The pathogenesis of fatty liver is highly intricate. The role of the gut-liver axis in the development of fatty liver has gained increasing recognition in recent years. This study was conducted to explore the role of bile acid signaling and gut barrier in the pathogenesis of fatty liver. A total of 100 “Jing Tint 6” laying hens, 56-week-old, were used and fed basal diets until 60 weeks of age. At the end of the experiment, thirty individuals were selected based on the degree of hepatic steatosis. The hens with minimal hepatic steatosis (< 5 %) were chosen as healthy controls, while those with severe steatosis (> 33 %) in the liver were classified as the fatty liver group. Laying hens with fatty liver and healthy controls showed significant differences in body weight, liver index, abdominal fat ratio, feed conversion ratio (FCR), albumin height, Haugh unit, and biochemical indexes. The results of bile acid metabolomics revealed a clear separation in hepatic bile acid profiles between the fatty liver group and healthy controls, and multiple secondary bile acids were decreased in the fatty liver group, indicating disordered bile acid metabolism. Additionally, the mRNA levels of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and genes related to bile acid transport were significantly decreased in both the liver and terminal ileum of hens with fatty liver. Moreover, the laying hens with fatty liver exhibited significant decreases in ileal crypt depth, the number of goblet cells, and the mRNA expression of tight junction-related proteins, alongside a significant increase in ileal permeability. Collectively, these findings suggest that disordered bile acids, suppressed FXR-mediated signaling, and impaired intestinal barrier function are potential factors promoting the development of fatty liver. These insights indicate that regulating bile acids and enhancing intestinal barrier function may become new preventive and therapeutic strategies for fatty liver in the near future.
{"title":"Bile acid disorders and intestinal barrier dysfunction are involved in the development of fatty liver in laying hens","authors":"Lihua Zhao, Qiuyu Jiang, Jiaqi Lei, Jian Cui, Xianjie Pan, Yuan Yue, Bingkun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2024.104422","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2024.104422","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pathogenesis of fatty liver is highly intricate. The role of the gut-liver axis in the development of fatty liver has gained increasing recognition in recent years. This study was conducted to explore the role of bile acid signaling and gut barrier in the pathogenesis of fatty liver. A total of 100 “Jing Tint 6” laying hens, 56-week-old, were used and fed basal diets until 60 weeks of age. At the end of the experiment, thirty individuals were selected based on the degree of hepatic steatosis. The hens with minimal hepatic steatosis (< 5 %) were chosen as healthy controls, while those with severe steatosis (> 33 %) in the liver were classified as the fatty liver group. Laying hens with fatty liver and healthy controls showed significant differences in body weight, liver index, abdominal fat ratio, feed conversion ratio (<strong>FCR</strong>), albumin height, Haugh unit, and biochemical indexes. The results of bile acid metabolomics revealed a clear separation in hepatic bile acid profiles between the fatty liver group and healthy controls, and multiple secondary bile acids were decreased in the fatty liver group, indicating disordered bile acid metabolism. Additionally, the mRNA levels of farnesoid X receptor (<strong>FXR</strong>) and genes related to bile acid transport were significantly decreased in both the liver and terminal ileum of hens with fatty liver. Moreover, the laying hens with fatty liver exhibited significant decreases in ileal crypt depth, the number of goblet cells, and the mRNA expression of tight junction-related proteins, alongside a significant increase in ileal permeability. Collectively, these findings suggest that disordered bile acids, suppressed FXR-mediated signaling, and impaired intestinal barrier function are potential factors promoting the development of fatty liver. These insights indicate that regulating bile acids and enhancing intestinal barrier function may become new preventive and therapeutic strategies for fatty liver in the near future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"103 12","pages":"Article 104422"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142446109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-13DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104421
Shujun Zhang , Jiaxin Li , Hui Gao , Yongqiang Wang , Hong Cao , Xiaoqi Li , Li Gao , Shijun J. Zheng
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute, highly contagious disease caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), causing huge economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. Currently, the emerging variant strains of IBDV and new recombinants in the field are circulating in many countries and poses severe threats to the development of poultry industry. Elucidation of the pathogenesis of IBDV infection will be of great help to the development of vaccines for control of IBDV infection. In this study, liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) combined with tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling was performed to determine the expressions of nucleus proteins in IBDV-infected chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells 24 h post-infection (hpi). Our data show that a total of 236 nucleus proteins were differentially expressed in IBDV-infected cells vs mock-infected controls, and that among those proteins, 171 were significantly upregulated while 65 downregulated. Bioinformatics analysis reveals that the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were mainly involved in immune response, DNA replication, mismatch repair, and RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling. Consistently, the expression of ten selected upregulated genes (IRF10, IRF7, IRF1, STAT1, ATF3, GTF3A, CSRP3, RARB, BASP1, and NF-κB1) markedly increased as examined by quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT-PCR). Furthermore, the expression of IRF10 was upregulated both in the cytoplasm and nucleus of DF-1 cells as examined by Western Blot. Moreover, knockdown of IRF10 remarkably inhibited IBDV replication via promoting IFN-I response, and overexpression of IRF10 significantly suppressed type I interferon and ISGs expression in both mock and IBDV-infected cells, suggesting that IRF10 serve as a negative regulator for host antiviral response. These results provide clues to further investigation into host–IBDV interactions and the underlying mechanisms of IBDV infection.
