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Spatio-temporal modeling of the topology of swarm behavior with persistence landscapes 基于持续性景观的蜂群行为拓扑的时空建模
P. Corcoran, Christopher B. Jones
We propose a method for modeling the topology of swarm behavior in a manner which facilitates the application of machine learning techniques such as clustering. This is achieved by modeling the persistence of topological features, such as connected components and holes, of the swarm with respect to time using zig-zag persistent homology. The output of this model is subsequently transformed into a representation known as a persistence landscape. This representation forms a vector space and therefore facilitates the application of machine learning techniques. The proposed model is validated using a real data set corresponding to a swarm of 300 fish. We demonstrate that it may be used to perform clustering of swarm behavior with respect to topological features.
我们提出了一种方法,以一种便于应用机器学习技术(如聚类)的方式来建模群体行为的拓扑结构。这是通过使用锯齿形的持久同调来对集群的拓扑特征(如连接的组件和孔)的持久性进行建模来实现的。该模型的输出随后被转换为称为持久性景观的表示。这种表示形式形成了一个向量空间,因此便于机器学习技术的应用。利用300条鱼的真实数据集对模型进行了验证。我们证明,它可以用来执行群体行为的聚类相对于拓扑特征。
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引用次数: 10
A traffic flow approach to early detection of gathering events 一种用于早期检测聚集事件的交通流方法
Xun Zhou, Amin Vahedian Khezerlou, A. Liu, M. Shafiq, Fan Zhang
Given a spatial field and the traffic flow between neighboring locations, the early detection of gathering events (edge) problem aims to discover and localize a set of most likely gathering events. It is important for city planners to identify emerging gathering events which might cause public safety or sustainability concerns. However, it is challenging to solve the edge problem due to numerous candidate gathering footprints in a spatial field and the non-trivial task to balance pattern quality and computational efficiency. Prior solutions to model the edge problem lack the ability to describe the dynamic flow of traffic and the potential gathering destinations because they rely on static or undirected footprints. In contrast, in this paper, we model the footprint of a gathering event as a Gathering directed acyclic Graph (G-Graph), where the root of the G-Graph is the potential destination and the directed edges represent the most likely paths traffic takes to move towards the destination. We also proposed an efficient algorithm called SmartEdge to discover the most likely non-overlapping G-Graphs in the given spatial field. Our analysis shows that the proposed G-Graph model and the SmartEdge algorithm have the ability to efficiently and effectively capture important gathering events from real-world human mobility data. Our experimental evaluations show that SmartEdge saves 50% computation time over the baseline algorithm.
给定一个空间场和相邻位置之间的交通流,收集事件的早期检测(边缘)问题旨在发现和定位一组最可能的收集事件。对于城市规划者来说,确定可能引起公共安全或可持续性问题的新兴聚会活动是很重要的。然而,由于空间场中存在大量候选采集足迹,并且需要平衡模式质量和计算效率,因此解决边缘问题具有挑战性。先前对边缘问题建模的解决方案缺乏描述动态交通流和潜在聚集目的地的能力,因为它们依赖于静态或无向足迹。相反,在本文中,我们将聚集事件的足迹建模为聚集有向无环图(G-Graph),其中G-Graph的根是潜在目的地,有向边表示流量移动到目的地的最可能路径。我们还提出了一种称为SmartEdge的高效算法来发现给定空间域中最可能的非重叠g图。我们的分析表明,所提出的G-Graph模型和SmartEdge算法能够有效地从现实世界的人类移动数据中捕获重要的收集事件。我们的实验评估表明,SmartEdge比基线算法节省了50%的计算时间。
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引用次数: 31
Predicting irregular individual movement following frequent mid-level disasters using location data from smartphones 利用智能手机的位置数据预测频繁的中级灾害后的不规则个人活动
T. Yabe, K. Tsubouchi, Akihito Sudo, Y. Sekimoto
Mid-level disasters that frequently occur, such as typhoons and earthquakes, heavily affect human activities in urban areas by causing severe congestion and economic loss. Predicting the irregular movement of individuals following such disasters is crucial for managing urban systems. Past survey results show that mid-level disasters do not force many individuals to evacuate away from their homes, but do cause irregular movement by significantly delaying the movement timings, resulting in severe congestion in urban transportation. We propose a novel method that predicts such irregularity of individuals' movements in several mid-level disasters using various types of features including the victims' usual movement patterns, disaster information, and geospatial information of victims' locations. Using real GPS data of 1 million people in Tokyo, we show that our method can predict mobility delay with high accuracy,
