Polskie archiwum weterynaryjne最新文献

Studies were carried out on 33 Polish Merino sheep. They concerned macro-morphological changes in the sexual organs during the postpartum period. Observations were made from the first to the 41st day postpartum. Changes in the sexual organs were described, as follows: skin swelling and colouring around perineum and vulvar lips, shape and size of the vaginal part of the uterine cervix, colour of the mucosa in the vaginal part of the uterine cervix, degree of opening of the external orifice of the uterine cervix, amount, consistency and colour of the postpartum discharges and uterine mucus. Observations revealed that in the examined group of ewes of the Polish Merino sheep the genital tracts became totally clean of the postpartum discharges, the mucosa of the vaginal part of the uterine cervix and of the vagina regained its normal colour by the 21st day of postpartum. The external orifice of the uterine cervix and the cervical canal also closed completely by this time. On the other hand, changes as to the shape and size of the vaginal part of the uterine cervix persisted as long as 33 days postpartum.

In the studies on antigenic structure of T. equinum double diffusion precipitation test in agar gel and immunoelectrophoresis were used. While preparing precipitation sera in rabbits it was manifested that the best results are achieved by immunization with live antigen. In the group of metabolic antigens and water extracts of the strains of T. equinum which were tested, 10-11 serologically+ active fractions were found whereas in protein component only L1 fraction. In comparative studies based on cross-reactivity method in which native and absorbed sera were used it was found that metabolic antigens and water extracts of T. equinum and T. mentagrophytes have 8 common fractions and only one fraction reveals species differentiation features. Two fractions, marked J and K, appeared in the studied strains of T. equinum irregularly. In protein antigen which was used in studies only one fraction (d) appeared to be common for both species, while three other fractions were separate.

Studies were carried out on 47 bulls. Determination of polymorphism and the level of analysed indices was performed three times every three months. Statistically significant changes in the level of hematological and immunological indices caused by the growth and development of the examined animals were observed. It was also found that acid phosphatase polymorphism influenced the number of neutrophils and lymphocytes, AcP activity in leukocytes and the value of NBT reduction test.

Examinations were made with the use of same materials as in Part I and according to the same methodology. The great capability of the calves kidneys to economise water was observed. The kidneys are able already in the second week of calves life to reduce and increase urine concentration within limits from 65.70 to 955.54 mmol/kg H2O, keeping at the same time molality of the body fluids on relatively the same level. It may prove high efficiency of the hypothalamic pituitary antidiuretic system. It seems, that because of the probable immaturity of tubules it was difficult to create the high osmotic gradient in the renal medulla what is confirmed by the changing clearances of the free water and the resorption water. It also seems, that the rate with which urine is passing through the renal tubules is of great importance in the process of thickening the urine in this period.

In 4 dogs functional cholecystectomy was performed, 2 cannulas were inserted into the common bile duct and 9 pairs of the electrodes were implanted in the stomach and small intestine. During chronic experiments exteriorized tubes were disconnected for both monitoring of biliary secretion and intraduodenal infusions of buffer, standard bile, Na-taurocholate, Na-taurodeoxycholate and Na-taurochenodeoxycholate used in 3 various concentrations as well as mixtures of these salts. During other experiments Na-taurocholate was infused intravenously. In the control group biliary tubes were not opened. The interdigestive myoelectric activity was recorded simultaneously and blood samples were taken for motilin and PP radioimmunoassays. Biliary secretion and motilin release were the highest during phase III of the myoelectric cycle. During both bile acid depletion and intravenous infusion no clear fluctuation of biliary secretion was observed. Bile and bile acid infusions resulted in the increased motilin release about 20-50% depending on bile acid concentration and in more than 50% inhibition of PP release. Plasma level of PP fluctuated in relation to the phase of the cycle entirely during bile acid depletion. The results suggest that the regulation of myoelectric cycle by bile acid secretion can be mediated by motilin and PP as well as confirm the important role of small intestine in the modification of PP release.