{"title":"TMT-based quantitative proteomic analysis of IBDV-infected CEF cells reveals a favorable role of chicken IRF10 in IBDV replication via suppressing type-I interferon expression","authors":"Shujun Zhang , Jiaxin Li , Hui Gao , Yongqiang Wang , Hong Cao , Xiaoqi Li , Li Gao , Shijun J. Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2024.104421","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2024.104421","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infectious bursal disease (<strong>IBD</strong>) is an acute, highly contagious disease caused by infectious bursal disease virus (<strong>IBDV</strong>), causing huge economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. Currently, the emerging variant strains of IBDV and new recombinants in the field are circulating in many countries and poses severe threats to the development of poultry industry. Elucidation of the pathogenesis of IBDV infection will be of great help to the development of vaccines for control of IBDV infection. In this study, liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (<strong>LC–MS/MS</strong>) combined with tandem mass tag (<strong>TMT</strong>) labeling was performed to determine the expressions of nucleus proteins in IBDV-infected chicken embryonic fibroblast (<strong>CEF</strong>) cells 24 h post-infection (<strong>hpi</strong>). Our data show that a total of 236 nucleus proteins were differentially expressed in IBDV-infected cells vs mock-infected controls, and that among those proteins, 171 were significantly upregulated while 65 downregulated. Bioinformatics analysis reveals that the differentially expressed proteins (<strong>DEPs</strong>) were mainly involved in immune response, DNA replication, mismatch repair, and RIG-I-like receptor (<strong>RLR</strong>) signaling. Consistently, the expression of ten selected upregulated genes (IRF10, IRF7, IRF1, STAT1, ATF3, GTF3A, CSRP3, RARB, BASP1, and NF-κB1) markedly increased as examined by quantitative real‐time PCR (<strong>qRT-PCR</strong>). Furthermore, the expression of IRF10 was upregulated both in the cytoplasm and nucleus of DF-1 cells as examined by Western Blot. Moreover, knockdown of IRF10 remarkably inhibited IBDV replication via promoting IFN-I response, and overexpression of IRF10 significantly suppressed type I interferon and ISGs expression in both mock and IBDV-infected cells, suggesting that IRF10 serve as a negative regulator for host antiviral response. These results provide clues to further investigation into host–IBDV interactions and the underlying mechanisms of IBDV infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"103 12","pages":"Article 104421"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142506668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-13DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104423
Wei Zhang , Miao Zeng , Bowen Jiang , Yao Cheng , Yu He , Zhen Wu , Tao Wang , Mingshu Wang , Renyong Jia , Dekang Zhu , Mafeng Liu , Xinxin Zhao , Qiao Yang , Ying Wu , Shaqiu Zhang , Juan Huang , Xumin Ou , Di Sun , Andres Merits , Anchun Cheng , Shun Chen
Flavivirus nonstructural protein 2A (NS2A) is a small endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident, hydrophobic transmembrane protein that function in viral replication, virion assembly and evasion of the host immune response. Despite previous studies on the role of duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) NS2A in inhibiting the host immune response, its membrane topology has not been clearly addressed (Zhang et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2022). Here, we present the first report on the membrane topology model and functional characterization of DTMUV NS2A. Our findings demonstrate that DTMUV NS2A localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and associates with viral double-stranded RNA, with a single segment (TMD3, amino acids 72 to 95) spanning the ER membrane. To better delineate the residues in NS2A-TMD3 related to viral properties, specific mutations were introduced to generate DTMUV replicons and infectious cDNA clones. Functional analysis indicates that L77, Q86 and L89 of NS2A are crucial for viral RNA synthesis, while residues M79 and F83 are crucial for the assembly or release of viral particles. Moreover, these mutations attenuated the virulence of DTMUV in vivo. Collectively, our results shed light on the relationship between the transmembrane of DTMUV NS2A and its functions in virus proliferation, providing insights for further understanding the molecular mechanisms of NS2A in the virus life cycle.