频繁发生的中度灾害,如台风和地震,严重影响城市地区的人类活动,造成严重的拥堵和经济损失。预测此类灾害后个人的不规则流动对于管理城市系统至关重要。过去的调查结果显示,中度灾害并不会迫使很多人离开家园,但会导致人们的出行不规律,导致出行时间明显推迟,导致城市交通严重拥堵。我们提出了一种新的方法,利用各种类型的特征,包括受害者的日常运动模式、灾害信息和受害者所在位置的地理空间信息,来预测几种中等灾害中个人运动的不规则性。使用东京100万人的真实GPS数据,我们证明了我们的方法可以高精度地预测移动延迟,
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引用次数: 11
Scalable spatial scan statistics through sampling 可扩展的空间扫描统计通过采样
Michael Matheny, Raghvendra Singh, L. Zhang, Kaiqiang Wang, J. M. Phillips
Finding anomalous regions within spatial data sets is a central task for biosurveillance, homeland security, policy making, and many other important areas. These communities have mainly settled on spatial scan statistics as a rigorous way to discover regions where a measured quantity (e.g., crime) is statistically significant in its difference from a baseline population. However, most common approaches are inefficient and thus, can only be run with very modest data sizes (a few thousand data points) or make assumptions on the geographic distributions of the data. We address these challenges by designing, exploring, and analyzing sample-then-scan algorithms. These algorithms randomly sample data at two scales, one to define regions and the other to approximate the counts in these regions. Our experiments demonstrate that these algorithms are efficient and accurate independent of the size of the original data set, and our analysis explains why this is the case. For the first time, these sample-then-scan algorithms allow spatial scan statistics to run on a million or more data points without making assumptions on the spatial distribution of the data. Moreover, our experiments and analysis give insight into when it is appropriate to trust the various types of spatial anomalies when the data is modeled as a random sample from a larger but unknown data set.
在空间数据集中发现异常区域是生物监测、国土安全、政策制定和许多其他重要领域的中心任务。这些社区主要采用空间扫描统计作为一种严格的方法,以发现测量数量(例如,犯罪)与基线人口的差异在统计上显着的区域。然而,大多数常见的方法效率低下,因此只能在非常有限的数据量(几千个数据点)下运行,或者对数据的地理分布进行假设。我们通过设计、探索和分析采样扫描算法来解决这些挑战。这些算法在两个尺度上随机采样数据,一个用于定义区域,另一个用于近似这些区域的计数。我们的实验表明,这些算法是高效和准确的,与原始数据集的大小无关,我们的分析解释了为什么会出现这种情况。这是第一次,这些采样-扫描算法允许在不假设数据的空间分布的情况下对一百万或更多的数据点运行空间扫描统计。此外,我们的实验和分析让我们深入了解,当数据作为一个更大但未知的数据集的随机样本建模时,何时应该相信各种类型的空间异常。
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引用次数: 13
Quantitative evaluation of public spaces using crowd replication 使用人群复制对公共空间进行定量评价
Samuli Hemminki, Keisuke Kuribayashi, S. Konomi, P. Nurmi, S. Tarkoma
We propose crowd replication as a low-effort, easy to implement and cost-effective mechanism for quantifying the uses, activities, and sociability of public spaces. Crowd replication combines mobile sensing, direct observation, and mathematical modeling to enable resource efficient and accurate quantification of public spaces. The core idea behind crowd replication is to instrument the researcher investigating a public space with sensors embedded on commodity devices and to engage him/her into imitation of people using the space. By combining the collected sensor data with a direct observations and population model, individual sensor traces can be generalized to capture the behavior of a larger population. We validate the use of crowd replication as a data collection mechanism through a field study conducted within an exemplary metropolitan urban space. Results of our evaluation show that crowd replication accurately captures real human dynamics (0.914 correlation between indicators estimated from crowd replication and visual surveillance) and captures data that is representative of the behavior of people within the public space.
