Bohm笼化的控制。Rydberg对的微观测量揭示了在强偶极相互作用的极限下，晶格带混合在一起的Aharonov-Bohm笼的相互作用驱动的击穿。在弱相互作用的极限下，笼化仍然存在，我们观察到有效磁性是由相互作用驱动的简并平带态混合产生的。这些观察结果提供了对合成量子材料中涌现现象的见解，并扩展了我们对工程晶格系统中量子多体物理的理解。

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引用次数: 0

A link between anomalous viscous loss and the boson peak in soft jammed solids 软堵塞固体中异常粘性损失与玻色子峰值之间的联系

IF 17.6 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nature Physics

Pub Date : 2025-01-10 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-024-02722-7

Yusuke Hara, Ryosuke Matsuoka, Hiroyuki Ebata, Daisuke Mizuno, Atsushi Ikeda

Understanding the mechanical properties of soft jammed solids that consist of densely packed particles, such as foams and emulsions, requires insights into the microscopic origins of linear viscoelasticity—how a solid responds to an infinitesimal deformation. Here we perform microrheology experiments on concentrated emulsions and measure the storage and loss moduli for a wide range of frequencies. We applied a linear response formalism for microrheology to a soft sphere model that undergoes the jamming transition. We find that the theory quantitatively explains the experiments. Our analysis reveals that the anomalous viscous loss seen in emulsions results from the boson peak, which is a universal vibrational property of amorphous solids and reflects the marginal stability in soft jammed solids. We show that the anomalous viscous loss is universal in systems with various interparticle interactions as it stems from the universal boson peak; it even survives below the jamming density at which thermal fluctuation is pronounced and the dynamics becomes inherently nonlinear. The viscoelastic response of emulsions shows an anomalous loss. This effect is now shown to be related to the boson peak, a universal vibrational feature of amorphous solids.

要理解由密集堆积的颗粒（如泡沫和乳剂）组成的软堵塞固体的力学特性，需要深入了解线性粘弹性的微观起源，即固体如何对无穷小的变形做出反应。在这里，我们对浓乳液进行了微流变实验，并测量了宽频率范围内的存储和损耗模量。我们将微流变学的线性响应形式应用于经历干扰过渡的软球模型。我们发现这个理论定量地解释了实验。我们的分析表明，乳剂中的异常粘性损失是由玻色子峰引起的，玻色子峰是非晶固体的普遍振动特性，反映了软堵塞固体的边缘稳定性。我们证明了反常粘性损失在各种粒子间相互作用的系统中是普遍存在的，因为它源于通用玻色子峰；它甚至在干扰密度以下仍然存在，在干扰密度下，热波动明显，动力学变得固有的非线性。

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引用次数: 0

Controlling few-body reaction pathways using a Feshbach resonance 利用费什巴赫共振控制少体反应途径

IF 17.6 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nature Physics

Pub Date : 2025-01-09 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-024-02726-3

Shinsuke Haze, Jing-Lun Li, Dominik Dorer, José P. D’Incao, Paul S. Julienne, Eberhard Tiemann, Markus Deiß, Johannes Hecker Denschlag

Gaining control over chemical reactions at the quantum level is a central goal of cold and ultracold chemistry. Here we demonstrate a method for coherently steering the reaction flux across different product spin channels for a three-body recombination process in a cloud of trapped cold atoms. We use a magnetically tunable Feshbach resonance to admix, in a controlled way, a specific spin state to the reacting collision complex. This allows us to control the reaction flux into the admixed spin channel, which can be used to alter the reaction products. We also investigate the influence of an Efimov resonance on the reaction dynamics, observing a global enhancement of three-body recombination without favouring particular reaction channels. Our control scheme can be extended to other reaction processes and could be combined with other methods, such as quantum interference of reaction paths, to achieve further tuning capabilities of few-body reactions. Coherent control of chemical reactions is a central theme in quantum chemistry. Now, a cold atom experiment demonstrates a method for steering the outcome of three-body recombination processes using a tunable Feshbach resonance.