{"title":"Characterization of duck tembusu virus NS2A membrane topology and functional residues in transmembrane domain-3 on viral proliferation","authors":"Wei Zhang , Miao Zeng , Bowen Jiang , Yao Cheng , Yu He , Zhen Wu , Tao Wang , Mingshu Wang , Renyong Jia , Dekang Zhu , Mafeng Liu , Xinxin Zhao , Qiao Yang , Ying Wu , Shaqiu Zhang , Juan Huang , Xumin Ou , Di Sun , Andres Merits , Anchun Cheng , Shun Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2024.104423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2024.104423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flavivirus nonstructural protein 2A (NS2A) is a small endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident, hydrophobic transmembrane protein that function in viral replication, virion assembly and evasion of the host immune response. Despite previous studies on the role of duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) NS2A in inhibiting the host immune response, its membrane topology has not been clearly addressed (Zhang et al., 2020; <span><span>Zhang et al., 2022</span></span>). Here, we present the first report on the membrane topology model and functional characterization of DTMUV NS2A. Our findings demonstrate that DTMUV NS2A localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and associates with viral double-stranded RNA, with a single segment (TMD3, amino acids 72 to 95) spanning the ER membrane. To better delineate the residues in NS2A-TMD3 related to viral properties, specific mutations were introduced to generate DTMUV replicons and infectious cDNA clones. Functional analysis indicates that L77, Q86 and L89 of NS2A are crucial for viral RNA synthesis, while residues M79 and F83 are crucial for the assembly or release of viral particles. Moreover, these mutations attenuated the virulence of DTMUV <em>in vivo</em>. Collectively, our results shed light on the relationship between the transmembrane of DTMUV NS2A and its functions in virus proliferation, providing insights for further understanding the molecular mechanisms of NS2A in the virus life cycle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"103 12","pages":"Article 104423"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142473078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-13DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104427
Qiming Gao , Kongda Zhu , Wanli Sun , Shun Li , Yixin Wang , Shuang Chang , Peng Zhao
Marek's disease virus (MDV) is an extremely widespread avian immunosuppressive virus. In recent years, many reports have shown that there are still cases of MDV infection and immunosuppression after immunization with the vaccine. Consequently, there is a need to develop alternative complementary approaches for strengthening the efficacy of MDV prevention and control measures. Lentinan (LNT) is a macromolecular compound with immune-enhancing activity extracted from shiitake mushrooms. To explore the value and effectiveness of administering LNT through drinking water in the prevention and control of MDV, this study first observed the effects of high and low doses of LNT on weight gain, organ development, viral replication, and antibody titer of an avian influenza virus subtype H9 (AIV-H9) inactivated vaccine in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicks infected with the wild strain of MDV. The results showed that both high and low doses of LNT significantly alleviated the weight gain retardation and liver and spleen enlargement caused by MDV infection, and significantly inhibited the replication of MDV in SPF chicks (P < 0.05), compared with the MDV-positive control group, both high and low doses of LNT significantly increased the antibody titer of AIV-H9 after immunization with inactivated AIV-H9 vaccine (P < 0.0001). On this basis, we also observed the effects of a chicken Marek's disease meq gene deletion live vaccine (SC9-1 strain), administered alone or in combination with LNT, on MDV infections of varying virulence in Hy-Line Brown chicks. The results showed that combined administration of LNT and the SC9-1 vaccine resulted in a significant alleviation of weight gain retardation and liver and spleen enlargement due to MDV infection (P < 0.05), as well as a significant inhibition of MDV replication and release in Hy-Line Brown chicks compared to the vaccine alone (P < 0.0001). These findings suggest that LNT not only alleviates the adverse effects of MDV infection in chickens but also enhances the efficacy of MDV vaccination, offering a potential auxiliary measure for controlling MDV infection.
{"title":"Application of lentinan in suppression of Marek's disease virus infection","authors":"Qiming Gao , Kongda Zhu , Wanli Sun , Shun Li , Yixin Wang , Shuang Chang , Peng Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2024.104427","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2024.104427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Marek's disease virus (MDV) is an extremely widespread avian immunosuppressive virus. In recent years, many reports have shown that there are still cases of MDV infection and immunosuppression after immunization with the vaccine. Consequently, there is a need to develop alternative complementary approaches for strengthening the efficacy of MDV prevention and control measures. Lentinan (LNT) is a macromolecular compound with immune-enhancing activity extracted from shiitake mushrooms. To explore the value and effectiveness of administering LNT through drinking water in the prevention and control of MDV, this study first observed the effects of high and low doses of LNT on weight gain, organ development, viral replication, and antibody titer of an avian influenza virus subtype H9 (AIV-H9) inactivated vaccine in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicks infected with the wild strain of MDV. The results showed that both high and low doses of LNT significantly alleviated the weight gain retardation and liver and spleen enlargement caused by MDV infection, and significantly inhibited the replication of MDV in SPF chicks (<em>P</em> < 0.05), compared with the MDV-positive control group, both high and low doses of LNT significantly increased the antibody titer of AIV-H9 after immunization with inactivated AIV-H9 vaccine (<em>P</em> < 0.0001). On this basis, we also observed the effects of a chicken Marek's disease meq gene deletion live vaccine (SC9-1 strain), administered alone or in combination with LNT, on MDV infections of varying virulence in Hy-Line Brown chicks. The results showed that combined administration of LNT and the SC9-1 vaccine resulted in a significant alleviation of weight gain retardation and liver and spleen enlargement due to MDV infection (<em>P</em> < 0.05), as well as a significant inhibition of MDV replication and release in Hy-Line Brown chicks compared to the vaccine alone (<em>P</em> < 0.0001). These findings suggest that LNT not only alleviates the adverse effects of MDV infection in chickens but also enhances the efficacy of MDV vaccination, offering a potential auxiliary measure for controlling MDV infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"103 12","pages":"Article 104427"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142528235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samples of four dead Larus vegae along the coast of Beidaihe, Qinhuangdao City, were identified by PCR amplification, multi-sequence site typing (MLST), and serum agglutination test. The drug resistance phenotype, drug resistance gene, and virulence gene were detected by the Kirby-Bauer (K-B) method and PCR method, and the pathogenicity of mice and pigeons was further tested. The phylogenetic tree was constructed by whole genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. The results showed that the isolated bacteria were identified as Salmonella typhimurium(S. typhimurium) by multiple tests, named ST-G, ST subtype ST19, serotype 1,4,[5],12:i:1,2. The results showed that the isolates were resistant to erythromycin, co-trimoxazole, and clindamycin. The results of drug resistance genes showed qnrS and gyrA, and no other drug resistance genes were detected. Virulence genes carried a high rate, 13 virulence genes except stn had corresponding fragment size detected. The pathogenicity test of mice showed that the incidence of mice in the injection group was 60%, and all the mice in the high-dose group died. Pathological sections showed multifocal bleeding, inflammatory cell infiltration, and intestinal villi rupture. The pathogenicity test of rock pigeons showed that liver swelling, gallbladder filling, and intestinal bleeding swelling of infected pigeons were consistent with the symptoms of salmonella infection in clinical pigeons. The morbidity and mortality of the St-G test group were higher than that of the SL1344 quality control group, indicating that the St-G isolated strain was more virulent. Phylogenetic tree results showed that this isolate was highly homologous to the 2023 Russian isolate. Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from Larus vegae for the first time, which provides a basis for the study and prevention of salmonellosis transmitted by wild birds.