我们建议将人群复制作为一种低成本、易于实施且具有成本效益的机制,用于量化公共空间的用途、活动和社交性。人群复制结合了移动感知、直接观察和数学建模,使公共空间的资源效率和精确量化成为可能。群体复制背后的核心思想是通过嵌入在商品设备上的传感器来帮助研究人员调查公共空间,并让他/她模仿使用该空间的人。通过将收集到的传感器数据与直接观测和种群模型相结合,可以将单个传感器轨迹普遍化以捕获更大种群的行为。我们通过在一个典型的大都市城市空间进行的实地研究,验证了人群复制作为数据收集机制的使用。我们的评估结果表明,人群复制准确地捕捉了真实的人类动态(从人群复制和视觉监控中估计的指标之间的相关性为0.914),并捕获了代表公共空间内人们行为的数据。
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引用次数: 5
GeoTrend: spatial trending queries on real-time microblogs GeoTrend:实时微博上的空间趋势查询
A. Magdy, Ahmed M. Aly, M. Mokbel, S. Elnikety, Yuxiong He, Suman Nath, Walid G. Aref
This paper presents GeoTrend; a system for scalable support of spatial trend discovery on recent microblogs, e.g., tweets and online reviews, that come in real time. GeoTrend is distinguished from existing techniques in three aspects: (1) It discovers trends in arbitrary spatial regions, e.g., city blocks. (2) It supports trending measures that effectively capture trending items under a variety of definitions that suit different applications. (3) It promotes recent microblogs as first-class citizens and optimizes its system components to digest a continuous flow of fast data in main-memory while removing old data efficiently. GeoTrend queries are top-k queries that discover the most trending k keywords that are posted within an arbitrary spatial region and during the last T time units. To support its queries efficiently, GeoTrend employs an in-memory spatial index that is able to efficiently digest incoming data and expire data that is beyond the last T time units. The index also materializes top-k keywords in different spatial regions so that incoming queries can be processed with low latency. In case of peak times, a main-memory optimization technique is employed to shed less important data, so that the system still sustains high query accuracy with limited memory resources. Experimental results based on real Twitter feed and Bing Mobile spatial search queries show the scalability of GeoTrend to support arrival rates of up to 50,000 microblog/second, average query latency of 3 milli-seconds, and at least 90+% query accuracy even under limited memory resources.
本文介绍GeoTrend;一个可扩展的系统,支持在最近的微博上发现空间趋势,例如tweets和在线评论,这些都是实时的。GeoTrend与现有技术的区别在于三个方面:(1)它可以发现任意空间区域的趋势,例如城市街区。(2)它支持趋势度量,可以有效地捕获适合不同应用的各种定义下的趋势项。(3)将最新的微博推广为一等公民,并优化其系统组件,以消化主存中快速数据的连续流,同时有效地删除旧数据。GeoTrend查询是top-k查询,用于发现任意空间区域内最近T个时间单位内发布的最热门的k个关键字。为了有效地支持查询,GeoTrend使用了一个内存空间索引,该索引能够有效地消化传入的数据,并使超过最后T个时间单位的数据过期。索引还将不同空间区域中的top-k关键字具体化,以便能够以低延迟处理传入查询。在高峰时段,采用主存优化技术剔除不太重要的数据,使系统在有限的内存资源下仍能保持较高的查询精度。基于真实Twitter feed和Bing Mobile空间搜索查询的实验结果表明,GeoTrend的可扩展性支持高达50,000微博/秒的到达率,平均查询延迟为3毫秒,即使在有限的内存资源下,查询准确率也至少为90%以上。
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引用次数: 26
An online localization method for a subway train utilizing the barometer on a smartphone 利用智能手机上的气压计进行地铁列车在线定位的方法
S. Hyuga, Masaki Ito, M. Iwai, K. Sezaki
Knowing the location of a train is necessary for the development of useful services for train passengers. However, popular localization methods such as GPS and Wi-Fi are not accurate, especially on a subway. This paper proposes an online algorithm for localization on a subway using only a barometer. We estimate the motion state from the change of elevation, then estimate the last station stopped at using the similarity of a series of elevations recorded when the train stopped to the actual elevations of the stations. We evaluated the proposed method using data from the subway in Tokyo. We also developed a mobile application to demonstrate the proposed method.