在量子水平上控制化学反应是冷化学和超冷化学的中心目标。在这里，我们展示了一种在被困冷原子云中的三体重组过程中，在不同的产物自旋通道上相干地引导反应通量的方法。我们使用磁性可调的费什巴赫共振，以可控的方式，将特定的自旋态混合到反应的碰撞复合物中。这使我们能够控制进入混合自旋通道的反应通量，这可以用来改变反应产物。我们还研究了Efimov共振对反应动力学的影响，观察到三体重组的整体增强，而不支持特定的反应通道。我们的控制方案可以扩展到其他反应过程，并可以与其他方法相结合，如反应路径的量子干涉，以实现进一步的小体反应的调谐能力。

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引用次数: 0

Thermally driven quantum refrigerator autonomously resets a superconducting qubit 热驱动量子制冷机自动重置超导量子比特

IF 17.6 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nature Physics

Pub Date : 2025-01-09 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-024-02708-5

Mohammed Ali Aamir, Paul Jamet Suria, José Antonio Marín Guzmán, Claudia Castillo-Moreno, Jeffrey M. Epstein, Nicole Yunger Halpern, Simone Gasparinetti

Although classical thermal machines power industries and modern living, quantum thermal engines have yet to prove their utility. Here, we demonstrate a useful quantum absorption refrigerator formed from superconducting circuits. We use it to cool a transmon qubit to a temperature lower than that achievable with any one available bath, thereby resetting the qubit to an initial state suitable for quantum computing. The process is driven by a thermal gradient and is autonomous, requiring no external feedback. The refrigerator exploits an engineered three-body interaction between the target qubit and two auxiliary qudits. Each auxiliary qudit is coupled to a physical heat bath, realized with a microwave waveguide populated with synthesized quasithermal radiation. If the target qubit is initially fully excited, its effective temperature reaches a steady-state level of approximately 22 mK, lower than what can be achieved by existing state-of-the-art reset protocols. Our results demonstrate that superconducting circuits with propagating thermal fields can be used to experimentally explore quantum thermodynamics and apply it to quantum information-processing tasks. Resetting qubits in a quantum computer requires significant hardware resources. Now, an experiment demonstrates an on-chip quantum refrigerator that uses a thermal gradient to reset a superconducting qubit more effectively than conventional methods.

虽然经典热机为工业和现代生活提供动力，但量子热机尚未证明其实用性。在这里，我们展示了一个有用的由超导电路形成的量子吸收制冷机。我们用它来冷却一个transmon量子位，使其温度低于任何一种可用的浴池所能达到的温度，从而将量子位重置为适合量子计算的初始状态。该过程由热梯度驱动，是自主的，不需要外部反馈。冰箱利用了目标量子比特和两个辅助量子比特之间的工程三体相互作用。每个辅助qudit都耦合到一个物理热浴，用一个含有合成准热辐射的微波波导来实现。如果目标量子比特最初被完全激发，其有效温度将达到约22 mK的稳态水平，低于现有最先进的重置协议所能达到的水平。我们的研究结果表明，具有传播热场的超导电路可以用于实验探索量子热力学并将其应用于量子信息处理任务。

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引用次数: 0

Energetic ions influence the plasma edge 高能离子影响等离子体边缘

IF 17.6 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nature Physics

Pub Date : 2025-01-09 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-024-02737-0

Chang Liu, Qiming Hu

Energetic ions in nuclear fusion devices influence the behaviour of modes at the plasma edge, potentially increasing the risk for particle losses and damage to the device. This introduces additional challenges for the development of fusion reactors.

核聚变装置中的高能离子影响等离子体边缘模式的行为，潜在地增加了粒子损失和设备损坏的风险。这给聚变反应堆的发展带来了额外的挑战。

引用次数: 0