{"title":"Research note: Study on the characteristics of Salmonella typhimurium derived from Larus vegae","authors":"Yufei Guo , Yunkai Qian , Yiyang Zhang , Yanxia Xiao , Chao Shan , Yongsheng Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2024.104430","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2024.104430","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Samples of four dead <em>Larus vegae</em> along the coast of Beidaihe, Qinhuangdao City, were identified by PCR amplification, multi-sequence site typing (<strong>MLST</strong>), and serum agglutination test. The drug resistance phenotype, drug resistance gene, and virulence gene were detected by the Kirby-Bauer (<strong>K-B</strong>) method and PCR method, and the pathogenicity of mice and pigeons was further tested. The phylogenetic tree was constructed by whole genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. The results showed that the isolated bacteria were identified as <em>Salmonella typhimurium(</em><strong><em>S. typhimurium</em></strong><em>)</em> by multiple tests, named ST-G, ST subtype ST19, serotype 1,4,[5],12:i:1,2. The results showed that the isolates were resistant to erythromycin, co-trimoxazole, and clindamycin. The results of drug resistance genes showed <em>qnrS</em> and <em>gyrA</em>, and no other drug resistance genes were detected. Virulence genes carried a high rate, 13 virulence genes except <em>stn</em> had corresponding fragment size detected. The pathogenicity test of mice showed that the incidence of mice in the injection group was 60%, and all the mice in the high-dose group died. Pathological sections showed multifocal bleeding, inflammatory cell infiltration, and intestinal villi rupture. The pathogenicity test of rock pigeons showed that liver swelling, gallbladder filling, and intestinal bleeding swelling of infected pigeons were consistent with the symptoms of salmonella infection in clinical pigeons. The morbidity and mortality of the St-G test group were higher than that of the SL1344 quality control group, indicating that the St-G isolated strain was more virulent. Phylogenetic tree results showed that this isolate was highly homologous to the 2023 Russian isolate. <em>Salmonella typhimurium</em> was isolated from <em>Larus vegae</em> for the first time, which provides a basis for the study and prevention of salmonellosis transmitted by wild birds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"103 12","pages":"Article 104430"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142528236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-13DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104420
Bingqi Dong , Ali Calik , Candice E.C. Blue , Rami A. Dalloul
Necrotic enteritis (NE), an enteric disease caused by Clostridium perfringens, results in damage to the intestinal epithelial lining disrupting its function, nutrient absorption, and utilization. This study evaluated the effects of in ovo and post-hatch applications of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based postbiotic on performance and nutrient transporter genes of broilers during a NE challenge. At embryonic d 18, Ross 708 fertile eggs were injected with 0.2 mL of either water or postbiotic. A total of 288 male hatchlings were assigned to one of the following treatment groups: 1) NC (in ovo water injection, no challenge); 2) PIW (postbiotic in ovo and in drinking water, no challenge); 3) NC+ (NC with NE challenge); and 4) PIW+ (PIW with NE challenge). On d 14, all birds in the NE-challenged groups were orally gavaged with 3,000 Eimeria maxima sporulated oocysts followed by two doses of ∼1×108 CFU/mL/bird of C. perfringens on d 19 and d 20. Hatchability, weekly performance, intestinal lesion scores, and mRNA abundance of nutrient transporters in the jejunum and ileum were assessed. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA in JMP and significance between treatments identified by LSD test (P ≤ 0.05). A significant postbiotic treatment and NE challenge interaction was observed in performance during d 21-28 with a greater ADG in PIW compared to NC and PIW+. Lesion scores in the jejunum and ileum were significantly reduced in PIW+ compared to NC+. On d 7, mRNA abundance of SGLT1 was significantly greater in PIW compared to the NC group. On d 14, birds in PIW had greater levels of GLUT2 and EAAT3 than NC group. No significant interaction effects were observed on d 21. PIW+ had significantly greater EAAT3 mRNA levels compared to PIW in jejunum and PIW and NC+ in ileum on d 28. In conclusion, in ovo and water supplementation of this postbiotic presents a potential to improve the performance, ameliorate pathology detriments associated with NE, and positively regulate the mRNA levels of key nutrient transporters during NE challenge.