了解火车的位置对于为火车乘客提供有用的服务是必要的。然而,GPS和Wi-Fi等流行的定位方法并不准确,尤其是在地铁上。本文提出了一种仅使用气压计进行地铁定位的在线算法。我们从高程的变化估计运动状态,然后利用列车停车时记录的一系列高程与车站实际高程的相似性来估计最后停在的车站。我们使用东京地铁的数据对所提出的方法进行了评估。我们还开发了一个移动应用程序来演示所提出的方法。
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引用次数: 4
Pyspatiotemporalgeom: a python library for spatiotemporal types and operations Pyspatiotemporalgeom:一个用于时空类型和操作的python库
Mark McKenney, Niharika Nyalakonda, Jarrod McEvers, Mitchell Shipton
The Pyspatiotemporalgeom library is a pure-python library implementing spatial data types, spatiotemporal data types for moving regions, and operations to create and analyze those types. The library is available on the Python Package Index (PyPI) and has been downloaded over 18,000 times since its release. In this paper, we demonstrate mechanisms to create random spatial data and perform operations over them. We then show how to create moving regions from existing data, and demonstrate aggregate operations over moving regions.
Pyspatiotemporalgeom库是一个纯python库,实现了空间数据类型、用于移动区域的时空数据类型以及创建和分析这些类型的操作。该库可在Python包索引(PyPI)上获得,自发布以来已被下载超过18,000次。在本文中,我们演示了创建随机空间数据并对其执行操作的机制。然后,我们将展示如何从现有数据创建移动区域,并演示移动区域上的聚合操作。
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引用次数: 2
Automatic detection and matching of geospatial properties in transportation data sources (demo paper) 交通数据源中地理空间属性的自动检测和匹配(演示文件)
A. Masri, K. Zeitouni, Zoubida Kedad, Bertrand Leroy
Integrating transportation data is a key issue to provide passengers with optimized and more suitable trips that combines multiple transportation modes. Current integration solutions in the transportation domain mostly rely on experts knowledge and manual matching tasks. Besides, existing automatic matching solutions do not exploit the geospatial features of the data. This demo introduces an instance based system to identify geospatial properties and match transportation points of transfers using geocoding services as mediators.
整合交通数据是为乘客提供优化和更适合的多种交通方式组合的出行的关键问题。目前交通领域的集成解决方案主要依赖于专家知识和人工匹配任务。此外,现有的自动匹配方案没有充分利用数据的地理空间特征。此演示介绍了一个基于实例的系统,该系统使用地理编码服务作为中介来识别地理空间属性并匹配传输的传输点。
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引用次数: 0
Proceedings of the 24th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems 第24届ACM SIGSPATIAL国际地理信息系统进展会议论文集
Mohamed H. Ali, S. Newsam, S. Ravada, M. Renz, Goce Trajcevski
These proceedings contain the papers from the 24th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems (ACM SIGSPATIAL 2016), held in the San Francisco Bay Area, California, USA, October 31 through November 3, 2016. The conference started as a series of symposia and workshops back in 1993 with the aim of promoting interdisciplinary discussions among researchers, developers, users, and practitioners and fostering research in all aspects of geographic information systems, especially in relation to novel systems based on geospatial data and knowledge. It provides a forum for original research contributions covering all conceptual, design, and implementation aspects of geospatial data ranging from applications, user interfaces and visualization, to data storage, query processing, indexing and data mining. The conference is the premier annual event of the ACM Special Interest Group on Spatial Information (ACM SIGSPATIAL).
这些论文集包含了第24届ACM SIGSPATIAL国际地理信息系统进展会议(ACM SIGSPATIAL 2016)的论文,该会议于2016年10月31日至11月3日在美国加利福尼亚州旧金山湾区举行。该会议于1993年以一系列专题讨论会和工作坊开始,旨在促进研究人员、开发人员、用户和实践者之间的跨学科讨论,并促进地理信息系统各个方面的研究,特别是与基于地理空间数据和知识的新系统有关的研究。它为原始研究贡献提供了一个论坛,涵盖地理空间数据的所有概念、设计和实现方面,从应用程序、用户界面和可视化到数据存储、查询处理、索引和数据挖掘。该会议是ACM空间信息特别兴趣小组(ACM SIGSPATIAL)的首要年度活动。
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引用次数: 7
期刊
Proceedings of the 24th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems
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