It was found that strains of T. equinum which were tested, produced in vitro urease, gelatinase, protease for bovine serum, hemolysins for horse and sheep red blood cells, and keratinase for horse, bovine and canine hair. The ability to produce elastase and caseinase was not recorded. In urease test, it was noticed that after three passages on media with urea the time of appearance of positive reactions was shortened and all strains of T. equinum reacted positively during three days. In these studies some differences in enzyme production between T. equinum and T. mentagrophytes were recorded. Generally, T. mentagrophytes revealed stronger enzymatic properties because it produced the enzymes in two ranges of temperature, i.e. 26-28 degrees C and 37 degrees C, and in addition it dissolved horse sera. The lipase production by T. equinum in optimal temperature of growth 26-28 degrees C only, may be used as an additional test for differentiation between T. equinum and T. mentagrophytes. In penetration test, it was found that strains of T. equinum which were tested perforate in vitro horse, bovine and canine hairs but they do not attack human hair. Some differences were seen concerning the way of penetration of horse hair by the fungi. T. equinum produces rectangular and coaxial perforation organs but T. mentagrophytes produces coaxial ones only.

The receptors involved in dopamine effect on the motility of the ileum were studied. The experiments were carried out on 3 sheep with chronic fistulas of the ileum and rumen. The contractions of the fistulated parts of the alimentary tract were recorded by the balloon method. Dopamine infused intravenously at a rate 28-38 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 inhibited the motility of the ileum. Domperidone (0.4-0.8 mg.kg-1) did not abolish this inhibiting influence of dopamine. Dopamine infused after propranolol (0.5-0.7 mg.kg-1) inhibited the motility of the ileum, however administrated after phentolamine (0.6-0.8 mg.kg-1) did not change its movements. It has been concluded that dopamine inhibits the ileum motility in sheep through alpha-adrenergic receptors.

The effect of interruption of enterohepatic circulation of bile acids on the interdigestive electrical activity of gastrointestinal tract was studied on 6 dogs. Animals underwent the functional cholecystectomy and cannulation of common bile duct. 9 bipolar electrodes were then implanted into the stomach and small intestine. Electrical activity was recorded during 2-3 and 4-10 hr periods of bile diversion with and without intravenous infusion of sodium taurocholate and also during intraduodenal bile acid infusions. In control group the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids was maintained. During longer bile diversion intervals of the myoelectric cycle increased from 104 +/- 7 min in control group till 133 +/- 8 min (P less than 0.05) mainly due to the prolongation of phase II. During the latter period a specific pattern of spike bursts (bile diversion myoelectric pattern, BDMP) was observed. This phenomenon was induced by the lack or deficiency in bile acids in the intestinal lumen (the bile acid depletion pattern, BADP) and it was inhibited during bile acid administration. When the biliary drainage was continued, 82% of an activity fronts originated in the jejunum. Their propagation velocities in upper jejunum were 9 +/- 1 cm.min-1 as compared to the control value, 6 +/- 0.05 cm.min-1 (P less than 0.05). These changes were approximate to those observed during intravenous taurocholate infusion. However, the cycle duration lasting 90 +/- 9 min was not significantly altered and BADP was less frequently recorded. The results obtained confirm the significant role of bile and bile diversion in modification of the myoelectric activity of stomach and small bowel in dogs.

Clearance experiments concerning the influence of hypophysin + (0.1 vol. unit/kg) and desoxycorticosterone-21-acetate (0.1 mg/kg) on sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphorus excretion in urine have been carried out on 12 bulls at the age of 2-5 weeks of life. After hypophysin injection kidney purification of sodium, potassium and chloride ions has been noticed and hypophysin effect on tubular absorption processes turned out to be clearly late in relation to its influence on glomerular filtration decrease. After desoxycorticosterone-21-acetate injection, lowering of clearances of both sodium and potassium has been noticed and it may prove that kidney mechanisms responsible for potassium ion regulation show functional immaturity. Hypophysin and desoxycorticosterone-21-acetate in calves at the age 2-5 weeks have not affected kidney processes of calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphorus excretion in urine.

The activities of catalase, peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase as well as the levels of malondialdehyde during pig ontogenesis starting from 28 day of intrauterine life in some internal organs, foetal membranes and foetal fluids were investigated. The activities of enzymes thus investigated reached a peak in 2-day-old piglets. During foetal period as well as in 4-week-old sucklings and in mature pigs these activities were much lower. The activity of peroxidative processes was maximal in 2-day-old piglets as well. It is suggested that changes thus observed are correlated with general developmental processes.