坏死性肠炎（NE）是由产气荚膜梭菌引起的一种肠道疾病，会导致肠道上皮损伤，破坏其功能、营养吸收和利用。本研究评估了在肉鸡面临NE挑战时，在蛋内和孵化后添加基于酵母菌的益生菌对其生产性能和营养物质转运基因的影响。在胚胎第 18 天，给 Ross 708 枚能育蛋注射 0.2 mL 的水或后生素。总共 288 只雄性孵化鸡被分配到以下处理组之一：1）NC（卵内注水，无挑战）；2）PIW（卵内和饮用水中的后生素，无挑战）；3）NC+（NC 与 NE 挑战）；4）PIW+（PIW 与 NE 挑战）。第 14 天，给 NE 挑战组的所有家禽灌胃 3,000 个大肠埃默氏菌孢子化卵囊，然后在第 19 天和第 20 天分两次灌胃∼1×108 CFU/mL/只的产气荚膜杆菌。对孵化率、周生产性能、肠道病变评分以及空肠和回肠中营养转运体的 mRNA 丰度进行评估。数据采用 JMP 的 2 方方差分析，处理间的显著性采用 LSD 检验（P ≤ 0.05）。在第21-28天，观察到生化后处理与NE挑战之间存在明显的交互作用，与NC和PIW+相比，PIW的ADG更大。与NC+相比，PIW+的空肠和回肠损伤评分明显降低。第 7 天，PIW 组的 SGLT1 mRNA 丰度明显高于 NC 组。第14天，PIW组的鸟类的GLUT2和EAAT3水平高于NC组。在第 21 天没有观察到明显的交互作用。在第28天，PIW+组的空肠EAAT3 mRNA水平明显高于PIW组，PIW组和NC+组的回肠EAAT3 mRNA水平也明显高于PIW组。总之，在卵内和水中补充这种后生物素有可能提高动物的生产性能，改善与 NE 相关的病理损伤，并在 NE 挑战期间积极调节关键营养转运体的 mRNA 水平。
{"title":"Impact of early postbiotic supplementation on broilers’ responses to subclinical necrotic enteritis","authors":"Bingqi Dong , Ali Calik , Candice E.C. Blue , Rami A. Dalloul","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2024.104420","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2024.104420","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Necrotic enteritis (NE), an enteric disease caused by <em>Clostridium perfringens</em>, results in damage to the intestinal epithelial lining disrupting its function, nutrient absorption, and utilization. This study evaluated the effects of <em>in ovo</em> and post-hatch applications of a <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>-based postbiotic on performance and nutrient transporter genes of broilers during a NE challenge. At embryonic d 18, Ross 708 fertile eggs were injected with 0.2 mL of either water or postbiotic. A total of 288 male hatchlings were assigned to one of the following treatment groups: 1) NC (<em>in ovo</em> water injection, no challenge); 2) PIW (postbiotic <em>in ovo</em> and in drinking water, no challenge); 3) NC+ (NC with NE challenge); and 4) PIW+ (PIW with NE challenge). On d 14, all birds in the NE-challenged groups were orally gavaged with 3,000 <em>Eimeria maxima</em> sporulated oocysts followed by two doses of ∼1×10<sup>8</sup> CFU/mL/bird of <em>C. perfringens</em> on d 19 and d 20. Hatchability, weekly performance, intestinal lesion scores, and mRNA abundance of nutrient transporters in the jejunum and ileum were assessed. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA in JMP and significance between treatments identified by LSD test (<em>P</em> ≤ 0.05). A significant postbiotic treatment and NE challenge interaction was observed in performance during d 21-28 with a greater ADG in PIW compared to NC and PIW+. Lesion scores in the jejunum and ileum were significantly reduced in PIW+ compared to NC+. On d 7, mRNA abundance of SGLT1 was significantly greater in PIW compared to the NC group. On d 14, birds in PIW had greater levels of GLUT2 and EAAT3 than NC group. No significant interaction effects were observed on d 21. PIW+ had significantly greater EAAT3 mRNA levels compared to PIW in jejunum and PIW and NC+ in ileum on d 28. In conclusion, <em>in ovo</em> and water supplementation of this postbiotic presents a potential to improve the performance, ameliorate pathology detriments associated with NE, and positively regulate the mRNA levels of key nutrient transporters during NE challenge.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"103 12","pages":"Article 104420"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142506660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sulfur metabolites of methionine (Met) and vitamin E (VE) have antioxidant potential and can maintain liver health in chickens. This study explored the underlying mechanisms of Met sources, the ratio of total sulfur amino acids to lysine (TSAA: Lys), and VE levels on production performances, antioxidant potential, and hepatic oxidation in aged laying hens. Eight hundred and sixty-four, Hy-Line Brown laying hens (70-week age) were divided into 12 treatment groups, each having 6 repeats and 12 birds/each repeat. The dietary treatments consisted of DL-Met (DL-Met), DL-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (OH-Met), 3 ratios of TSAA: Lys (0.90, 0.95, and 1.00), and 2 levels of VE (20 and 40 g/ton). Albumen height and Haugh unit significantly increased at a lower level of VE (P < 0.05). Triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) in serum and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities (CAT) in the liver significantly reduced at 0.95 TSAA: Lys ratio (P < 0.05). Fatty acid synthase (FAS), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 alpha (CPT-1α) also upregulated at this TSAA: Lys ratio (P < 0.05). Compared with the DL-Met group, the OH-Met group had lower Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP4) and higher TC, LDL, and VLDL concentrations (P < 0.05).The expression of FAS,CPT-1α), glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), glutathione synthetase (GSS), and Nrf2 were significantly higher in OH-Met compared with the DL-Met group (P < 0.05). OH-Met at 0.95 and DL-Met at 0.90 TSAA: Lys ratio showed higher CAT and lower aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities. Moreover, OH-Met at 0.90 and DL-Met at 0.95 of the TSAA: Lys ratio had a significant reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA) (P < 0.05). Overall, these results suggest that OH-Met source with a lower level of VE positively influenced production performance and improved liver health in aged laying hens through improved lipid metabolism and hepatic antioxidant function.
{"title":"Methionine and vitamin E supplementation improve production performance, antioxidant potential, and liver health in aged laying hens.","authors":"Guangtian Ma, Habtamu Ayalew, Tahir Mahmood, Yves Mercier, Jing Wang, Jing Lin, Shugeng Wu, Kai Qiu, Guanghai Qi, Haijun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2024.104415","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2024.104415","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sulfur metabolites of methionine (Met) and vitamin E (VE) have antioxidant potential and can maintain liver health in chickens. This study explored the underlying mechanisms of Met sources, the ratio of total sulfur amino acids to lysine (TSAA: Lys), and VE levels on production performances, antioxidant potential, and hepatic oxidation in aged laying hens. Eight hundred and sixty-four, Hy-Line Brown laying hens (70-week age) were divided into 12 treatment groups, each having 6 repeats and 12 birds/each repeat. The dietary treatments consisted of DL-Met (DL-Met), DL-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (OH-Met), 3 ratios of TSAA: Lys (0.90, 0.95, and 1.00), and 2 levels of VE (20 and 40 g/ton). Albumen height and Haugh unit significantly increased at a lower level of VE (P < 0.05). Triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) in serum and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities (CAT) in the liver significantly reduced at 0.95 TSAA: Lys ratio (P < 0.05). Fatty acid synthase (FAS), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 alpha (CPT-1α) also upregulated at this TSAA: Lys ratio (P < 0.05). Compared with the DL-Met group, the OH-Met group had lower Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP4) and higher TC, LDL, and VLDL concentrations (P < 0.05).The expression of FAS,CPT-1α), glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), glutathione synthetase (GSS), and Nrf2 were significantly higher in OH-Met compared with the DL-Met group (P < 0.05). OH-Met at 0.95 and DL-Met at 0.90 TSAA: Lys ratio showed higher CAT and lower aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities. Moreover, OH-Met at 0.90 and DL-Met at 0.95 of the TSAA: Lys ratio had a significant reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA) (P < 0.05). Overall, these results suggest that OH-Met source with a lower level of VE positively influenced production performance and improved liver health in aged laying hens through improved lipid metabolism and hepatic antioxidant function.</p>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"103 12","pages":"104415"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11567017/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142564744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-13DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104431
Xiangnan Wang, Yi Jiang, Yuxin Zhang, Meiqi Xia, Jia Li, Chaolai Man
Stress-induced immunosuppression (SIIS) is one of the most common problems in intensive poultry production, which can cause immunized chickens to still develop diseases and bring huge losses to production. Recently, adipose tissue, as an immunomodulatory organ, has become a hot topic of attention. However, the function and mechanism of adipose tissue involved in SIIS and its influence on the immune response are still unclear. In this study, we dynamically analyzed the correlations between the T cells migration and change of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1(S1PR1) gene in adipose tissue using chicken models with different immune states, and further explored the regulatory mechanisms and application. The results showed that SIIS could significantly change the expressions of lymphocytes migration related S1PR1 gene, and SIIS could inhibit the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) immune response partially by affecting the migration and proliferation of TCRα+ T cells in adipose tissue. Moreover, the miR-145-5p/S1PR1 pathway was a potential key mechanism to regulate T cells migration in adipose tissue, and circulating miR-145-5p had potential value as a molecular marker. This research can provide innovative reference for in-depth studying the immunoregulatory function and mechanism of adipose tissue.
应激诱导免疫抑制（SIIS）是集约化家禽生产中最常见的问题之一，可导致免疫鸡仍然发病，给生产带来巨大损失。近来，作为免疫调节器官的脂肪组织成为人们关注的热点。然而，脂肪组织参与 SIIS 的功能和机制及其对免疫应答的影响仍不清楚。本研究利用不同免疫状态的鸡模型，动态分析了T细胞迁移与脂肪组织中鞘磷脂-1-磷酸受体1（S1PR1）基因变化的相关性，并进一步探讨了其调控机制和应用。结果表明，SIIS能显著改变淋巴细胞迁移相关的S1PR1基因的表达，并通过影响脂肪组织中TCRα+ T细胞的迁移和增殖，部分抑制新城疫病毒（NDV）的免疫应答。此外，miR-145-5p/S1PR1通路是调控脂肪组织中T细胞迁移的潜在关键机制，循环中的miR-145-5p具有潜在的分子标记物价值。这项研究可为深入研究脂肪组织的免疫调节功能和机制提供创新性参考。
{"title":"Adipose tissue responds to stress-induced immunosuppression affecting immune response partially by miR-145-5p/S1PR1 pathway","authors":"Xiangnan Wang, Yi Jiang, Yuxin Zhang, Meiqi Xia, Jia Li, Chaolai Man","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2024.104431","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2024.104431","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stress-induced immunosuppression <strong>(SIIS)</strong> is one of the most common problems in intensive poultry production, which can cause immunized chickens to still develop diseases and bring huge losses to production. Recently, adipose tissue, as an immunomodulatory organ, has become a hot topic of attention. However, the function and mechanism of adipose tissue involved in SIIS and its influence on the immune response are still unclear. In this study, we dynamically analyzed the correlations between the T cells migration and change of <em>sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1</em> <strong>(<em>S1PR1</em>)</strong> gene in adipose tissue using chicken models with different immune states, and further explored the regulatory mechanisms and application. The results showed that SIIS could significantly change the expressions of lymphocytes migration related <em>S1PR1</em> gene, and SIIS could inhibit the Newcastle disease virus <strong>(NDV)</strong> immune response partially by affecting the migration and proliferation of TCRα<sup>+</sup> T cells in adipose tissue. Moreover, the miR-145-5p/<em>S1PR1</em> pathway was a potential key mechanism to regulate T cells migration in adipose tissue, and circulating miR-145-5p had potential value as a molecular marker. This research can provide innovative reference for in-depth studying the immunoregulatory function and mechanism of adipose tissue.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"103 12","pages":"Article 104431"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142442109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-13DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104429
Peng Li , Shengnan Zhao , Yi Teng , Shaochen Han , Yuzhu Yang , Mengjun Wu , Shuangshuang Guo , Bingying Ding , Lei Xiao , Dan Yi
Ellagic acid (EA) contributes to the immunity and anti-oxidant function of body, whereas there are few reports about its effect on the intestinal health and growth performance of broiler chickens. Hence, the present study was arranged to investigate the effect of dietary supplementary with EA on the intestinal barrier function and flora structure of broiler chickens challenged with Escherichia coli K88 (E. coli K88). A total of 216 healthy 1-day-old, Ross 308 broilers with uniform weight were randomly assigned into three treatment groups, six replicates in each group and twelve birds in each replicate. Broilers in the control (CTR) group and E. coli K88 infected group (ETEC) were fed with the basic diet, and 200 mg/kg EA was supplemented into the diet of the E. coli K88 infected group treated with EA (EAETEC). The animal trial had lasted for 42 days, and the outcomes showed that the ADG and ADFI during the animal trial, the jejunal villi height (VH) and the ratio of VH to crypt depth (CD) tended to be decreased with E. coli K88 treated (P< 0.05). Additionally, the level of serum diamine oxidase (DAO) and intestinal malondialdehyde (MDA) were elevated, the activity of intestinal total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), the mRNA levels in jejunal claudin-1 and occludin were down-regulated with E. coli K88 treated as well as the transcription levels of ileal Mucin-2, aquaporin-3 (AQP-3) and Na+/H+ exchanger proteins-3 (NHE-3) (P< 0.05). In addition, E. coli K88 down-regulated the α-diversity index of cecal flora, the ratio of Bacteroidota to Firmicutes and the relative abundance of Barnesiella were up-regulated and it of Alistipes was descended with E. coli K88 treated (P< 0.05). Beyond that, the content of propionic acid in the cecal chyme was decreased and the amino acid metabolic pathways were inhibited with E. coli K88 challenged (P< 0.05). Additionally, there was a significant positive correlation between the relative abundance of Alistipes and the levels of butyric acid in the caecal chyme and the activity of GSH-Px in the intestine (P< 0.05). Interestingly, dietary supplementary with EA could reshape the intestinal flora structure and alleviate the above negative effects of E. coli K88 on broiler chickens. In conclusion, dietary supplementary with ellagic acid improved the intestinal barrier function and flora structure of broiler chickens challenged with E. coli K88.
{"title":"Dietary supplementary with ellagic acid improves the intestinal barrier function and flora structure of broiler chicken challenged with E. coli K88","authors":"Peng Li , Shengnan Zhao , Yi Teng , Shaochen Han , Yuzhu Yang , Mengjun Wu , Shuangshuang Guo , Bingying Ding , Lei Xiao , Dan Yi","doi":"10.1016/j.psj.2024.104429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psj.2024.104429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ellagic acid (EA) contributes to the immunity and anti-oxidant function of body, whereas there are few reports about its effect on the intestinal health and growth performance of broiler chickens. Hence, the present study was arranged to investigate the effect of dietary supplementary with EA on the intestinal barrier function and flora structure of broiler chickens challenged with <em>Escherichia coli K88</em> (<em>E. coli K88</em>). A total of 216 healthy 1-day-old, Ross 308 broilers with uniform weight were randomly assigned into three treatment groups, six replicates in each group and twelve birds in each replicate. Broilers in the control (CTR) group and <em>E. coli K88</em> infected group (ETEC) were fed with the basic diet, and 200 mg/kg EA was supplemented into the diet of the <em>E. coli K88</em> infected group treated with EA (EAETEC). The animal trial had lasted for 42 days, and the outcomes showed that the ADG and ADFI during the animal trial, the jejunal villi height (VH) and the ratio of VH to crypt depth (CD) tended to be decreased with <em>E. coli K88</em> treated (<em>P<</em> 0.05). Additionally, the level of serum diamine oxidase (DAO) and intestinal malondialdehyde (MDA) were elevated, the activity of intestinal total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), the mRNA levels in jejunal <em>claudin-1</em> and <em>occludin</em> were down-regulated with <em>E. coli K88</em> treated as well as the transcription levels of ileal <em>Mucin-2</em>, aquaporin-3 (<em>AQP-3</em>) and Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> exchanger proteins-3 (<em>NHE-3</em>) (<em>P<</em> 0.05). In addition, <em>E. coli K88</em> down-regulated the α-diversity index of cecal flora, the ratio of Bacteroidota to Firmicutes and the relative abundance of <em>Barnesiella</em> were up-regulated and it of <em>Alistipes</em> was descended with <em>E. coli K88</em> treated (<em>P<</em> 0.05). Beyond that, the content of propionic acid in the cecal chyme was decreased and the amino acid metabolic pathways were inhibited with <em>E. coli K88</em> challenged (<em>P<</em> 0.05). Additionally, there was a significant positive correlation between the relative abundance of <em>Alistipes</em> and the levels of butyric acid in the caecal chyme and the activity of GSH-Px in the intestine (<em>P<</em> 0.05). Interestingly, dietary supplementary with EA could reshape the intestinal flora structure and alleviate the above negative effects of <em>E. coli K88</em> on broiler chickens. In conclusion, dietary supplementary with ellagic acid improved the intestinal barrier function and flora structure of broiler chickens challenged with <em>E. coli K88</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20459,"journal":{"name":"Poultry Science","volume":"103 12","pages":"Article 104429"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142506657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-12DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104418
Chayeong Lee, Hyun Woo Kim, Chan Ho Kwon, Gi Ppeum Han, Ji Hye Lee, Dong Yong Kil
The current study aimed to investigate the effect of decreasing P concentrations in diets and phytase supplementation on growth performance, stress response, and intestinal health in broiler chickens. A total of four hundred 8-d-old Ross broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 10 replicates. Three treatment diets were formulated to contain different concentrations of available P (aP): adequate P (0.44 % aP), low P (0.30 % aP), and very low P (0.10 % aP) levels. One additional diet was prepared by supplementing 1,000 FTU/kg phytase in very low-P diets to maintain its aP concentrations equal to those in low-P diets. The experiment lasted for 25 d. It was observed that growth performance and toe ash concentrations were decreased (P < 0.05) in birds fed very low-P diets compared with those fed other treatment diets. Birds fed very low-P diets exhibited a greater (P < 0.05) blood heterophil:lymphocyte ratio than those fed other treatment diets. Jejunal villus height in birds fed adequate P diets or low-P diets was greater (P < 0.05) than those fed very low-P diets or very low-P diets with phytase. The malondialdehyde concentrations in the jejunal mucosa were greater (P < 0.05) for very low-P treatment than for other treatments. The expression levels of IL-4 and OCLN in the jejunal mucosa were less (P < 0.05) for adequate P treatment than for low-P treatment and very low-P with phytase treatment. Expression levels of P transporter genes in the jejunal mucosa were not affected by dietary treatments. In conclusion, feeding very low-P diets impaired growth performance, bone development, and jejunal morphology in broiler chickens with elevated stress response and intestinal lipid peroxidation. However, feeding low-P diets or very low-P diets with phytase maintained bone development, stress response, and antioxidant status in broiler chickens. The gene expression of intestinal P transporters were not influenced by decreasing P concentrations in diets and phytase supplementation in very low-P diets under the current experimental condition.
本研究旨在探讨降低日粮中磷的浓度和补充植酸酶对肉鸡生长性能、应激反应和肠道健康的影响。总共 400 只 8 日龄的罗斯肉用仔鸡被随机分配到 4 种日粮处理中的一种，共 10 个重复。三种处理日粮含有不同浓度的可用磷（aP）：充足磷（0.44 % aP）、低磷（0.30 % aP）和极低磷（0.10 % aP）。在极低 P 日粮中添加 1,000 FTU/kg 植酸酶，使其 aP 浓度与低 P 日粮相同。实验结果表明，与饲喂其他处理日粮的鸟类相比，饲喂极低磷日粮的鸟类的生长性能和脚趾灰分浓度都有所下降（P < 0.05）。与饲喂其他日粮的鸟类相比，饲喂极低磷日粮的鸟类血液中嗜异性细胞与淋巴细胞的比率更高（P < 0.05）。饲喂足量 P 日粮或低 P 日粮的鸟类的空肠绒毛高度（P < 0.05）高于饲喂极低 P 日粮或添加植酸酶的极低 P 日粮的鸟类。极低 P 日粮空肠粘膜丙二醛浓度高于其他日粮（P < 0.05）。充足 P 处理空肠粘膜中 IL-4 和 OCLN 的表达水平低于低 P 处理和加植酸酶的极低 P 处理（P < 0.05）。P转运体基因在空肠粘膜中的表达水平不受日粮处理的影响。总之，饲喂极低磷日粮会损害肉鸡的生长性能、骨骼发育和空肠形态，并导致应激反应和肠道脂质过氧化反应升高。然而，饲喂低磷日粮或添加植酸酶的极低磷日粮可维持肉鸡的骨骼发育、应激反应和抗氧化状态。在目前的实验条件下，日粮中P浓度的降低和极低P日粮中植酸酶的补充不会影响肠道P转运体的基因表达。
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